Refutation of All Heresies 4.18.1–4.44.3
Authorship disputed: The work names no author. Book 1 was long printed among Origen's works as the Philosophumena; after books 4–10 were found in a manuscript from Mount Athos (published 1851), it was assigned to Hippolytus, the usual view today, though some scholars ascribe it to another Roman writer of the same circle. Books 2 and 3 are lost, and book 4 lacks its beginning.
Greek text: Duncker–Schneidewin (Greek text: L. Duncker and F. G. Schneidewin, Refutationis omnium haeresium (Göttingen, 1859), digitized by the Perseus Digital Library; section divisions from P. Wendland (GCS 26, 1916), digitized by the First Thousand Years of Greek project (Open Greek and Latin); both CC BY-SA 4.0).English: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), public domain (CC0). Compare: Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 5 (1886).
item 4, chapter 18
4.18.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 84
Ἐν Καρκίνῳ τύπος· μεγέθει οὐ μεγάλῳ, τριχὶ ὥσπερ κυανέῃ, χρώματι ὑποπύρρῳ, στόματι ὀλίγῳ, κεφαλῇ στρογγύλῃ, μετώπῳ ὀξεῖ, ὀφθαλμοῖς ὑπογλαύκοις, ἱκανῶς καλοῖς, μέλεσιν ὑποