# Acts of the Council of Aquileia (381) against Palladius and Secundianus - Author: Anonymous - Latin title: *Gesta concilii Aquileiensis contra Palladium et Secundianum haereticos* - Date: 3 September 381 (certain) - Source: J.-P. Migne, ed., Patrologiae cursus completus, Series Latina, vol. 16 (Paris, 1845), Ambrose, Gesta concilii Aquileiensis (printed among the Epistolae), cols. 915–940, reprinting the Maurist edition (Paris, 1686–90) (Latin text: Migne, PL 16 (1845), digitized by Open Greek and Latin (patrologia_latina-dev), University of Leipzig, CC BY-SA 4.0. The digitization has many OCR errors and stray footnote letters, flagged per section.) - Translation: Claude, from the original text, unless a passage says otherwise; each passage below gives the translator - Editions and translations: Michaela Zelzer, ed., Sancti Ambrosii Opera, pars 10: Epistulae et acta, CSEL 82/3 (Vienna: Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, 1982), pp. 316–368; Roger Gryson, ed., Scolies ariennes sur le concile d'Aquilée, SC 267 (Paris: Cerf, 1980) - Work page: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/ - Passages: 74 ## Section 1 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-1 - Source: PL 16:915a–915b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Heading of the acts: the date (3 September 381) and the bishops in session at Aquileia. ### Latin text Syagrio et Eucherio viris clarissimis coss. a III non. Sept. Aquileiæ in Ecclesia considentibus, cum episcopis, Aquileiensium civitatis Valeriano, Ambrosio, Eusebio, Limenio, Anemio, Sabino, Abundantio, Artemio, Constantio, Justo, Philastro, Constantio, Theodoro, Almachio, Domnino, Amantio, Maximo, Felice, Bassiano, Numidio, Januario, Proculo, Heliodoro, Jovino, Felice, Exuperantio, Diogene, Maximo, Macedonio, Cassiano, Marcello et Eustathio episcopis; Ambrosius episcopus dixit: ### English translation (Claude) In the consulship of the most illustrious Syagrius and Eucherius, on the third day before the Nones of September, at Aquileia, in the church, there being in session the bishops Valerian of the city of Aquileia, Ambrose, Eusebius, Limenius, Anemius, Sabinus, Abundantius, Artemius, Constantius, Justus, Philaster, Constantius, Theodore, Almachius, Domninus, Amantius, Maximus, Felix, Bassianus, Numidius, Januarius, Proculus, Heliodorus, Jovinus, Felix, Exuperantius, Diogenes, Maximus, Macedonius, Cassian, Marcellus, and Eustathius, Bishop Ambrose said: ### Translation notes - The acts (gesta) of the Council of Aquileia (381), at which Ambrose of Milan led the examination of the Homoian bishops Palladius of Ratiaria and Secundianus of Singidunum, printed among Ambrose's letters in PL 16. The Latin of the digitization is noisy; clear OCR slips, Migne's note letters, the quotation marks repeated at the start of each printed line, and his inline Scripture references are removed by logged corrections. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 1 (PL 16:915a–915b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-1). ## Section 2 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-2 - Source: PL 16:915b–915c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose proposes that minutes be kept so that Palladius and Secundianus cannot later deny what they say, and that the emperor's letter be read. ### Latin text « Diu citra acta tractavimus: et quoniam tanta sacrilegia a parte Palladii et Secundiani nostris auribus ingeruntur, ut difficile quisque credat tam aperte eos blasphemare potuisse; vel ne qua ipsi calliditate dicta sua postea negare conentur, licet de tantorum sacerdotum testificatione dubitari non queat: tamen quoniam omnibus episcopis placet, fiant acta; ut unusquisque professionem suam negare non possit. Quid ergo vobis, sancti viri, placeat declarandum est. » Omnes episcopi dixerunt: « Placet. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Disceptationes nostræ ex re firmandæ sunt scripto imperiali, ut allegentur.» ### English translation (Claude) "We have long discussed matters without a record. And since such sacrileges on the part of Palladius and Secundianus are being poured into our ears that one could hardly believe they could have blasphemed so openly, and lest they try by some craftiness afterwards to deny what they have said (although the testimony of so many priests cannot be doubted), nevertheless, since it pleases all the bishops, let minutes be taken, so that no one may be able to deny his own profession. What, then, pleases you, holy men, must be declared." All the bishops said: "It pleases." Bishop Ambrose said: "Our debates are to be grounded in the matter itself by the imperial letter, so let it be read out." ### Translation notes - "Priests" (sacerdotes) here means the bishops. "Grounded in the matter itself by the imperial letter" renders the obscure "ex re firmandae sunt scripto imperiali"; the sense is uncertain. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 2 (PL 16:915b–915c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-2). ## Section 3 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-3 - Source: PL 16:915c–917a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: The emperor's letter: Gratian had summoned the bishops to Aquileia so that bishops themselves might settle the doctrinal dispute. ### Latin text Sabinianus diaconus recitavit: « Ambigua dogmatum reverentia ne dissideant sacerdotes quamprimum experiri cupientes, convenire in Aquileiensium civitatem ex dioecesi meritis excellentiae tuae creditam, episcopos jusseramus. Neque enim controversiae dubiae sententiæ rectius poterant expediri, quam si obortae altercationis interpretes ipsos constituissemus antistites; ut videlicet a quibus proficiscuntur instituta doctrinae, ab eisdem discordis eruditionis repugnantia solveretur. ### English translation (Claude) Sabinian the deacon read: "Wishing to settle as soon as possible the uncertain respect for doctrines, so that the priests might not disagree, we had ordered the bishops to assemble in the city of Aquileia, from the diocese entrusted to the merits of your excellency. For the controversies of doubtful opinion could not be resolved more rightly than if we appointed the bishops themselves as interpreters of the dispute that had arisen, so that by those from whom the ordinances of doctrine proceed, the conflict of discordant teaching might also be resolved. ### Translation notes - The letter of the emperor Gratian, addressed to the praetorian prefect, is read into the acts. "Ambigua dogmatum reverentia" is obscure; translated literally. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 3 (PL 16:915c–917a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-3). ## Section 4 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-4 - Source: PL 16:917a–917c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: The emperor explains that, on Ambrose's advice, only the bishops of northern Italy and nearby were needed, so the old, the weak, and the poor were spared the journey. ### Latin text « Neque sane nunc aliter jubemus ac jussimus, non invertentes praecepti tenorem, sed superfluam convenarum copiam recolentes. Nam quod Ambrosius et vitae merito, et Dei dignatione conspicuus episcopus Mediolanensium civitatis ibi multitudinem non opus esse suggerit, ubi veritas non laboraret in pluribus, si locata esset in paucis: seque eorum qui contra astarent assertionibus, et sacerdotes vicinarum ex Italia civitatum satis abundeque sufficere posse suggerit; abstinendum venerabilium virorum fatigatione censuimus, ne quis vel maturo ævo gravis, vel corporali debilitate confectus, vel laudabili paupertate mediocris, insuetas repetat terras. Et reliqua. ### English translation (Claude) "Nor indeed do we now order otherwise than we ordered, not reversing the tenor of our command, but reconsidering a superfluous crowd of persons assembling. For Ambrose, the bishop of the city of Milan, distinguished both by the merit of his life and by the favour of God, suggests that there is no need of a multitude where the truth would not be in difficulty among many if it were placed among a few, and suggests that he and the priests of the neighbouring cities of Italy can amply suffice against the assertions of those who stand opposed; we have therefore decided to spare venerable men fatigue, so that no one weighed down by advanced age, or worn out by bodily weakness, or of modest means through praiseworthy poverty, should have to make for unaccustomed lands." And so on. ### Translation notes - "And so on" (Et reliqua): the acts give only the opening of the imperial letter. - The staged text continued with Migne's editorial summary of the following debate; it is not part of the acts and is removed. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 4 (PL 16:917a–917c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-4). ## Section 5 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-5 - Source: PL 16:917c–917a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose challenges Palladius either to defend from Scripture Arius's claim that only the Father is eternal or to condemn it. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Ecce quod Christianus constituit imperator. Noluit injuriam facere sacerdotibus; ipsos interpretes constituit episcopos. Ac per hoc, quoniam in sacerdotali Concilio considemus, responde ad ea quae tibi proponuntur. Arii epistola lecta est: etiam nunc recitabitur, si tibi videtur. A principio habet blasphemiam, solum Patrem aeternum dixit. Si tibi videtur quod Dei Filius sempiternus non sit, hoc ipsum quemadmodum vis, astrue: si damnandum putas, damna. Evangelium praesens est, et Apostolus, omnes Scripturæ praesto sunt. Unde vis astrue, si putas non esse Dei Filium sempiternum. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "See what the Christian emperor has decided. He did not wish to do injury to the priests; he appointed the bishops themselves as interpreters. And therefore, since we sit in a council of priests, answer the things that are put to you. The letter of Arius has been read; it will be read again now, if you wish. From the beginning it contains blasphemy: it said that the Father alone is eternal. If you think that the Son of God is not everlasting, maintain that very point as you wish; if you think it should be condemned, condemn it. The Gospel is here, and the Apostle; all the Scriptures are at hand. Maintain it from wherever you wish, if you think that the Son of God is not everlasting." ### Translation notes - Arius's letter to Alexander of Alexandria, which calls the Father alone eternal, had been read before the minutes began. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 5 (PL 16:917c–917a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-5). ## Section 6 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-6 - Source: PL 16:917a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Palladius refuses to answer in the absence of the Eastern bishops, claiming the council is not a full one. ### Latin text Palladius dixit: « Vestro studio factum est, sicut e dictat lectio sacra a vobis prolata, ut non esset generale et plenum concilium: absentibus consortibus nostris, nos respondere non possumus. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Qui sunt consortes vestri? » Palladius dixit: « Orientales episcopi. » ### English translation (Claude) Palladius said: "By your efforts it has been brought about, as the sacred reading produced by you also declares, that this should not be a general and full council; in the absence of our colleagues we cannot answer." Bishop Ambrose said: "Who are your colleagues?" Palladius said: "The Eastern bishops." ### Translation notes - "The sacred reading" (lectio sacra) is the imperial letter just read. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 6 (PL 16:917a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-6). ## Section 7 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-7 - Source: PL 16:917a–917b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose answers that by custom Eastern and Western bishops hold their councils separately, and the Easterners were free to come but chose not to. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Interim quia superioribus temporibus concilium sic factum est, ut Orientales in Orientis partibus constituti haberent concilium, Occidentales in Occidente; nos in Occidentis partibus constituti convenimus ad Aquileiensium civitatem, juxta imperatoris præceptum. Denique etiam praefectus Italiæ litteras dedit, ut si vellent orientales convenire, in potestate haberent: sed quia scierunt consuetudinem hujusmodi, ut in oriente orientalium esset concilium, intra Occidentem Occidentalium; ideo putaverunt non esse veniendum. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "Meanwhile, since in former times councils were held in such a way that the Easterners, situated in the regions of the East, held their council, and the Westerners in the West, we, situated in the regions of the West, have assembled at the city of Aquileia according to the emperor's command. Moreover, the prefect of Italy also sent letters, so that if the Easterners wished to assemble, they had it in their power; but since they knew the custom that there should be a council of Easterners in the East and of Westerners within the West, they therefore thought they need not come." ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 7 (PL 16:917a–917b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-7). ## Section 8 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-8 - Source: PL 16:917b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Palladius accuses Ambrose of having prevented the Eastern bishops from coming. ### Latin text Palladius dixit: « Imperator noster Gratianus jussit Orientales venire: negas tu jussisse eum? Ipse imperator nobis dixit se Orientales jussisse venire. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Utique jussit, qui non prohibuit huc venire. » Palladius dixit: « Sed ne venirent tua petitio fecit: sub specie falsae voluntatis hoc impetrasti, et distulisti concilium. » ### English translation (Claude) Palladius said: "Our emperor Gratian ordered the Easterners to come. Do you deny that he ordered it? The emperor himself told us that he had ordered the Easterners to come." Bishop Ambrose said: "Certainly he ordered it, since he did not forbid them to come here." Palladius said: "But your petition brought it about that they did not come; under the appearance of a false good will you obtained this and put off the council." ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 8 (PL 16:917b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-8). ## Section 9 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-9 - Source: PL 16:917b–917c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Palladius refuses to answer whether Arius was right; the bishops press him to confess his faith freely. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Non opus est diutius evagari, responde nunc. Bene dixit Arius solum aeternum Patrem? Et secundum Scripturas hoc dixit, an non? » Palladius dixit: « Non tibi respondeo. » Constantius episcopus dixit: « Non respondes, qui tamdiu blasphemasti? » Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Sed debebis simpliciter fidei tuae prodere libertatem. Si a te gentilis exigeret quemadmodum in Christum crederes, confiteri erubescere non deberes. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "There is no need to wander about any longer; answer now. Did Arius rightly say that the Father alone is eternal? And did he say it according to the Scriptures, or not?" Palladius said: "I am not answering you." Bishop Constantius said: "You do not answer, you who have blasphemed for so long?" Bishop Eusebius said: "But you ought simply to show the freedom of your faith. If a pagan asked you how you believe in Christ, you ought not to blush to confess it." ### Scripture references - 1 Pet 3:15: echo, low confidence ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 9 (PL 16:917b–917c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-9). ## Section 10 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-10 - Source: PL 16:917c–919a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Sabinus presses Palladius to say whether Christ is created; Palladius says he came only to show that the bishops had improperly influenced the emperor. ### Latin text Sabinus episcopus dixit: « Tu petisti ut responderemus: hodie ex voluntate tua, et te urgente, convenimus, et non exspectavimus reliquos fratres, qui poterant venire. Proinde non tibi liberum est evagari. Christum dicis esse creatum? aut sempiternum dicis esse Filium Dei? » Palladius dixit: « Dixi tibi, nos ideo diximus vobis ut veniremus, et convinceremus quod non recte fecistis subrepere imperatori. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Legatur epistola Palladii, utrum nobis hoc mandaverit, et docebitur quod etiam nunc fallit. » Palladius dixit: « Legatur plane. » Episcopi dixerunt: « Imperator cum esset praesens syrmio, tu illum interpellasti, an ipse te compulit? Et addiderunt: Quid ad ista respondes?» Palladius respondit: « Dixit mihi: Vade. Diximus: Orientales, conventi sunt? Ait: Conventi sunt. Numquid si Orientales non fuissent conventi, numquid nos convenissemus? » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Sabinus said: "You asked that we should answer; today we have assembled by your wish and at your urging, and we did not wait for the rest of the brothers who could have come. So you are not free to wander about. Do you say that Christ is created, or do you say that the Son of God is everlasting?" Palladius said: "I told you: we said this to you for this reason, that we might come and prove that you did not act rightly in creeping up on the emperor." Bishop Ambrose said: "Let Palladius's letter be read, whether he sent us this message, and it will be shown that even now he is deceiving." Palladius said: "By all means let it be read." The bishops said: "When the emperor was present at Sirmium, did you approach him, or did he compel you?" And they added: "What do you answer to this?" Palladius answered: "He said to me, 'Go.' We said, 'Have the Easterners been summoned?' He said, 'They have been summoned.' Would we have come if the Easterners had not been summoned?" ### Translation notes - "Creeping up on the emperor" (subrepere imperatori): obtaining a decision from the emperor by stealth. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 10 (PL 16:917c–919a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-10). ## Section 11 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-11 - Source: PL 16:919a–919c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose demands that Palladius condemn or defend Arius; the bishops reject his claim that the emperor wanted the Easterners present. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Sequestrata sit causa Orientalium, sententiam tuam hodie quaero. Arii tibi epistola lecta est: soles te Arianum negare. Aut damna hodie Arium, aut defende. » Palladius dixit: « Non est auctoritatis tuae, ut hoc a me quæras. » Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Non credimus religiosum imperatorem aliud dixisse, quam scripsit. Episcopos jussit convenire: non potuit tibi soli contra rescriptum suum dicere, ut sine orientalibus causa minime diceretur. » Palladius dixit: « Si Itali soli jussi sunt convenire? » Evagrius presbyter et legatus dixit: « Ut ante quatuor dies, et ante biduum responderet se affuturum. Quid ergo exspectabas? Orientalium, ut dicis, consortium tuorum sententiam exspectandam? Sic debuisti mandare, non promittere conflictum. » Palladius dixit: « Quia quasi ad concilium plenum veneram, vidi non convenisse consortes meos, ut convenirem, et dicerem secundum jussionem ageretis in praejudicium futuri Concilii. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "Let the case of the Easterners be set aside; I ask for your own opinion today. The letter of Arius has been read to you; you usually deny that you are an Arian. Either condemn Arius today, or defend him." Palladius said: "It is not within your authority to ask this of me." Bishop Eusebius said: "We do not believe that the religious emperor said anything other than he wrote. He ordered the bishops to assemble; he could not have said to you alone, against his own rescript, that the case should not be pleaded without the Easterners." Palladius said: "What if the Italians alone were ordered to assemble?" Evagrius, presbyter and legate, said: "Four days ago, and two days ago, he answered that he would be present. What were you waiting for, then? Were you waiting for the opinion of the Easterners, your colleagues, as you say? Then you ought to have sent word, not promised a debate." Palladius said: "Because I had come as if to a full council, and saw that my colleagues had not assembled, I came so as to say that you would be acting, according to the command, to the prejudice of a future council." ### Translation notes - Evagrius is the presbyter of Antioch, later bishop there, who attended as a legate. The last sentence of Palladius is awkward in the Latin; translated by sense. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 11 (PL 16:919a–919c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-11). ## Section 12 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-12 - Source: PL 16:919c–919a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose reminds Palladius that he had promised to debate as a Christian and again demands that he condemn Arius or defend him; Palladius refuses. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Ut hodie resideremus, ipse exegisti. Denique etiam hodie tu ipse dixisti quia christiani ad christianos venimus. Christianos igitur nos probasti. Promisisti te conflictaturum, promisisti te allaturum aut acceptaturum esse rationem. Libenter itaque accepimus praefationem tuam. Optavimus ut quasi christianus venires. Obtuli tibi epistolam Arii, quam scripsit Arius, de cujus nomine dicitis vos injuriam frequenter sustinere. Dicitis quod Arium non sequamini. Hodie aperta debet esse sententia: aut condemna illum, aut astrue quibusvis lectionibus. » Et addidit: « Ergo juxta epistolam Arii Christus Dei Filius non est sempiternus? Palladius dixit: « Nos diximus probaturos nos christianos, sed in concilio pleno. Non vobis respondemus omnino in praejudicium concilii futuri. » Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Sine calliditate, fidei tuae professionem debes exponere. » Palladius dixit: « Et quid concilio reservamus? » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "You yourself demanded that we sit today. Indeed, today you yourself said that 'we have come as Christians to Christians.' So you have acknowledged us to be Christians. You promised that you would debate; you promised that you would give or receive a reason. So we gladly accepted your preface. We hoped that you would come as a Christian. I offered you the letter of Arius, which Arius wrote, from whose name you say you often suffer injury. You say that you do not follow Arius. Today your opinion ought to be open: either condemn him, or maintain his view with whatever readings you like." And he added: "So, according to the letter of Arius, Christ the Son of God is not everlasting?" Palladius said: "We said that we would prove ourselves Christians, but in a full council. We will not answer you at all, to the prejudice of a future council." Bishop Eusebius said: "You ought to set out the profession of your faith without craftiness." Palladius said: "And what do we reserve for the council?" ### Scripture references - 1 Pet 3:15: echo, low confidence ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 12 (PL 16:919c–919a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-12). ## Section 13 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-13 - Source: PL 16:919a–919b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose argues from Rom 1:20 and 1 Cor 1:24 that Christ, the power of God, is everlasting; the bishops anathematize whoever denies it. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Omni ore condemnatio facta est in eum, qui negaret Dei Filium sempiternum. Negavit Arius; hunc sequitur Palladius, qui non vult condemnare Arium. Itaque utrum hujus probanda sententia sit, considerate: et utrum secundum Scripturas dicat, aut contra Scripturas, intelligere licet. Lectum est enim: Sempiterna virtus Dei atque divinitas. Dei virtus Christus est? Si igitur sempiterna Dei virtus est, sempiternus utique Christus est; quia Christus est Dei virtus ». Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Hæc fides nostra est, hæc intelligentia catholica. Qui haec non dixerit, anathema. » Omnes episcopi dixerunt: « Anathema. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "With one voice a condemnation has been passed on anyone who would deny that the Son of God is everlasting. Arius denied it; Palladius follows him, since he will not condemn Arius. So consider whether his opinion should be approved, and it is possible to understand whether he speaks according to the Scriptures or against the Scriptures. For it is read: 'His everlasting power and divinity.' Is not Christ the power of God? If, then, the power of God is everlasting, Christ is surely everlasting, because Christ is the power of God." Bishop Eusebius said: "This is our faith, this is the catholic understanding. Whoever does not say this, anathema." All the bishops said: "Anathema." ### Scripture references - Rom 1:20: quotation, high confidence - 1 Cor 1:24: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - The quotation is Rom 1:20; "Christ the power of God" is 1 Cor 1:24. Migne's inline references (Rom 1:20; "1 Cor 1:8") are removed. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 13 (PL 16:919a–919b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-13). ## Section 14 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-14 - Source: PL 16:919b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Palladius claims not to know Arius and again refuses to answer outside a full council. ### Latin text Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Specialiter dicit solum Patrem sempiternum, et Filium aliquando coepisse. » Palladius dixit: « Arium nec vidi, nec scio qui sit. » Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Arii blasphemia prolata est, in qua negat Dei Filium sempiternum. Hanc perfidiam damnas cum auctore, aut asseris? » Palladius dixit: « Ubi auctoritas pleni concilii non est, non dico. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Eusebius said: "He says expressly that the Father alone is everlasting, and that the Son began at some time." Palladius said: "I have neither seen Arius nor do I know who he is." Bishop Eusebius said: "The blasphemy of Arius has been brought forward, in which he denies that the Son of God is everlasting. Do you condemn this faithlessness together with its author, or do you maintain it?" Palladius said: "Where there is not the authority of a full council, I do not say." ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 14 (PL 16:919b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-14). ## Section 15 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-15 - Source: PL 16:919b–919c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose recalls Arius's death as a divine judgment; the legates of Gaul condemn whoever denies that the Son is co-eternal with the Father. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Dubitas post divina judicia damnare Arium, cum crepuerit medius? » Et addidit: « Dicant etiam sancti viri legati Gallorum. » Constantius episcopus et legatus Gallorum dixit: « Hanc impietatem ejus hominis et semper damnavimus, et nunc damnamus non solum Arium; sed et quicumque Filium Dei non dixerit sempiternum. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Quid etiam dicit dominus meus Justus? » Justus episcopus et legatus Gallorum dixit: « Qui Filium Dei coaeternum cum Patre non confitetur, anathema habeatur. » Omnes episcopi dixerunt: « Anathema. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "Do you hesitate, after the divine judgments, to condemn Arius, when he burst asunder in the middle?" And he added: "Let the holy men, the legates of the Gauls, also speak." Bishop Constantius, legate of the Gauls, said: "We have always condemned this impiety of that man, and we condemn it now: not only Arius, but also whoever does not say that the Son of God is everlasting." Bishop Ambrose said: "What does my lord Justus also say?" Bishop Justus, legate of the Gauls, said: "Whoever does not confess that the Son of God is co-eternal with the Father, let him be held anathema." All the bishops said: "Anathema." ### Scripture references - Acts 1:18: allusion, high confidence ### Translation notes - "Burst asunder in the middle" applies Acts 1:18 (the death of Judas) to the reported death of Arius. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 15 (PL 16:919b–919c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-15). ## Section 16 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-16 - Source: PL 16:919c–921a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: The African legate Felix and Anemius of Sirmium, head of Illyricum, condemn whoever denies that the Son is eternal and co-eternal with the Father. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Dicant etiam Afrorum legati, qui omnium civium huc attulere sententias. » Felix episcopus et legatus dixit: « Si quis Filium Dei negaverit sempiternum, et coaeternum negaverit, non solus ego legatus totius Africanae provinciae damno: sed et cunctus chorus sacerdotalis, qui ad hunc coetum sanctissimum me misit, etiam ipse ante damnavit. » Anemius episcopus dixit: « Caput illyrici non nisi civitas est Sirmiensis: ego igitur episcopus illius civitatis sum. Eum qui non confitetur Filium Dei aeternum, et coæternum Patri, quod est sempiternum, anathema dico: sed etiam iis qui idem non confitentur. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "Let the legates of the Africans also speak, who have brought here the opinions of all their fellow citizens." Bishop Felix, legate, said: "If anyone denies that the Son of God is everlasting and denies that he is co-eternal, not only I, legate of the whole province of Africa, condemn him, but the whole choir of priests that sent me to this most holy assembly has itself already condemned him." Bishop Anemius said: "The head of Illyricum is none other than the city of Sirmium; I, then, am bishop of that city. Whoever does not confess that the Son of God is eternal and co-eternal with the Father, that is, everlasting, I declare anathema, and also those who do not confess the same." ### Translation notes - "Fellow citizens" renders civium as printed (perhaps for "cities"). ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 16 (PL 16:919c–921a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-16). ## Section 17 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-17 - Source: PL 16:921a–921b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: From Arius's letter (the Father "alone true") Ambrose demands that Palladius confess the Son as true God; Palladius will only call him the true Son. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Audite sequentia. » Et recitatum est: « Solum aeternum, solum sine initio, solum verum, solum immortalitatem habentem. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Et in hoc damna eum, qui negat Filium Deum verum. Cum enim ipse sit veritas, quemadmodum non est Deus verus? » Et addidit: « Quid ad hoc? » Palladius dixit: « Filium verum quis non dicit? » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Arius negavit. » Palladius dixit: « Cum Apostolus dicat Christum super omnia Deum, potest aliquis negare verum Filium Dei? » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "Hear what follows." And it was read: "Alone eternal, alone without beginning, alone true, alone having immortality." Bishop Ambrose said: "In this too, condemn the one who denies that the Son is true God. For since he himself is the truth, how is he not true God?" And he added: "What do you say to this?" Palladius said: "Who does not call the Son true?" Bishop Ambrose said: "Arius denied it." Palladius said: "Since the Apostle says that Christ is God over all, can anyone deny that the Son of God is true?" ### Scripture references - John 14:6: allusion, high confidence - Rom 9:5: allusion, high confidence ### Translation notes - The words read are from Arius's letter to Alexander. "He himself is the truth": John 14:6. "God over all": Rom 9:5. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 17 (PL 16:921a–921b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-17). ## Section 18 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-18 - Source: PL 16:921b–921c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose says that calling Christ the true Son is only half the confession and presses Palladius to call him true Lord. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Ut scias quam simpliciter veritas a nobis requiratur, ecce dico ego, ut dicis: sed semiplenum habeo. Cum enim ita dicis, videris negare Deum verum: si autem simpliciter confiteris verum Deum Filium Dei, eo ordine astrue, quo ipse propono. » Palladius dixit: « Ego secundum Scripturas tibi loquor, verum Filium Dei Dominum dico. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Verum Dominum dicis Filium Dei? » Palladius dixit: « Cum verum Filium dicam, quid amplius? » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Non quaero tantummodo, ut verum Filium dicas, sed ut verum Dominum Dei Filium dicas. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "So that you may know how simply the truth is required of us, see, I say as you say; but I hold it as half-complete. For when you speak so, you seem to deny that he is true God; but if you simply confess that the Son of God is true God, maintain it in the order in which I myself put it." Palladius said: "I am speaking to you according to the Scriptures: I call the true Son of God Lord." Bishop Ambrose said: "Do you call the Son of God true Lord?" Palladius said: "Since I call him the true Son, what more?" Bishop Ambrose said: "I am not asking only that you call him the true Son, but that you call the Son of God true Lord." ### Translation notes - "True Lord" (verum Dominum) as printed here and in the following sections; the argument concerns whether Christ is "true God" (see 17 and 20), and "Dominum" may stand for "Deum" in the digitization. Translated as printed. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 18 (PL 16:921b–921c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-18). ## Section 19 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-19 - Source: PL 16:921c–921d - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Eusebius distinguishes our adoptive sonship from Christ's sonship by nature and asks whether calling Christ true God is unscriptural. ### Latin text Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Christus Deus verus est, secundum omnium fidem, et catholicam professionem? » Palladius dixit: « Verus Dei Filius est. » Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Nam et nos per adoptionem filii sumus, ille secundum proprietatem generationis divinæ ». Et addidit: « Confiteris ergo verum Filium Dei Dominum verum esse secundum nativitatem et proprietatem? » Palladius dixit: « Verum Dei Filium unigenitum dico. » Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Hoc ergo putas contra Scripturas, si Christus Deus verus esse dicatur? » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Eusebius said: "Is Christ true God, according to the faith of all and the catholic profession?" Palladius said: "He is the true Son of God." Bishop Eusebius said: "For we too are sons by adoption; he is Son by the property of divine generation." And he added: "Do you confess, then, that the true Son of God is true Lord according to his birth and property?" Palladius said: "I call him the true, only-begotten Son of God." Bishop Eusebius said: "Do you think, then, that it is against the Scriptures if Christ is said to be true God?" ### Scripture references - Gal 4:5: allusion, medium confidence ### Translation notes - "Sons by adoption": Gal 4:5–7; Migne's reference is removed. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 19 (PL 16:921c–921d; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-19). ## Section 20 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-20 - Source: PL 16:921a–921b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Palladius appeals to John 17:3 (the Father the only true God); Ambrose answers with 1 John 5:20, "This is the true God," and exposes the Homoian sense of "one true divinity". ### Latin text Cumque Palladius reticeret, Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Solum verum Filium Dei qui dicit, et non vult dicere dominum verum, videtur negare. Hoc igitur ordine confiteatur, si tamen confitetur, Palladius; et dicat utrum verum Dominum Dei Filium dicat. » Palladius dixit: « Cum dicat Filius: Ut cognoscant te solum verum Dominum, et quem misisti Jesum Christum; affectu, an in veritate? » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Joannes dixit in epistola sua: Hic est verus Deus. Nega hoc. » Palladius dixit: « Cum dicam tibi verum Filium, profiteor veram etiam divinitatem. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Et in hoc est fraus; sic enim soletis dicere unam et veram divinitatem, ut Patris tantummodo, non etiam Filii veram et unam divinitatem dicatis. Ergo si aperte vis dicere, quia ad Scripturas me provocas, dic quod dixit evangelista Joannes: Hic est verus Deus: aut nega dictum. » Palladius dixit: « Absque Filio alius genitus non est. » ### English translation (Claude) When Palladius was silent, Bishop Ambrose said: "Whoever calls the Son of God only true Son, and will not call him true Lord, seems to deny it. Let Palladius, then, confess in this order, if indeed he confesses; and let him say whether he calls the Son of God true Lord." Palladius said: "Since the Son says, 'That they may know you, the only true Lord, and Jesus Christ whom you have sent': is it in affection, or in truth?" Bishop Ambrose said: "John said in his epistle, 'This is the true God.' Deny this." Palladius said: "When I tell you he is the true Son, I profess also a true divinity." Bishop Ambrose said: "In this too there is deceit; for you are accustomed to speak of one true divinity in such a way that you call it the true and one divinity of the Father only, not also of the Son. So if you wish to speak openly, since you challenge me to the Scriptures, say what the evangelist John said, 'This is the true God,' or deny that it was said." Palladius said: "Besides the Son, no other was begotten." ### Scripture references - John 17:3: quotation, high confidence - 1 John 5:20: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Palladius quotes John 17:3, where the Latin Gospel reads "the only true God"; the acts as printed have "Lord" (see the note on 18). "Is it in affection, or in truth?" is obscure in the Latin; translated literally. Ambrose quotes 1 John 5:20. Migne's references are removed. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 20 (PL 16:921a–921b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-20). ## Section 21 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-21 - Source: PL 16:921b–921c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Palladius calls Christ only "the power of our God"; the bishops anathematize whoever will not confess him true Lord. ### Latin text Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Christus verus Deus secundum omnium fidem et catholicam professionem, an in sententia tua Deus verus non est? » Palladius dixit: « Virtus Dei nostri est. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Non habes libertatem profitendi; ac per hoc anathema ei, qui non confitetur verum Dominum Filium Dei. » Omnes episcopi dixerunt: « Anathema habeatur, qui Christum Filium Dei Dominum verum non dixerit. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Eusebius said: "Is Christ true God according to the faith of all and the catholic profession, or in your opinion is he not true God?" Palladius said: "He is the power of our God." Bishop Ambrose said: "You do not have the freedom to profess; and therefore, anathema to whoever does not confess that the Son of God is true Lord." All the bishops said: "Let him be held anathema who does not call Christ the Son of God true Lord." ### Scripture references - 1 Cor 1:24: allusion, medium confidence ### Translation notes - "The power of our God": 1 Cor 1:24. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 21 (PL 16:921b–921c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-21). ## Section 22 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-22 - Source: PL 16:921c–921d - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: On Arius's "alone having immortality", Palladius cites 1 Tim 6:15–16 and asks whether "Christ" is a divine or a human name. ### Latin text Iterum addidit: « Solum verum, solum immortalitatem habentem. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Filius Dei habet immortalitatem, aut non habet secundum divinitatem? » Palladius dixit: « Apostolum admittis, an non? Rex regum, qui solus habet immortalitatem. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « De Christo Filio Dei quid dicis? » Palladius dixit: « Christus nomen divinum est, an humanum? » ### English translation (Claude) Again he added: "Alone true, alone having immortality." Bishop Ambrose said: "Does the Son of God have immortality according to his divinity, or does he not?" Palladius said: "Do you accept the Apostle or not? 'The King of kings, who alone has immortality.'" Bishop Ambrose said: "What do you say about Christ the Son of God?" Palladius said: "Is 'Christ' a divine name or a human one?" ### Scripture references - 1 Tim 6:15: quotation, high confidence - 1 Tim 6:16: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Palladius quotes 1 Tim 6:15–16; Migne's reference is removed. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 22 (PL 16:921c–921d; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-22). ## Section 23 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-23 - Source: PL 16:921d–923a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Eusebius answers that in 1 Tim 6:16 the name "God" signifies the whole divine nature, Father and Son together. ### Latin text Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Secundum carnis quidem sacramentum Christus dicitur, sed idem Deus et homo est. » Palladius dixit: « Christus nomen carnis est: Christus nomen humanum est; et respondete vos mihi. » Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Quid superfluis immoraris? Cum legeretur impietas Arii, qui hoc dicit de Patre, quia solus habet immortalitatem, attulisti testimonium ad consensum impietatis Arii, ex Apostolo dicens: Qui solus habet immortalitatem, et lucem inaccessibilem habitat. Sed si intelligis, totius naturae dignitatem, in Dei nomine expressit: Siquidem in Dei nomine Pater et Filius designantur. » Palladius dixit: « Et ego vos, quod interrogavi, respondere noluistis. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Eusebius said: "According to the mystery of the flesh he is called Christ, but the same is God and man." Palladius said: "'Christ' is a name of the flesh; 'Christ' is a human name. And you answer me." Bishop Eusebius said: "Why do you dwell on superfluous matters? When the impiety of Arius was read, who says this of the Father, that he alone has immortality, you brought a testimony from the Apostle in agreement with Arius's impiety, saying, 'Who alone has immortality and dwells in unapproachable light.' But if you understand, he expressed the dignity of the whole nature in the name 'God', since in the name 'God' the Father and the Son are signified." Palladius said: "And I asked you, and you would not answer what I asked." ### Scripture references - 1 Tim 6:16: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - "Mystery of the flesh" (carnis sacramentum): the incarnation. Quotation: 1 Tim 6:16. Palladius's last sentence is awkward in the Latin; translated by sense. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 23 (PL 16:921d–923a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-23). ## Section 24 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-24 - Source: PL 16:923a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose distinguishes Christ's death in the flesh from his immortal divinity; the bishops anathematize whoever denies the Son immortality. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Aperte de te sententiam quæro: Filius Dei habet immortalitatem secundum generationem divinam, an non habet? » Palladius dixit: « Secundum generationem divinam incorruptibilis, et per carnem mortuus est. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Non divinitas mortua est, sed caro mortua est. » Palladius dixit: « Ante vos mihi respondete. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Filius Dei secundum divinitatem habet immortalitatem, an non habet? Sed et jam fraudes et insidias tuas non secundum Arii professionem prodidisti? » Et addidit: « Qui Filium Dei negat habere immortalitatem, quid vobis videtur? » Omnes episcopi dixerunt: « Anathema habeatur. » [25] Palladius dixit: « Satus divinu, immortali? est. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Astute et hoc, ut de Dei Filio nihil exprimas evidenter, et ego dico: « Immortalitatem habet Dei Filius secundum divinitatem, aut nega quia non habet immortalitatem. » Palladius dixit: « Christus mortuus est, an non? » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Secundum carnem: anima nostra non moritur; scriptum est enim: Nolite timere eos qui occidunt corpus, animam autem non possunt occidere. Cum igitur anima nostra mori non possit, putas quod Christus secundum divinitatem mortuus sit? » Palladius dixit: « Mortis appellationem quare tu horres? » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Immo non horreo, sed confiteor secundum carnem meam; est enim per quem a mortis vinculis sum revinctus. » Palladius dixit: « Mortem separatio facit spiritus; nam Christus Filius Dei carnem suscepit, et per carnem mortuus est. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Scriptum est Christum passum. Secundum carnem igitur passus est, secundum divinitatem habet immortalitatem. Hoc qui negat, diabolus est. » Palladius dixit: « Ego Arium non novi. ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "I ask your opinion openly: does the Son of God have immortality according to his divine generation, or not?" Palladius said: "According to his divine generation he is incorruptible, and through the flesh he died." Bishop Ambrose said: "The divinity did not die, but the flesh died." Palladius said: "You answer me first." Bishop Ambrose said: "Does the Son of God have immortality according to his divinity, or not? Have you not betrayed your deceits and snares, which are not according to Arius's profession?" And he added: "Whoever denies that the Son of God has immortality: what do you think?" All the bishops said: "Let him be held anathema." [25] Palladius said: "The divine … is immortal." Bishop Ambrose said: "This too is crafty, so as to express nothing clearly about the Son of God. I too say: the Son of God has immortality according to his divinity; or deny that he has immortality." Palladius said: "Did Christ die, or not?" Bishop Ambrose said: "According to the flesh. Our soul does not die; for it is written: 'Do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul.' Since, then, our soul cannot die, do you think that Christ died according to his divinity?" Palladius said: "Why do you shudder at the word 'death'?" Bishop Ambrose said: "Indeed I do not shudder at it, but I confess it according to my flesh; for he is the one through whom I have been freed from the bonds of death." Palladius said: "Separation of the spirit makes death; for Christ the Son of God took flesh and died through the flesh." Bishop Ambrose said: "It is written that Christ suffered. According to the flesh, therefore, he suffered; according to his divinity he has immortality. Whoever denies this is a devil." Palladius said: "I have not known Arius." ### Scripture references - Matt 10:28: quotation, high confidence - 1 Pet 4:1: allusion, medium confidence ### Translation notes - Section 25 begins inside this staged section (its number was lost in the digitization) and is marked [25]. - Palladius's first sentence in 25 is garbled ("Satus divinu, immortali? est"); perhaps "the divine nature is immortal". Translated with "…". - Quotation: Matt 10:28 (Migne's reference, "Matt 12:28", is removed). "Freed" renders "revinctus" by sense (literally "bound again"; probably a slip for a word meaning "released"). ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 24 (PL 16:923a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-24). ## Section 26 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-26 - Source: PL 16:923a–923b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Palladius will not say whether Arius spoke wrongly; Ambrose moves on to the next clause of Arius's letter. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Ergo male dixit Arius, cum etiam Filius Dei habeat immortalitatem secundum divinitatem. » Et addidit: « Bene dixit ergo, an male? » Palladius dixit: « Non consentio. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Cui non consentis? Anathema illi, qui non explicat fidei libertatem. » Omnes episcopi dixerunt: « Anathema. » Palladius dixit: « Dicite quod vultis, ejus est divinitas immortalis. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Cujus, Patris, an et Filii? » Et addidit: « Multas impietates congessit Arius. Sed ad alia transeamus. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "So Arius spoke wrongly, since the Son of God too has immortality according to his divinity." And he added: "Did he speak rightly, then, or wrongly?" Palladius said: "I do not agree." Bishop Ambrose said: "With whom do you not agree? Anathema to him who does not set out the freedom of his faith." All the bishops said: "Anathema." Palladius said: "Say what you will; his is the immortal divinity." Bishop Ambrose said: "Whose? The Father's, or the Son's too?" And he added: "Arius heaped up many impieties. But let us pass on to other things." ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 26 (PL 16:923a–923b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-26). ## Section 27 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-27 - Source: PL 16:923b–923c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: On Arius's "alone wise", Palladius will call the Son wisdom but not wise; the bishops anathematize whoever denies that the Son is wise. ### Latin text Et recitatum est: « Solum sapientem. » Palladius dixit: « Pater a se sapit: Filius autem sapiens non est. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Ergo Filius non est sapiens, cum ipse sit sapientia? Nam et nos dicimus, quia ex Patre natus est Filius. » Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Est aliquid tam impium, tam profanum, quam quod dixit sapientem Filium Dei negare? » Palladius dixit: « Sapientia dicitur, quis potest sapientiam denegare? » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Sapiens est, an non? » Palladius dixit: « Sapientia est. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Sapiens ergo, cum sit sapientia. » Palladius dixit: « Secundum Scripturas vobis respondemus. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Etiam sapientem, quantum video, Filium Dei Palladius negare conatus est. » Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Qui negat Filium Dei sapientem, anathema sit. » Omnes episcopi dixerunt: « Anathema. » ### English translation (Claude) And it was read: "Alone wise." Palladius said: "The Father is wise of himself; but the Son is not wise." Bishop Ambrose said: "So the Son is not wise, when he himself is wisdom? For we too say that the Son was born of the Father." Bishop Eusebius said: "Is there anything so impious, so profane, as what he said, denying that the Son of God is wise?" Palladius said: "He is called wisdom; who can deny wisdom?" Bishop Ambrose said: "Is he wise or not?" Palladius said: "He is wisdom." Bishop Ambrose said: "Wise, then, since he is wisdom." Palladius said: "We answer you according to the Scriptures." Bishop Ambrose said: "As far as I see, Palladius has tried to deny that the Son of God is even wise." Bishop Eusebius said: "Whoever denies that the Son of God is wise, let him be anathema." All the bishops said: "Anathema." ### Scripture references - 1 Cor 1:24: allusion, high confidence ### Translation notes - "The Son is not wise" as printed; the bishops' replies confirm the sense. "He himself is wisdom": 1 Cor 1:24 (Migne's reference removed). ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 27 (PL 16:923b–923c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-27). ## Section 28 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-28 - Source: PL 16:923c–925a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: On Arius's "alone good", Palladius cites John 10:11 and calls Christ good. ### Latin text Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Etiam Secundianus ad hoc respondeat. » Cumque Secundianus reticeret, Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Qui tacet, integrum vult habere judicium. » Et addidit: « Solum Patrem bonum cum dicit, Filium confessus est, an negavit? » Palladius dixit: « Legimus: Ego sum pastor bonus; et nos negamus? Quis non dicat bonum Dei Filium? » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Ergo bonus est Christus? » Palladius dixit: « Bonus. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Male ergo Arius de solo Patre dixit, cum etiam Filius Dei Ueusomnibus sit. Palladius dixit: « Qui bonum non dicit Christum, male dicit. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Eusebius said: "Let Secundianus also answer this." And when Secundianus was silent, Bishop Ambrose said: "He who is silent wishes to keep his judgment intact." And he added: "When he says that the Father alone is good, has he confessed the Son, or denied him?" Palladius said: "We read, 'I am the good shepherd'; and do we deny it? Who would not call the Son of God good?" Bishop Ambrose said: "So Christ is good?" Palladius said: "Good." Bishop Ambrose said: "So Arius spoke wrongly about the Father alone, since the Son of God too is good … to all." Palladius said: "Whoever does not call Christ good speaks wrongly." ### Scripture references - John 10:11: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Quotation: John 10:11 (Migne's reference removed). The end of Ambrose's sentence is garbled in the digitization ("Ueusomnibus", perhaps "God to all" or "good to all"); marked "…". ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 28 (PL 16:923c–925a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-28). ## Section 29 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-29 - Source: PL 16:925a–925b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Eusebius shows that "good" alone does not confess divinity, since humans too are called good; Palladius says the good Father begot a good Son. ### Latin text Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Christum bonum confiteris? Nam et ego bonus sum. Mihi dixit: Euge, serve bone, et: Homo bonus profert de thesauro suo bona ». Palladius dixit: « Jam dixi, vobis non respondeo usque ad plenum concilium. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Judæi dicebant quia bonus est: et Arius negat quia Filius Dei bonus est. » Palladius dixit: « Quis potest hoc negare? » Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Bonus est ergo Deus Filius Dei. » Palladius dixit: « Bonus Pater bonum Filium genuit. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Eusebius said: "Do you confess Christ to be good? For I too am good. To me it was said, 'Well done, good servant,' and, 'The good man brings forth good things out of his treasure.'" Palladius said: "I have already said, I am not answering you until a full council." Bishop Ambrose said: "The Jews said that he is good; and Arius denies that the Son of God is good." Palladius said: "Who can deny this?" Bishop Eusebius said: "So God the Son of God is good." Palladius said: "The good Father begot a good Son." ### Scripture references - Matt 25:21: quotation, high confidence - Luke 6:45: quotation, high confidence - John 7:12: allusion, high confidence ### Translation notes - Quotations: Matt 25:21, 23; Luke 6:45; John 7:12 (Migne's references removed). "The Jews said" is Ambrose's own remark, translated as written. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 29 (PL 16:925a–925b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-29). ## Section 30 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-30 - Source: PL 16:925b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: The bishops anathematize whoever does not confess the Son of God as good God. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Et nos bonos genuit; sed non secundum divinitatem. Deum bonum Dei Filium dicis. » Palladius dixit: « Filius Dei bonus est. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Vides ergo quia Christum bonum, bonum filium, non bonum Deum dicis; quod a te quaeritur. » Et addidit: « Qui bonum Filium Dei Deum non confitetur, anathema. » Omnes episcopi dixerunt: « Anathema. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "He begot us too as good, but not according to divinity. Do you call the Son of God good God?" Palladius said: "The Son of God is good." Bishop Ambrose said: "You see, then, that you call Christ good, a good Son, but not good God; which is what is asked of you." And he added: "Whoever does not confess the Son of God as good God, anathema." All the bishops said: "Anathema." ### Scripture references - Gen 1:31: echo, low confidence ### Translation notes - "He begot us too as good" recalls Gen 1:31 (Migne's reference removed). ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 30 (PL 16:925b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-30). ## Section 31 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-31 - Source: PL 16:925b–925d - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: On Arius's "alone mighty", Palladius calls the Son mighty but avoids calling him mighty God. ### Latin text Item recitavit: « Solum potentem. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Potens est Filius Dei, an non? » Palladius dixit: « Qui omnia fecit, non est potens? Qui omnia fecit, minus potest? » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Ergo Arius male dixit. » Et addidit: « Vel in hoc damnas Arium? » Palladius dixit: « Unde scio qui sit? Ego pro me respondeo tibi. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Filius Domini Dei Deus potens est? » Palladius dixit: « Potens. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Deus bonus est? » Palladius dixit: « Jam dixi Filium Dei unigenitum esse potentem. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Dominum potentem. » Palladius dixit: « Filium Dei potentem. » ### English translation (Claude) Again he read: "Alone mighty." Bishop Ambrose said: "Is the Son of God mighty, or not?" Palladius said: "He who made all things, is he not mighty? He who made all things, is he less able?" Bishop Ambrose said: "So Arius spoke wrongly." And he added: "Do you condemn Arius at least in this?" Palladius said: "How do I know who he is? I answer you for myself." Bishop Ambrose said: "Is the Son of the Lord God mighty God?" Palladius said: "Mighty." Bishop Ambrose said: "Is he good God?" Palladius said: "I have already said that the only-begotten Son of God is mighty." Bishop Ambrose said: "Mighty Lord." Palladius said: "The Son of God is mighty." ### Scripture references - John 1:3: echo, medium confidence ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 31 (PL 16:925b–925d; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-31). ## Section 32 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-32 - Source: PL 16:925d–925a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose shows from Ps 52:1 and 2 Cor 12:10 that "mighty" alone does not confess divinity; the bishops anathematize whoever denies that Christ is the mighty Lord. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Potentes et homines sunt; scriptum est enim: Quid gloriaris in malitia, qui potens es in iniquitate? Et alibi: Cum infirmor, tunc potens sum. Illud a te requiro, ut confitearis Dominum potentem esse Christum Dei Filium: aut si negas, astrue. Nam qui unam potentiam dico Patris et Filii, sic Filium Dei dico potentem sicut et Patrem. Dubitas ergo confiteri Dominum potentem esse Dei Filium? » Palladius dixit: « Jam dixi, secundum disputationem, prout possumus, respondemus vobis; vos enim soli vultis esse judices: vos litigatores esse vultis. Non vobis respondemus nunc, sed in concilio generali et pleno respondebimus vobis. Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Anathema illi, qui negat Dominum potentem Christum. » Omnes episcopi dixerunt: « Anathema. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "Men too are mighty; for it is written, 'Why do you glory in malice, you who are mighty in iniquity?' And elsewhere, 'When I am weak, then I am mighty.' This is what I require of you: that you confess Christ the Son of God to be the mighty Lord; or, if you deny it, maintain your view. For I, who speak of one might of the Father and the Son, call the Son of God mighty just as the Father. Do you hesitate, then, to confess that the Son of God is the mighty Lord?" Palladius said: "I have already said: we answer you in debate, as far as we can; for you wish to be the only judges, and you wish to be the litigants. We do not answer you now, but in a general and full council we will answer you." Bishop Ambrose said: "Anathema to him who denies that Christ is the mighty Lord." All the bishops said: "Anathema." ### Scripture references - Ps 52:1 (51:3 LXX): quotation, high confidence - 2 Cor 12:10: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Quotations: Ps 52:1 (LXX 51:3) and 2 Cor 12:10 (Migne's references removed). ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 32 (PL 16:925d–925a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-32). ## Section 33 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-33 - Source: PL 16:925a–925c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Palladius says the Son judges because the Father gave him judgment and asks whether the Father is greater; the bishops refuse his questions until he condemns Arius. ### Latin text Item recitatum est: « Solum potentem, omnium judicem. » Palladius dixit: « Omnium judicem Filium Dei. Est qui dat, est qui accipit. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Per gratiam dedit, an per naturam? Et hominibus datur judicium. » Palladius dixit: « Patrem majorem dicis, an non? » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Postea respondebo tibi. » Palladius dixit: « Ego tibi non respondeo, si non respondes mihi. » Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Nisi impietatem Arii ex ordine damnaveris, interrogandi non tibi dabimus facultatem. » Palladius dixit: « Non tibi respondeo. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Filius Dei, sicut lectum est, judex est, an non? » Palladius dixit: « Si non respondes mihi, ego tibi, ut impio, non respondeo. » ### English translation (Claude) Again it was read: "Alone mighty, judge of all." Palladius said: "The Son of God is judge of all. There is one who gives, and one who receives." Bishop Ambrose said: "Did he give it by grace, or by nature? Judgment is given to men too." Palladius said: "Do you call the Father greater, or not?" Bishop Ambrose said: "I will answer you afterwards." Palladius said: "I do not answer you if you do not answer me." Bishop Eusebius said: "Unless you condemn the impiety of Arius point by point, we will not give you the opportunity of asking questions." Palladius said: "I am not answering you." Bishop Ambrose said: "Is the Son of God judge, as has been read, or not?" Palladius said: "If you do not answer me, I do not answer you, as an impious man." ### Scripture references - John 5:22: allusion, high confidence ### Translation notes - "One who gives, and one who receives" alludes to John 5:22, 27. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 33 (PL 16:925a–925c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-33). ## Section 34 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-34 - Source: PL 16:925c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Eusebius declares the Son equal God; Palladius complains that only the bishops' stenographers are recording. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Habes professionem meam, qua respondebo tibi. Interim perlegatur epistola Arii. » Et addidit: « In epistola Arii invenies et hoc sacrilegium, quod tu moliris. » Palladius dixit: « Ego qui interrogo, non respondetis? » Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Filium Dei Deum aequalem dicimus. » Palladius dixit: « Tu judex es, tui exceptores hic sunt. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Scribant tui, qui volunt. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "You have my profession, by which I will answer you. Meanwhile let the letter of Arius be read through." And he added: "In the letter of Arius you will find this sacrilege too, which you are attempting." Palladius said: "I who ask, do you not answer?" Bishop Eusebius said: "We call the Son of God equal God." Palladius said: "You are the judge; your stenographers are here." Bishop Ambrose said: "Let yours write, those who wish." ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 34 (PL 16:925c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-34). ## Section 35 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-35 - Source: PL 16:925d–927a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Eusebius and Ambrose answer from John 5:18 and Phil 2:6–8 that the Son is equal to the Father in the form of God and less only in the form of a servant. ### Latin text Palladius dixit: « Pater major est, an non? » Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Secundum divinitatem aequalis est Filius Patri. Habes in Evangelio quod Judæi persequebantur eum; quia non solum solvebat sabbatum, sed et Patrem suum dicebat Deum, aequalem se faciens Deo. Quod ergo impii persequentes confessi sunt, nos credentes negare non possumus. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Et alibi habes: Qui cum esset in forma Dei, non rapinam arbitratus est esse se æqualem Deo; sed semetipsum exinanivit, formam servi accipiens, in similitudinem hominum factus obediens usque ad mortem ». Et addidit: « Vides quia in forma Dei aequalis est? Et formam, inquit, servi accepit. In quo ergo minor est? Secundum formam utique servi, non Dei. » Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Sicut in forma servi constitutus, inferior servo non fuit: ita in forma Dei constitutus, inferior Deo esse non potuit. » ### English translation (Claude) Palladius said: "Is the Father greater, or not?" Bishop Eusebius said: "According to the divinity the Son is equal to the Father. You have in the Gospel that the Jews persecuted him, because he not only broke the Sabbath but also called God his own Father, making himself equal to God. What, then, the impious persecutors acknowledged, we who believe cannot deny." Bishop Ambrose said: "And elsewhere you have: 'Who, though he was in the form of God, did not think it robbery to be equal with God, but emptied himself, taking the form of a servant, made in the likeness of men, becoming obedient unto death.'" And he added: "You see that in the form of God he is equal? 'And he took,' it says, 'the form of a servant.' In what, then, is he less? In the form of a servant, surely, not of God." Bishop Eusebius said: "Just as, being in the form of a servant, he was not inferior to a servant, so, being in the form of God, he could not be inferior to God." ### Scripture references - John 5:18: quotation, high confidence - Phil 2:6: quotation, high confidence - Phil 2:7: quotation, high confidence - Phil 2:8: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Quotations: John 5:18; Phil 2:6–8 (Migne's references removed). "The Jews persecuted him" and "the impious persecutors" are Eusebius's own words, translated as written. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 35 (PL 16:925d–927a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-35). ## Section 36 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-36 - Source: PL 16:927a–927d - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose accuses Palladius of misquoting John 14:28 and explains the Father as greater only according to Christ's flesh. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Aut dic quia secundum divinitatem minor est Filius Dei. » Palladius dixit: « Pater major est. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Secundum carnem. » Palladius dixit: « Qui me misit, major est me. Caro missa est a Deo, aut Filius Dei?» Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Falsari a vobis divinas Scripturas hodie comprobamus; sic enim scriptum est: Pacem meam do vobis, pacem meam relinquo vobis. Non turbetur cor vestrum: non quomodo hic mundus dat, ego do vobis. Si diligeretis me, gauderetis quia dixi, vado ad Patrem; quia Pater major me est. Non dixit: Qui me misit, major me est ». Palladius dixit: « Pater major est. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Anathema illi, qui divinis Scripturis addit aliquid, aut minuit. » Omnes episcopi dixerunt: « Anathema. » [37] Palladius dixit: « Pater major est Filio. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Secundum carnem Filius minor est Patre, secundum divinitatem æqualis est Patri: legi igitur Dei Filium æqualem Patri, sicut jam et prolata exemplaria testantur. Secundum carnem autem quid miraris minorem; cum dixerit se servum, cum dixerit se lapidem, cum dixerit se vermem, cum dixerit se minorem angelis; quia scriptum est: Minorasti eum paulo minus ab angelis ». Palladius dixit: « Impie vos asserentes video: non respondemus vobis sine auditoribus. » Sabinus episcopus dixit: « Nemo requirat ab eo sententiam, qui tam innumeris sententiis blasphemavit. » Palladius dixit: « Non vobis respondemus. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "Or say that according to the divinity the Son of God is less." Palladius said: "The Father is greater." Bishop Ambrose said: "According to the flesh." Palladius said: "'He who sent me is greater than I.' Was it the flesh that was sent by God, or the Son of God?" Bishop Ambrose said: "We prove today that the divine Scriptures are falsified by you; for it is written thus: 'My peace I give you, my peace I leave you. Let not your heart be troubled; not as this world gives do I give to you. If you loved me, you would rejoice because I said, I am going to the Father; for the Father is greater than I.' He did not say, 'He who sent me is greater than I.'" Palladius said: "The Father is greater." Bishop Ambrose said: "Anathema to him who adds anything to the divine Scriptures or takes away from them." All the bishops said: "Anathema." [37] Palladius said: "The Father is greater than the Son." Bishop Ambrose said: "According to the flesh the Son is less than the Father; according to the divinity he is equal to the Father. I have read, then, that the Son of God is equal to the Father, as the copies already produced testify. But according to the flesh, why do you wonder that he is less, when he called himself a servant, when he called himself a stone, when he called himself a worm, when he called himself less than the angels? For it is written: 'You made him a little lower than the angels.'" Palladius said: "I see that you assert impious things; we do not answer you without hearers." Bishop Sabinus said: "Let no one ask his opinion, who has blasphemed in so countless many opinions." Palladius said: "We do not answer you." ### Scripture references - John 14:28: quotation, high confidence - John 14:27: quotation, high confidence - Rev 22:18: allusion, medium confidence - Ps 116:16 (115:7 LXX): allusion, low confidence - Matt 21:42: allusion, medium confidence - Ps 22:6 (21:7 LXX): allusion, medium confidence - Ps 8:5 (8:6 LXX): quotation, high confidence - Heb 2:7: allusion, medium confidence ### Translation notes - Section 37 begins inside this staged section (its number was lost in the digitization) and is marked [37]. - Palladius cites John 14:28 in the form "He who sent me is greater than I"; Ambrose quotes John 14:27–28 to show that the Gospel says "the Father". Ambrose's examples: the servant (Ps 116:16; Isa 49:3), the stone (Matt 21:42), the worm (Ps 22:6), lower than the angels (Ps 8:5; Heb 2:7). Migne's references are removed. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 36 (PL 16:927a–927d; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-36). ## Section 38 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-38 - Source: PL 16:927d–927a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Sabinus argues from Heb 6:13 and John 8:56 that the Son, who appeared to Abraham, has no one greater according to his divinity. ### Latin text Sabinus episcopus dixit: « Ab omnibus jam damnatus est Palladius: Arii blasphemiae multo minores sunt quam Palladii. » Et cum Palladius surrexisset, atque foras exire voluisset: « Ideo, inquit surrexit Palladius, quoniam apertis Scripturarum testimoniis convincendum esse se cernit, sicut jam convictus est; sic enim lectum est, secundum divinitatem quod aequalis Patri Filius sit. Accipiat autem quia Filius Dei secundum divinitatem majorem non habet. Scriptum est: Abrahæ cum repromisisset Deus... quoniam nullum alium habebat majorem, per quem juraret, juravit per semet ipsum. Vides igitur Scripturam, quia nullum alium majorem habet, per quem juraret. Filius autem est, de quo dicitur quoniam ipse visus est Abrahae; unde et ait: Abraham diem meum vidit, et gavisus est. » Palladius dixit: « Pater major est. » Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Quando ut Deus locutus est, majorem non habuit: quando ut homo locutus, majorem habuit. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Sabinus said: "Palladius has now been condemned by all; the blasphemies of Arius are much smaller than those of Palladius." And when Palladius had risen and wished to go out, he said: "Palladius has risen because he sees that he must be refuted by the plain testimonies of the Scriptures, as he has already been refuted; for it has been read that according to the divinity the Son is equal to the Father. Let him learn, moreover, that according to the divinity the Son of God has no one greater. It is written: 'When God made the promise to Abraham … since he had no one greater by whom to swear, he swore by himself.' You see, then, the Scripture, that he has no one greater by whom to swear. But it is the Son of whom it is said that he appeared to Abraham; hence he also says, 'Abraham saw my day and was glad.'" Palladius said: "The Father is greater." Bishop Eusebius said: "When he spoke as God, he had no one greater; when he spoke as man, he had one greater." ### Scripture references - Heb 6:13: quotation, high confidence - John 8:56: quotation, high confidence - Gen 18:1: allusion, medium confidence ### Translation notes - Quotations: Heb 6:13; John 8:56 (Migne's references removed). The appearance to Abraham is Gen 18. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 38 (PL 16:927d–927a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-38). ## Section 39 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-39 - Source: PL 16:927a–927b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Palladius calls the Son subject to the Father; Ambrose answers that he is subject according to the flesh. ### Latin text Palladius dixit: « Pater genuit Filium, Pater misit Filium. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Anathema illi, qui negat Filium secundum divinitatem æqualem Patri. » Omnes episcopi dixerunt: « Anathema. » Palladius dixit: « Filius subjectus Patri, Filius præcepta Patris custodit. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Subjectus secundum carnis rationem. Cæterum et ipse meministi quia legisti: Nemo venit ad me nisi quem Pater attraxerit ». Sabinus episcopus dixit: « Dicat si secundum divinitatem subjectus est Patri, an secundum incarnationem? » ### English translation (Claude) Palladius said: "The Father begot the Son; the Father sent the Son." Bishop Ambrose said: "Anathema to him who denies that the Son according to the divinity is equal to the Father." All the bishops said: "Anathema." Palladius said: "The Son is subject to the Father; the Son keeps the Father's commands." Bishop Ambrose said: "Subject according to the nature of the flesh. Besides, you yourself remember that you have read, 'No one comes to me unless the Father draws him.'" Bishop Sabinus said: "Let him say whether he is subject to the Father according to the divinity, or according to the incarnation." ### Scripture references - 1 Cor 15:28: allusion, medium confidence - John 15:10: allusion, medium confidence - John 6:44: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - "Subject": 1 Cor 15:28; "keeps the Father's commands": John 15:10. Quotation: John 6:44 (Migne's reference removed); its point here is unclear in the acts. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 39 (PL 16:927a–927b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-39). ## Section 40 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-40 - Source: PL 16:927b–927d - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose and Eusebius argue that Christ spoke some things according to his flesh, as man, and others as God. ### Latin text Palladius dixit: « Ergo Pater major est. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Et alibi scriptum est: Fidelis Deus, per quem vocati estis in communionem Filii ejus. Ego dico Patrem majorem esse secundum carnis assumptionem, quam suscepit Filius Dei, non secundum divinitatem. » Palladius dixit: « Quae enim comparatio est Filii Dei? Et caro potest dicere: Deus me major est! Caro loquebatur, aut divinitas; quia ibi erat caro? » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Caro sine anima non loquitur. Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Deus in carne loquebatur secundum carnem, quando dicebat: Quid me persequimini hominem? Quis hoc dixit? » Palladius dixit: « Filius Dei. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Deus ergo Filius Dei est secundum divinitatem, et homo est secundum carnem. » Palladius dixit: « Carnem suscepit. » Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Ergo humanis verbis usus est. » Palladius dixit: « Carnem humanam suscepit. » ### English translation (Claude) Palladius said: "So the Father is greater." Bishop Ambrose said: "And elsewhere it is written: 'God is faithful, by whom you were called into the fellowship of his Son.' I say that the Father is greater according to the assumption of flesh which the Son of God took up, not according to the divinity." Palladius said: "What comparison is there of the Son of God? Can the flesh also say, 'God is greater than I'? Was it the flesh speaking, or the divinity, since the flesh was there?" Bishop Ambrose said: "Flesh without a soul does not speak." Bishop Eusebius said: "God in the flesh spoke according to the flesh when he said, 'Why do you persecute me, a man?' Who said this?" Palladius said: "The Son of God." Bishop Ambrose said: "So the Son of God is God according to the divinity, and man according to the flesh." Palladius said: "He took flesh." Bishop Eusebius said: "So he used human words." Palladius said: "He took human flesh." ### Scripture references - 1 Cor 1:9: quotation, high confidence - John 8:40: allusion, high confidence ### Translation notes - Quotations: 1 Cor 1:9; John 8:40 (adapted: "Why do you seek to kill me, a man"); Migne's references are removed. Palladius's questions are obscure in the Latin; translated by sense. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 40 (PL 16:927b–927d; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-40). ## Section 41 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-41 - Source: PL 16:927d–929a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose explains Phil 2:8 of the flesh and asks whether Arius was right to call the Son a perfect creature; Palladius refuses to answer. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Dicat quia non secundum divinitatem Apostolus dixit subjectum, sed secundum carnem; scriptum est enim; Humiliavit semetipsum factus obediens usque ad mortem. In quo ergo mortem gustavit? » Palladius dixit: « Quia se humiliavit. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Non divinitas, sed caro humiliata est atque subjecta. » Et addidit: « Creaturam perfectam bene dixit Arius, an male dixit? » Palladius dixit: « Ego tibi non respondeo auctoritatem non habenti. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Profitere quod vis? » Palladius dixit: « Non respondeo vobis. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "Let him say that the Apostle called him subject not according to the divinity but according to the flesh; for it is written: 'He humbled himself, becoming obedient unto death.' In what, then, did he taste death?" Palladius said: "Because he humbled himself." Bishop Ambrose said: "Not the divinity, but the flesh was humbled and made subject." And he added: "Did Arius speak rightly or wrongly in calling him a perfect creature?" Palladius said: "I do not answer you, who have no authority." Bishop Ambrose said: "Will you profess what you will?" Palladius said: "I do not answer you." ### Scripture references - Phil 2:8: quotation, high confidence - Heb 2:9: echo, medium confidence ### Translation notes - Quotation: Phil 2:8 (Migne's reference removed). "A perfect creature": Arius's letter to Alexander calls the Son "a perfect creature of God, but not as one of the creatures". ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 41 (PL 16:927d–929a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/1/#p-41). ## Section 42 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-42 - Source: PL 16:929a–929c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose sums up the answers given to Palladius on the Father as greater and the Son as subject, and demands that he answer in turn. ### Latin text Sabinus episcopus dixit: « Pro Ario non respondes, ad interrogata non respondes? » Palladius dixit: « Pro Ario ego non respondi. » Sabinus episcopus dixit: « Usque adeo respondisti, ut Filium Dei negares potentem, negares verum Deum. » Palladius dixit: « Ego te judicem non patior, quem impietatis arguo. » Sabinus episcopus dixit: « Ipse nos coegisti sedere. » Palladius dixit: « Mandavi ut sederetis, ut arguerem vos. Quare subripuistis imperatori? Ut plenum concilium non esset, subripuistis. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Cum Arii impietates legerentur, et impietas tua pariter condemnata est, quae consensit Arianæ impietati. Placuit tibi in epistola media lectionem proponere, quam volebas: responsum tibi est quemadmodum Filius Patrem majorem dixerit, eo quod secundum carnis susceptionem Pater major est eo. Proposuisti etiam subjectum esse Filium Dei; et in hoc responsum tibi est, quia subjectus Filius Dei secundum carnem est, non secundum divinitatem. Habes professionem nostram, nunc audi cetera. Quoniam tibi responsum est, responde ad ea, quæ leguntur. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Sabinus said: "You do not answer for Arius; do you not answer the questions put to you?" Palladius said: "I have not answered for Arius." Bishop Sabinus said: "You answered so far as to deny that the Son of God is mighty, and to deny that he is true God." Palladius said: "I do not accept you as judge, whom I accuse of impiety." Bishop Sabinus said: "You yourself compelled us to sit." Palladius said: "I sent word that you should sit, so that I might refute you. Why did you creep up on the emperor? You crept up on him so that there would not be a full council." Bishop Ambrose said: "When the impieties of Arius were read, your impiety too was condemned along with them, since it agreed with the Arian impiety. It pleased you to bring forward, in the middle of the letter, the reading you wished; you were answered how the Son called the Father greater: that according to the taking up of flesh the Father is greater than he. You also put forward that the Son of God is subject; and on this too you were answered that the Son of God is subject according to the flesh, not according to the divinity. You have our profession; now hear the rest. Since you have been answered, answer the things that are read." ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 42 (PL 16:929a–929c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-42). ## Section 43 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-43 - Source: PL 16:929c–929a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Palladius complains that only the bishops' words are recorded and refuses to say whether Christ was born or created. ### Latin text Palladius dixit: « Non tibi respondeo; quia quæcumque ego dixi, non sunt scripta: vestra tantummodo scribuntur verba: non vobis respondeo. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Omnia vides scribi. Denique quæ scripta sunt, abundant ad tuæ impietatis indicium. » Et addidit: « Creaturam dicis Christum, an negas? » Palladius dixit: « Non respondeo. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Ante horam citra acta, cum legeretur quia Arius dixit creaturam Christum, negasti: oblatum est tibi, ut damnares perfidiam, noluisti: vel nunc dic utrum natus ex Patre Christus sit, an creatus? » Palladius dixit: « Si vultis, exceptores nostri veniant, et sic totum excipiatur. » Sabinus episcopus dixit: « Adducat suos exceptores. » Palladius dixit: « Pleno concilio vobis respondebimus. » ### English translation (Claude) Palladius said: "I am not answering you, because whatever I have said is not written down; only your words are written. I do not answer you." Bishop Ambrose said: "You see that everything is being written. Indeed, what has been written is more than enough to show your impiety." And he added: "Do you call Christ a creature, or do you deny it?" Palladius said: "I do not answer." Bishop Ambrose said: "An hour ago, before the minutes, when it was read that Arius called Christ a creature, you denied it; it was put to you that you should condemn the faithlessness, and you would not. At least now say whether Christ was born of the Father, or created." Palladius said: "If you wish, let our stenographers come, and so let everything be taken down." Bishop Sabinus said: "Let him bring his stenographers." Palladius said: "We will answer you in a full council." ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 43 (PL 16:929c–929a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-43). ## Section 44 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-44 - Source: PL 16:929a–929b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose asks the presbyter Attalus whether he once subscribed to the Nicene faith under his bishop Agrippinus; Attalus refuses to answer. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Attalus in tractatu Nicaeni concilii subscripsit. Neget factum, quia venit ad concilium. Dicat hodie utrum subscripserit in tractatu Nicæni concilii, an non. » Cumque Attalus reticeret, Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Attalus presbyter licet inter Arianos sit, tamen habet auctoritatem loquendi: libere profiteatur utrum subscripserit in tractatu Nicaeni concilii sub episcopo suo Agrippino, an non. » Attalus dixit: « Jam dixisti me aliquoties damnatum: non tibi respondeo. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Subscripsisti in tractatu concilii Nicaeni, an non? » Attalus dixit: « Non tibi respondeo. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "Attalus subscribed to the proceedings of the Council of Nicaea. Let him deny the fact, since he has come to the council. Let him say today whether he subscribed to the proceedings of the Council of Nicaea or not." And when Attalus was silent, Bishop Ambrose said: "Attalus the presbyter, although he is among the Arians, nevertheless has the right to speak; let him freely declare whether he subscribed to the proceedings of the Council of Nicaea under his bishop Agrippinus, or not." Attalus said: "You have already said several times that I am condemned; I do not answer you." Bishop Ambrose said: "Did you subscribe to the proceedings of the Council of Nicaea, or not?" Attalus said: "I am not answering you." ### Translation notes - "The proceedings of the Council of Nicaea" (tractatus Nicaeni concilii): the Nicene creed, to which Attalus had evidently subscribed earlier. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 44 (PL 16:929a–929b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-44). ## Section 45 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-45 - Source: PL 16:929b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Chromatius charges Palladius with denying the catholic faith; Sabinus testifies that Attalus had subscribed to Nicaea. ### Latin text Palladius dixit: « Modo vultis tractatum plenum haberi, an non? » Chromatius presbyter dixit: « Creaturam non negasti, potentem negasti. Omnia negasti, quae fides catholica profitetur. » Sabinus episcopus dixit: « Testes sumus nos Attalum subscripsisse in concilio Nicaeno, et nunc nolle respondere. Quid cunctis videtur? Cumque Attalus reticeret, Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Dicat utrum subscripserit in tractatu concilii Nicaeni, an non? » ### English translation (Claude) Palladius said: "Do you want a full hearing now, or not?" Chromatius the presbyter said: "You did not deny that he is a creature; you denied that he is mighty. You have denied everything that the catholic faith professes." Bishop Sabinus said: "We are witnesses that Attalus subscribed at the Council of Nicaea, and now will not answer. What does everyone think?" And when Attalus was silent, Bishop Ambrose said: "Let him say whether he subscribed to the proceedings of the Council of Nicaea, or not." ### Translation notes - Chromatius, then a presbyter of Aquileia, later its bishop. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 45 (PL 16:929b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-45). ## Section 46 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-46 - Source: PL 16:929c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose has Arius's letter read again ("born, not in appearance") and demands Palladius's answer. ### Latin text Palladius dixit: « Exceptor vester et noster stent, et omnia scribant. » Valerianus episcopus dixit: « Jam quae dixisti, et quae negasti, scripta sunt omnia. » Palladius dixit: « Dicite quod vultis. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Quia saepius vult damnari Palladius, qui jam frequenter damnatus est, lego epistolam Arii, quam ille noluit condemnare: profitemini quid vobis videtur? » Omnes episcopi dixerunt: « Legatur. » Et recitata est: « Nato autem non putative, » et reliqua. Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Respondi tibi de majore, respondi tibi et de subjecto: nunc et ipse responde. » ### English translation (Claude) Palladius said: "Let your stenographer and ours stand by, and let them write everything." Bishop Valerian said: "What you have said and what you have denied has all been written already." Palladius said: "Say what you will." Bishop Ambrose said: "Since Palladius, who has often been condemned already, wishes to be condemned again and again, I am reading the letter of Arius, which he would not condemn. Declare what you think." All the bishops said: "Let it be read." And it was read: "Born, not in appearance," and so on. Bishop Ambrose said: "I have answered you about the greater; I have answered you also about the subject; now you answer too." ### Translation notes - "Born, not in appearance" (nato autem non putative): a phrase of Arius's letter to Alexander. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 46 (PL 16:929c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-46). ## Section 47 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-47 - Source: PL 16:929c–931a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Palladius asks for lay hearers after Sunday; Ambrose insists that he condemn or approve Arius's letter point by point. ### Latin text Palladius dixit: « Non respondebo nisi auditores veniant post Dominicam diem. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Veneras tractaturus, sed posteaquam objeci tibi, vidisti epistolam Arii, quam damnare noluisti, asserere autem non potes; idcirco nunc refugis et cavillaris. Plenarie ipsam recito ad singula. Dic utrum Christus creatus videatur; an fuit, quando non fuit: an vero semper fuit unigenitus Dei Filius? Cum Arii epistolam audieris, aut damna, aut proba. » ### English translation (Claude) Palladius said: "I will not answer unless hearers come, after the Lord's day." Bishop Ambrose said: "You had come to debate; but after I set before you the letter of Arius, which you would not condemn and cannot defend, you saw it, and therefore now you run away and quibble. I am reading the letter itself in full, point by point. Say whether Christ seems to you to have been created; or whether there was when he was not; or whether he was always the only-begotten Son of God. When you have heard the letter of Arius, either condemn it or approve it." ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 47 (PL 16:929c–931a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-47). ## Section 48 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-48 - Source: PL 16:931a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Palladius accuses Ambrose of impiety but will not say what it is. ### Latin text Palladius dixit: « Cum impietatis te arguam, te judice non utor. Transgressor es. » Sabinus episcopus dixit: « Quas impietates objicis fratri nostro et consacerdoti nostro Ambrosio, dicito. » Palladius dixit: « Jam vobis dixi, pleno concilio respondebo, et a praesentibus auditoribus. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « In consessu fratrum meorum cupio confutari et redargui. Quid igitur impie dixerim, dicito: sed impius tibi videor, qui pietatem astruo. » Sabinus episcopus dixit: « Ergo impius tibi videtur, qui Arii blasphemias arguit? » ### English translation (Claude) Palladius said: "Since I accuse you of impiety, I do not accept you as judge. You are a transgressor." Bishop Sabinus said: "Say what impieties you charge against our brother and fellow priest Ambrose." Palladius said: "I have already told you: I will answer in a full council, and before hearers present." Bishop Ambrose said: "In the assembly of my brothers I am eager to be refuted and convicted. Say, then, what I have said impiously; but I seem impious to you because I maintain true religion." Bishop Sabinus said: "So the one who refutes the blasphemies of Arius seems impious to you?" ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 48 (PL 16:931a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-48). ## Section 49 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-49 - Source: PL 16:931b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Valerian of Aquileia charges that Palladius was ordained by Photinians and condemned with them. ### Latin text Palladius dixit: « Ego non negavi bonum Filium Dei. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Dicis ergo Christum Deum bonum? » Palladius dixit: « Non vobis respondeo. » Valerianus episcopus dixit: « Nolite multum adigere Palladium, non potest vera nostra simpliciter confiteri. Ipsius enim conscientia duplici blasphemia confusa est; nam a Photinianis est ordinatus, et cum ipsis est damnatus: et nunc plenius damnabitur. Palladius dixit: « Hoc proba. » Sabinus episcopus dixit: « Non aliter poterat Christum verum negare, nisi auctores suos sequeretur. » ### English translation (Claude) Palladius said: "I did not deny that the Son of God is good." Bishop Ambrose said: "Do you say, then, that Christ is good God?" Palladius said: "I do not answer you." Bishop Valerian said: "Do not press Palladius much; he cannot simply confess our true things. For his conscience is confounded by a double blasphemy: he was ordained by the Photinians, and was condemned together with them; and now he will be condemned more fully." Palladius said: "Prove this." Bishop Sabinus said: "He could not deny that Christ is true God otherwise than by following his own authors." ### Translation notes - "Our true things" renders "vera nostra" as printed; the sense may be "our true faith". ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 49 (PL 16:931b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-49). ## Section 50 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-50 - Source: PL 16:931c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Palladius again refuses to condemn Arius, and all the bishops anathematize him. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Objecisti me esse impium, hoc proba. » Palladius dixit: « Expositionem nostram afferemus; cum autem attulerimus, tunc disputatio habebitur. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Damna impietatem Arii.» Cum reticeret Palladius, Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Superfluis immoratur. Tot impietates Arii Palladius noluit condemnare, immo potius asserendo confessus est. Hunc qui non damnat, similis illius est, et hæreticus jure dicendus est. » Omnes episcopi dixerunt: « A nobis omnibus anathema sit Palladio. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "You have charged that I am impious; prove it." Palladius said: "We will bring our exposition; and when we have brought it, then there will be a debate." Bishop Ambrose said: "Condemn the impiety of Arius." When Palladius was silent, Bishop Eusebius said: "He dwells on superfluous things. Palladius would not condemn so many impieties of Arius; rather, by asserting them he has confessed them. Whoever does not condemn him is like him and is rightly to be called a heretic." All the bishops said: "By all of us let Palladius be anathema." ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 50 (PL 16:931c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-50). ## Section 51 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-51 - Source: PL 16:931c–931b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Palladius demands lay hearers; Ambrose replies that priests judge laymen, not laymen priests. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Acquiescis, Palladi, ut caetera legantur Arii. » Palladius dixit: « Date auditores: veniant et ex utraque parte exceptores. Non potestis esse judices, si auditores non habuerimus; et nisi ex utraque parte venerint, qui audiant, non vobis respondemus. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Quos quæris auditores?» Palladius dixit: « Sunt hic viri honorati multi. » Sabinus episcopus dixit: « Post tot blasphemias auditores petis? » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Sacerdotes de laicis judicare debent, non laici de sacerdotibus. Sed tamen quos judices petas, dicito. » Palladius dixit: « Auditores veniant. » Chromatius presbyter dixit: « Salva condemnatione sacerdotali, quin et qui Palladii sunt. etiam nunc in pleno legantur. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "Do you agree, Palladius, that the rest of Arius's letter be read?" Palladius said: "Give us hearers: let stenographers too come from both sides. You cannot be judges if we have no hearers; and unless people come from both sides to hear, we do not answer you." Bishop Ambrose said: "What hearers do you seek?" Palladius said: "There are many men of rank here." Bishop Sabinus said: "After so many blasphemies you ask for hearers?" Bishop Ambrose said: "Priests ought to judge laymen, not laymen priests. But nevertheless, say what judges you seek." Palladius said: "Let hearers come." Chromatius the presbyter said: "Without prejudice to the condemnation by the priests, let the things that belong to Palladius be read even now before the full assembly." ### Translation notes - Chromatius's sentence is obscure in the Latin; translated by sense. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 51 (PL 16:931c–931b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-51). ## Section 52 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-52 - Source: PL 16:931b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose pronounces Palladius unworthy of the episcopate and deposed, so that a catholic may be ordained in his place. ### Latin text Palladius dixit: « Non permittuntur loqui. Auditores veniant, et ex utraque parte exceptores, et respondebunt vobis hi in concilio generali. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Etsi in multis impietatibus deprehensus sit, erubescimus tamen ut videatur qui sacerdotium sibi vindicat, a laicis esse damnatus: ac per hoc quoque et in hoc ipso damnandus est, qui laicorum exspectat sententiam; cum magis de laicis sacerdotes debeant judicare. Juxta ea quæ hodie audivimus Palladium profitentem, et juxta ea quae condemnare noluit, pronuntio illum sacerdotio indignum et carendum, ut in loco ejus catholicus ordinetur. » Omnes episcopi dixerunt: « Anathema Palladio. » ### English translation (Claude) Palladius said: "They are not permitted to speak. Let hearers come, and stenographers from both sides, and these will answer you in a general council." Bishop Ambrose said: "Although he has been caught in many impieties, we are nevertheless ashamed that one who claims the priesthood for himself should seem to have been condemned by laymen; and for this reason he is to be condemned also in this very point, that he awaits the sentence of laymen, when rather priests ought to judge laymen. According to what we have heard Palladius profess today, and according to what he would not condemn, I pronounce him unworthy of the priesthood and to be deprived of it, so that a catholic may be ordained in his place." All the bishops said: "Anathema to Palladius." ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 52 (PL 16:931b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-52). ## Section 53 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-53 - Source: PL 16:931c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose proposes, as the emperor's appointed judges, the condemnation of Palladius, and all agree. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Imperator clementissimus et christianus sacerdotum judicio causam, et ut ipsi arbitri essent altercationis, inquit, constituissemus. Quoniam igitur nobis judicium videtur delatum interpretes esse Scripturarum, condemnemus Palladium, qui impii Arii noluit damnare sententiam: et quia ipse Filium Dei sempiternum, et cætera quae actis inhaerent, negavit. Ergo anathema habeatur. » Omnes episcopi dixerunt: « Omnes condemnamus eum, anathema habeatur. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "The most clement and Christian emperor entrusted the case to the judgment of the priests, and said, 'we appointed them to be arbiters of the dispute.' Since, then, the judgment has been committed to us as interpreters of the Scriptures, let us condemn Palladius, who would not condemn the opinion of the impious Arius, and because he himself denied that the Son of God is everlasting, and the other things contained in the minutes. Let him therefore be held anathema." All the bishops said: "We all condemn him; let him be held anathema." ### Translation notes - The staged text ended with Migne's heading for the following sections (the condemnation of Palladius by each bishop); it is removed. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 53 (PL 16:931c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-53). ## Section 54 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-54 - Source: PL 16:931c–933a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Valerian of Aquileia gives the first individual sentence against Palladius. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Quoniam omnes consistunt viri christiani, et Deo probati fratres, et consacerdotes nostri, dicat unusquisque quid sibi videatur. » Valerianus episcopus dixit: « Mihi quidem videtur, quia qui Arium defendit, Arianus est: qui blasphemias ejus non condemnat, ipse blasphemus est; ideoque hujusmodi hominem a consortio sacerdotum censeo esse alienum. » Palladius dixit: « Coepistis ludere, ludite. Sine concilio orientali vobis non respondemus. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "Since all are present, Christian men, brothers approved by God, and our fellow priests, let each say what he thinks." Bishop Valerian said: "It seems to me that whoever defends Arius is an Arian; whoever does not condemn his blasphemies is himself a blasphemer; and therefore I judge that such a man is a stranger to the fellowship of priests." Palladius said: "You have begun to play; play on. Without an Eastern council we do not answer you." ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 54 (PL 16:931c–933a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-54). ## Section 55 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-55 - Source: PL 16:933a–933b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Anemius of Sirmium and Constantius of Orange condemn Palladius. ### Latin text Anemius episcopus Sirmiensis dixit: « Quicumque hæreses Arianas non condemnat, Arianus sit necesse est. Hunc igitur alienum etiam a nostra communione, et sacerdotali coetu denuo privatum esse censemus. » Constantius episcopus Arausicus dixit: « Palladium Arii discipulum, cujus impietates jam olim damnatæ sunt a patribus nostris in concilio Nicaeno, et nunc hodie probatae, cum recenserentur, a Palladio singulae; quia non confusus est dum Dei filium a Deo Patre esse alienum, cum creaturam confitetur: cum temporalem coepisse dicit, Dominum verum negat, in sempiternum censeo esse damnandum. » ### English translation (Claude) Anemius, bishop of Sirmium, said: "Whoever does not condemn the Arian heresies must be an Arian. We judge, therefore, that he is a stranger also to our communion and is again deprived of the assembly of priests." Constantius, bishop of Orange, said: "Palladius, the disciple of Arius, whose impieties were long ago condemned by our fathers at the Council of Nicaea, and have now today been approved by Palladius one by one as they were reviewed, since he was not ashamed to make the Son of God a stranger to God the Father, while he confesses him a creature, says that he began in time, and denies him true Lord: I judge that he must be condemned for ever." ### Translation notes - Constantius's sentence is loosely constructed in the Latin; translated by sense. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 55 (PL 16:933a–933b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-55). ## Section 56 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-56 - Source: PL 16:933b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Justus of Lyon and Eventius of Pavia condemn Palladius. ### Latin text Justus episcopus dixit: « Palladium, qui blasphemias Arii damnare noluit, sed etiam magis has confiteri videtur, censeo ulterius sacerdotem dici non posse, nec inter episcopos deputari. » Eventius episcopus Ticiniensis dixit: « Palladium, qui impietatem Arii damnare noluit, arbitror a consortio sacerdotali in perpetuum esse remotum. ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Justus said: "Palladius, who would not condemn the blasphemies of Arius but rather seems to confess them, I judge can no longer be called a priest nor be counted among the bishops." Eventius, bishop of Pavia, said: "Palladius, who would not condemn the impiety of Arius, I consider removed for ever from the fellowship of priests." ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 56 (PL 16:933b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-56). ## Section 57 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-57 - Source: PL 16:933b–933a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Abundantius of Trent and Eusebius of Bologna condemn Palladius. ### Latin text Abundantius episcopus Tridentinus dixit: « Cum evidentes blasphemias Palladius defendat, damnatum se ex concilio Aquileiensi cognoscat. » Eusebius episcopus Bononiensis dixit: « Quia impietates Arii diabolico stylo conscriptas, quas non licebat nec ad aures admittere, Palladius non solum noluit condemnare; sed et earum exstitit assertor, negando Filium Dei Dominum verum, Dominum bonum, Dominum sapientem, Dominum sempiternum, hunc a caetu sacerdotali, et mea sententia et omnium catholicorum judicio arbitror jure esse damnatum. » ### English translation (Claude) Abundantius, bishop of Trent, said: "Since Palladius defends evident blasphemies, let him know that he is condemned by the Council of Aquileia." Eusebius, bishop of Bologna, said: "Since Palladius not only would not condemn the impieties of Arius, written with a devilish pen, which it was not right even to admit to our ears, but has even come forward as their defender, denying that the Son of God is true Lord, good Lord, wise Lord, everlasting Lord, I consider him rightly condemned and removed from the assembly of priests, both by my own sentence and by the judgment of all catholics." ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 57 (PL 16:933b–933a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-57). ## Section 58 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-58 - Source: PL 16:933a–933b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Sabinus of Piacenza and the African legates condemn Palladius and all who resist the faith of Nicaea. ### Latin text Sabinus episcopus Placentinus dixit: « Quoniam cunctis patefactum est, Palladium, qui Arianae perfidiæ auctor est, etiam ejus impietatem tenere, quæ contra evangelica et apostolica instituta venit, justa in eum totius concilii illata sententia est, qui meæ licet parvitatis sententia sacerdotio denuo privatus, ex hoc sacrosancto caetu jure pellatur. » Felix et Numidius legati Afrorum dixerunt: « Arianae heresis sectae in qua in Aquileiensi synodo Palladius declaratus est, anathema. Sed et eos qui contra veritatem Nicænæ synodi repugnantes sunt, condemnamus. » ### English translation (Claude) Sabinus, bishop of Piacenza, said: "Since it has been made plain to all that Palladius, who is a promoter of the Arian faithlessness, also holds its impiety, which runs against the ordinances of the Gospel and the Apostles, the sentence of the whole council has justly been passed upon him; and let him, deprived again of the priesthood by the sentence of my lowliness too, be rightly expelled from this most holy assembly." Felix and Numidius, legates of the Africans, said: "Anathema to the sect of the Arian heresy, in which Palladius has been shown at the synod of Aquileia to stand. We also condemn those who resist the truth of the synod of Nicaea." ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 58 (PL 16:933a–933b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-58). ## Section 59 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-59 - Source: PL 16:933b–935a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Limenius of Vercelli and Maximus of Emona condemn Palladius. ### Latin text Limenius episcopus Vercellensis dixit: « Arianam doctrinam saepe esse damnatam manifestum est; et ideo Palladius conventus in hac sacra synodo Aquileiensi, quia noluit se corrigere vel emendare: sed magis probavit reprehensibilem, et se obligavit perfidia, quam se publico confessus est tenere, hunc sententia mea et ego profiteor a consortio sacerdotali esse privandum. » Maximus episcopus Emonensis dixit: « Palladium, qui blasphemias Arii nec damnare voluit, sed magis ipse confessus est, juste ac merito esse damnatum, et Deus novit, et fidelium conscientia condemnavit. » ### English translation (Claude) Limenius, bishop of Vercelli, said: "It is manifest that the Arian doctrine has often been condemned; and therefore Palladius, summoned at this holy synod of Aquileia, since he would not correct or amend himself, but rather proved himself blameworthy and bound himself to the faithlessness which he publicly confessed that he holds: I too declare by my sentence that he is to be deprived of the fellowship of priests." Maximus, bishop of Emona, said: "That Palladius, who would not condemn the blasphemies of Arius but rather confessed them himself, is justly and deservedly condemned, both God knows and the conscience of the faithful has condemned him." ### Translation notes - "Bound himself" renders a garbled word ("olctaviL"), read as "obligavit" by conjecture. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 59 (PL 16:933b–935a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-59). ## Section 60 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-60 - Source: PL 16:935a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Exuperantius of Tortona and Bassianus of Lodi condemn Palladius. ### Latin text Exuperantius episcopus Dertonensis dixit: « Palladium, qui sectam Arii vel ejus doctrinam damnare noluit, sed defendit, ut caeteri consortes mei damnaverunt, etiam et ego condemno. » Bassianus episcopus Laudensis dixit: « Audivi sicut et cæteri consortes mei, impietates Arii, quas Palladius non solum non condemnavit, sed confirmavit: hic anathema sit, et sacerdotio privabitur. » ### English translation (Claude) Exuperantius, bishop of Tortona, said: "Palladius, who would not condemn the sect of Arius or his doctrine but defended it, as my other colleagues have condemned him, I too condemn." Bassianus, bishop of Lodi, said: "I heard, like my other colleagues, the impieties of Arius, which Palladius not only did not condemn but confirmed; let him be anathema and be deprived of the priesthood." ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 60 (PL 16:935a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-60). ## Section 61 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-61 - Source: PL 16:935a–935b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Philaster of Brescia, Constantius of Siscia, and Heliodorus of Altinum condemn Palladius. ### Latin text Philaster episcopus Brixianus dixit: « Blasphemias et iniquitatem Palladii, qui Arianam doctrinam sequitur et defendit, una cum omnibus ego condemnavi. » Constantius episcopus Sciscianensis dixit: « Palladium, qui blasphemias et impietates Arii non condemnavit, sicut et caeteri consacerdotes mei, et ego censeo damnandum. » Heliodorus episcopus Altiniensis dixit: « Qui perfidiam Arii omniumque haereticorum, quorum consors est Palladius, cujus insipiens cor, qui veritatem non est confessus, cum caeteris consacerdotibus meis condemno. » ### English translation (Claude) Philaster, bishop of Brescia, said: "I have condemned, together with all, the blasphemies and iniquity of Palladius, who follows and defends the Arian doctrine." Constantius, bishop of Siscia, said: "Palladius, who did not condemn the blasphemies and impieties of Arius, I too, like my other fellow priests, judge must be condemned." Heliodorus, bishop of Altinum, said: "The faithlessness of Arius and of all the heretics, whose partner Palladius is, whose foolish heart did not confess the truth, I condemn with my other fellow priests." ### Scripture references - Rom 1:21: echo, low confidence ### Translation notes - "Foolish heart" recalls Rom 1:21. Heliodorus's sentence is loosely constructed in the Latin. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 61 (PL 16:935a–935b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-61). ## Section 62 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-62 - Source: PL 16:935b–935c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Felix of Zadar, Theodore of Octodurum, and Domninus of Grenoble condemn Palladius. ### Latin text Felix episcopus Jadertinus dixit: « Palladium, qui blasphemias dicit in Filium sicut Arius, cum omnibus pariter condemno. » Theodorus episcopus Octodorensis dixit: « Palladium, qui Christum Deum verum, coaeternum Patri negavit, nec christianum hunc, nec sacerdotem ullo modo censemus. » Domninus episcopus Gratianopolitanus dixit: « Palladium in perfidia Arii permanentem in perpetuum, sicut et fratres damnaverunt, etiam et ego censeo esse damnandum. » ### English translation (Claude) Felix, bishop of Zadar, said: "Palladius, who speaks blasphemies against the Son as Arius did, I condemn equally with all." Theodore, bishop of Octodurum, said: "Palladius, who denied that Christ is true God, co-eternal with the Father, we judge in no way to be either a Christian or a priest." Domninus, bishop of Grenoble, said: "Palladius, who remains in the faithlessness of Arius, I too judge must be condemned for ever, as the brothers have condemned him." ### Translation notes - The digitization reads "Dominus" for Domninus, as in the list of bishops in section 1. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 62 (PL 16:935b–935c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-62). ## Section 63 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-63 - Source: PL 16:935c–935a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Proculus of Marseille and Diogenes of Genoa condemn Palladius. ### Latin text Proculus episcopus Massiliensis dixit: « Palladium, qui Arii blasphemias sub quadam impia haereditate non condemnando defendit, sicut hunc et plurimorum jam venerabilium sacerdotum sententia blasphemum designavit, atque a sacerdotio alienum dixit, ita mea pariter sententia in perpetuum condemnatum designat. » Diogenes episcopus Genuensis dixit: « Palladium, qui Christum Dominum Deum verum similem et aequalem Patri dum non confitetur, immo negavit, damnationem judico cum cæteris fratribus meis consacerdotibus sortiri. » ### English translation (Claude) Proculus, bishop of Marseille, said: "Palladius, who by not condemning them defends the blasphemies of Arius as by a kind of impious inheritance, just as the sentence of very many venerable priests has already marked him as a blasphemer and declared him a stranger to the priesthood, so my sentence likewise marks him as condemned for ever." Diogenes, bishop of Genoa, said: "Palladius, since he does not confess, nay has denied, that Christ the Lord is true God, like and equal to the Father, I judge should receive condemnation with my other brothers and fellow priests." ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 63 (PL 16:935c–935a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-63). ## Section 64 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-64 - Source: PL 16:935a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Amantius of Nice and Januarius condemn Palladius. ### Latin text Amantius episcopus Niciensis dixit: « Palladium, qui sectam Arii non destruxit, secundum consacerdotum meorum judicium etiam et ego condemno. » Januarius episcopus dixit: « Sicut omnes consacerdotes mei damnaverunt Palladium, ita et ego pari judicio eum censeo esse damnandum. » ### English translation (Claude) Amantius, bishop of Nice, said: "Palladius, who did not destroy the sect of Arius, I too condemn according to the judgment of my fellow priests." Bishop Januarius said: "As all my fellow priests have condemned Palladius, so I too by the same judgment judge he must be condemned." ### Translation notes - The staged text ended with Migne's summary of the following examination of Secundianus; it is removed. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 64 (PL 16:935a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-64). ## Section 65 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-65 - Source: PL 16:935b–935c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose asks Secundianus of Singidunum whether Christ is true God; Secundianus will only call him the true Son. ### Latin text Et cum Secundianus subripuisset, Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Audisti Secundiane, cujusmodi Palladius impius sententiam, sacerdotali concilio damnatus exceperit; licet displicuerit nobis quod ejus, hoc est, Palladii non horrueris amentiam, tamen de te aliqua specialiter quaero. Utrum Dei Filium Dominum nostrum Jesum Christum, verum vel non verum Deum dicas? » Secundianus dixit: « Qui negat Deum verum esse Patrem Domini et Dei nostri Jesu Christi, non est christianus: nec qui negat Dominum Filium Dei verum. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Deum verum Dei Filium confiteris? » Secundianus dixit: « Verum Dei Filium, unigenitum Dei Filium verum dico. » ### English translation (Claude) And when Secundianus had stolen in, Bishop Ambrose said: "You have heard, Secundianus, what sentence the impious Palladius received when condemned by the council of priests. Although it displeased us that you did not shudder at his, that is, Palladius's, madness, nevertheless I ask some things of you in particular. Do you call the Son of God, our Lord Jesus Christ, true God or not true God?" Secundianus said: "Whoever denies that the Father of our Lord and God Jesus Christ is true God is not a Christian; nor is whoever denies that the Lord is the true Son of God." Bishop Ambrose said: "Do you confess the Son of God to be true God?" Secundianus said: "I call him the true Son of God, the true only-begotten Son of God." ### Translation notes - "Had stolen in" renders "subripuisset" as printed; the sense may be that Secundianus had slipped in or interrupted. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 65 (PL 16:935b–935c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-65). ## Section 66 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-66 - Source: PL 16:935c–937a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Secundianus appeals to John 1:18 and will confess only that the Son is the true only-begotten Son. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Verum Dominum dicis? » Secundianus dixit: « Verum unigenitum Filium: quis negat verum Filium Dei? » Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Non sufficit quod Filium Dei unigenitum confiteris; nam hoc omnes confitentur: sed hoc movet, quod Arius dixit Dominum solum Patrem, solum verum: negavit Filium Dei Dominum verum. Simpliciter Filium Dei Deum verum confiteris? » Secundianus dixit: « Quis fuerit Arius, ignoro: quid dixerit nescio. Mecum loqueris vivus ad vivum. Illud dico quod Christus dixit: Unigenitum qui est in sinu Patris; ergo unigenitum Filium se asserit Patris: Filius igitur unigenitus est Dei Filius verus. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "Do you call him true Lord?" Secundianus said: "The true only-begotten Son. Who denies that the Son of God is true?" Bishop Eusebius said: "It is not enough that you confess the Son of God as only-begotten, for all confess that; but what troubles us is that Arius called the Father alone Lord, alone true, and denied that the Son of God is true Lord. Do you simply confess the Son of God to be true God?" Secundianus said: "Who Arius was, I do not know; what he said, I do not know. You are speaking with me, a living man with a living man. I say what Christ said: 'the only-begotten, who is in the bosom of the Father.' So he asserts that he is the only-begotten Son of the Father; therefore the only-begotten Son is the true Son of God." ### Scripture references - John 1:18: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Quotation: John 1:18. On "true Lord" see the note on section 18. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 66 (PL 16:935c–937a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-66). ## Section 67 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-67 - Source: PL 16:937a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose cites Isa 65:16 of Christ and asks Secundianus to confess the Son as true God from true God. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Deus verus est, et verus Dei Filius Deus? » Et addidit: « In divinis libris scriptum est: Quia qui jurant super terram, jurabunt Deum verum. Quod utique de Christo esse non dubium est. Nos ergo verum Deum profitemur: et fides nostra hæc est, et professio, quia unigenitus Patris Filius est verus Deus. Dic et tu de Deo vero, deinde Filium Deum verum. » Secundianus dicit: « De Deo vero. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "Is he true God, and is the true Son of God God?" And he added: "In the divine books it is written: 'Those who swear upon the earth shall swear by the true God.' This is without doubt of Christ. We therefore profess him true God; and this is our faith and profession, that the only-begotten Son of the Father is true God. You too say: 'from true God'; then, 'the Son true God.'" Secundianus said: "From true God." ### Scripture references - Isa 65:16: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Quotation: Isa 65:16 in a Latin form (Migne's reference removed). Applying it to Christ is Ambrose's own reading. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 67 (PL 16:937a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-67). ## Section 68 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-68 - Source: PL 16:937a–937b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Ambrose presses Secundianus to say simply that the only-begotten Son is true God. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Filius Dei Deus verus est? » Secundianus dixit: « Ergo mendax. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « In hoc fraudem facis, ut non Deum verum dicas, sed Deum unigenitum verum, ac per hoc dic simpliciter: Unigenitus Dei Filius Deus verus est. » Secundianus dixit: « Unigenitum dixi Dei Filium. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "Is the Son of God true God?" Secundianus said: "Then a liar." Bishop Ambrose said: "In this you are deceiving: not to say 'true God' but 'the true only-begotten God'; so say simply: 'The only-begotten Son of God is true God.'" Secundianus said: "I have said the only-begotten Son of God." ### Translation notes - The staged text began with Migne's column number and the section number; removed. Secundianus's "Then a liar" (Ergo mendax) is unexplained in the acts; translated as printed. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 68 (PL 16:937a–937b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-68). ## Section 69 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-69 - Source: PL 16:937b–937c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Eusebius notes that even Photinus and Sabellius call Christ only-begotten Son; Ambrose demands that Secundianus also call him true God. ### Latin text Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Hoc Photinus non negat, hoc Sabellius confitetur. » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Et qui hoc non confitetur, jure damnatur; ac per hoc sæpe te convenio, licet cavillando negaveris veritatem. Non quaero ut tantummodo unigenitum verum Filium dicas Dei, sed etiam Deum verum. » Secundianus dixit: « Veritatis me servum profiteor. Quae dico, non scribuntur: et quæ dicis, scribuntur. Christum verum Dei Filium dico. Quis negat Filium Dei verum esse? » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Eusebius said: "This Photinus does not deny; this Sabellius confesses." Bishop Ambrose said: "And whoever does not confess this is rightly condemned; and therefore I often call upon you, though by quibbling you have denied the truth. I do not ask only that you call him the true only-begotten Son of God, but also true God." Secundianus said: "I profess myself a servant of the truth. What I say is not written down, and what you say is written down. I call Christ the true Son of God. Who denies that the Son of God is true?" ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 69 (PL 16:937b–937c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-69). ## Section 70 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-70 - Source: PL 16:937c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Secundianus objects that "true God" is not written of the Son in Scripture. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Qui negat Deum verum unigenitum Dei Filium, anathema sit. » Secundianus dixit: « Deum verum unigenitum Filium Dei? Quid mihi profiteris, quod non est scriptum? » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Apertum sacrilegium est, quando Christum Dei Filium Arius Deum verum negavit. » Secundianus dixit: « Jesum Christum Filium Dei Deum, qui Christus dicatur Filius verus, Filium Dei dico: sed verum Deum non est scriptum. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "Whoever denies that the only-begotten Son of God is true God, let him be anathema." Secundianus said: "True God, the only-begotten Son of God? Why do you profess to me what is not written?" Bishop Ambrose said: "It is open sacrilege, since Arius denied that Christ the Son of God is true God." Secundianus said: "Jesus Christ the Son of God, God, who as Christ is called the true Son, I call the Son of God; but 'true God' is not written." ### Translation notes - Secundianus's last sentence is awkward in the Latin; translated by sense. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 70 (PL 16:937c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-70). ## Section 71 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-71 - Source: PL 16:937d–937a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Secundianus refuses to repeat himself, citing Matt 5:37. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Nondum resipuisti? » Et adjecit: « Ne quid illi videatur esse subreptum, confirmet sententiam suam. Dicat ergo unigenitum Christum Dei Filium Deum verum. » Secundianus dixit: « Jam dixi. Quid mihi extorquere vis amplius? » Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Quid dixisti? Certe si dixisses tanta, quod gloriose dicitur, saepe repetendum est. » Secundianus dixit: « Dictum est: Sit sermo vester, est est, non non. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "Have you not yet come to your senses?" And he added: "Lest anything seem to have been wrung from him by stealth, let him confirm his opinion. Let him say, then, that Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, is true God." Secundianus said: "I have already said it. What more do you want to extort from me?" Bishop Ambrose said: "What have you said? Certainly, if you had said so much, what is said gloriously ought to be often repeated." Secundianus said: "It has been said: 'Let your word be yes, yes, no, no.'" ### Scripture references - Matt 5:37: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Quotation: Matt 5:37 (Migne's reference removed). ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 71 (PL 16:937d–937a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-71). ## Section 72 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-72 - Source: PL 16:937a–937b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Secundianus confesses the Son as begotten of God, citing Ps 2:7, but not as true God from true God. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Qui dicit ipsum Patrem Filium, sacrilegus est. Hoc a te quæro, ut dicas de Deo vero Deum verum Dei Filium natum. » Secundianus dixit: « Ego Filium a Deo genitum, dicente ipso: Genui te; et confitentem se genitum esse, dico. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "Whoever says that the Father himself is the Son is sacrilegious. This is what I ask of you: that you say that the Son of God was born true God from true God." Secundianus said: "I call the Son begotten of God, since he himself says, 'I have begotten you,' and confesses that he was begotten." ### Scripture references - Ps 2:7: quotation, high confidence ### Translation notes - Quotation: Ps 2:7. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 72 (PL 16:937a–937b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-72). ## Section 73 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-73 - Source: PL 16:937b - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Secundianus objects to adding "true"; Eusebius replies that Arius and Palladius denied it, so it must be stated. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « A Deo vero Deus verus est? » Secundianus dixit: « Et cum nomini etiam addis, et verum. audis qualis in te fides sit, et christianus es?» Eusebius episcopus dixit: « Qui negavit illum Deum verum? Arius et Palladius negavit. Tu si Deum verum credis, debes simpliciter designare. ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "Is he true God from true God?" Secundianus said: "And when you add to the name 'true' as well, do you hear what kind of faith is in you, and are you a Christian?" Bishop Eusebius said: "Who denied that he is true God? Arius and Palladius denied it. If you believe him true God, you ought to state it simply." ### Translation notes - Secundianus's reply is garbled in the digitization; translated by sense. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 73 (PL 16:937b; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-73). ## Section 74 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-74 - Source: PL 16:937b–937c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: Secundianus promises a written exposition; Ambrose insists on an answer now. ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Si non dixeris Deum verum de Deo vero natum esse, Christum negasti. » Secundianus dixit: « Interrogatus de Filio, dedi responsum: quemadmodum deberem profiteri, respondi. Habemus vestram expositionem, afferemus, legatur. » Ambrosius dixit: « Hodie afferre debueras, caeterum tu subterfugere conaris. Professionem a me exigis; et professionem a te exigo. Deus verus est Dei Filius? » Secundianus dixit: « Unigenitus est Deus Dei Filius. Et ego eum interrogo: Unigenitus est? » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "If you do not say that he was born true God from true God, you have denied Christ." Secundianus said: "Asked about the Son, I gave an answer: I answered as I ought to profess. We have your exposition; we will bring ours; let it be read." Ambrose said: "You ought to have brought it today; otherwise you are trying to evade. You demand a profession from me, and I demand a profession from you. Is the Son of God true God?" Secundianus said: "The only-begotten Son of God is God. And I ask him: is he only-begotten?" ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 74 (PL 16:937b–937c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-74). ## Section 75 - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-75 - Source: PL 16:937c–939a - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: The acts break off with Secundianus still refusing to call the Son "true God from true God". ### Latin text Ambrosius episcopus dixit: « Ratio permoveat nos, et impietas et insipientia tua. Cum dicis Deum verum unigenitum, non Deum verum dicis: sed verum unigenitum. Ac per hoc, ut istam adimas quaestionem, ita responde: Ex Deo vero Deus verus est? » Secundianus dixit: « Ergo Deus Deum non genuit? Deus verus ille qui est, quod est, genuit; unum verum, unigenitum Filium genuit? » Ambrosius dixit: « Non confiteris Deum verum, sed vis dicere verum unigenitum. Et ego unigenitum dico, sed et Deum verum. » Secundianus dixit: « Ego dico genitum a Patre, verum genitum dico omnibus. » ### English translation (Claude) Bishop Ambrose said: "Let reason move us, and your impiety and folly. When you say 'true only-begotten God', you do not say 'true God' but 'true only-begotten'. And therefore, to remove this question, answer thus: is he true God from true God?" Secundianus said: "Did God, then, not beget God? The true God, who is what he is, begot; did he beget one true, only-begotten Son?" Ambrose said: "You do not confess true God, but you want to say 'true only-begotten'. I too say only-begotten, but also true God." Secundianus said: "I say begotten of the Father; I say to all that he was truly begotten." ### Scripture references - Exod 3:14: echo, low confidence ### Translation notes - The acts as printed end here; Secundianus's sentence is not recorded. Secundianus's words are obscure in the Latin; translated by sense. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 75 (PL 16:937c–939a; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-75). ## Subscriptions - URL: https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-76 - Source: PL 16:939a–939c - Translation: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-10-17 Summary: The list of those present at the council. ### Latin text Valerianus episcopus Aquileiensis. Ambrosius episcopus Mediolanensis. Eusebius episcopus Bononiensis. Limenius episcopus Vercellensis. Anemius episcopus Sirmiensis Illyrici. Sabinus episcopus Placentinus. Abundantius episcopus Tridentinus. Philaster episcopus Brixianus. Constantinus episcopus Arausicus, legatus Gallorum. Theodorus episcopus Octodorensis. Dominus episcopus Gratianopolitanus. Amantius episcopus Niciensis. Maximus episcopus Emonensis. Bassianus episcopus Laudensis. Proculus episcopus Massiliensis, legatus Gallorum. Heliodorus episcopus Altiniensis. Felix episcopus Jadertinus. Eventius episcopus Ticiniensis. Exsuperantius episcopus Dertonensis. Diogenes episcopus Genuensis. Constantius episcopus Scisciensis. Justus episcopus Lugdunensis, alius legatus Gallorum. Felix legatus Afrorum. Numidius legatus Afrorum. Evagrius presbyter et legatus. Artemius, Almachius, Januarius, Jovinus, Macedonius, Cassianus, Marcellus, Eustathius, Maximus, Chromatius presbyter. ### English translation (Claude) Valerian, bishop of Aquileia. Ambrose, bishop of Milan. Eusebius, bishop of Bologna. Limenius, bishop of Vercelli. Anemius, bishop of Sirmium in Illyricum. Sabinus, bishop of Piacenza. Abundantius, bishop of Trent. Philaster, bishop of Brescia. Constantius, bishop of Orange, legate of the Gauls. Theodore, bishop of Octodurum. Domninus, bishop of Grenoble. Amantius, bishop of Nice. Maximus, bishop of Emona. Bassianus, bishop of Lodi. Proculus, bishop of Marseille, legate of the Gauls. Heliodorus, bishop of Altinum. Felix, bishop of Zadar. Eventius, bishop of Pavia. Exuperantius, bishop of Tortona. Diogenes, bishop of Genoa. Constantius, bishop of Siscia. Justus, bishop of Lyon, another legate of the Gauls. Felix, legate of the Africans. Numidius, legate of the Africans. Evagrius, presbyter and legate. Artemius, Almachius, Januarius, Jovinus, Macedonius, Cassian, Marcellus, Eustathius, Maximus, Chromatius the presbyter. ### Translation notes - The list of signatories is unnumbered in the edition. The digitization reads "Constantinus" for Constantius of Orange (see section 55) and "Dominus" for Domninus; translated with the forms used elsewhere in the acts. ### Citation (SBL) Conc. Aquil. 76 (PL 16:939a–939c; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/council-aquileia-381/42/#p-76).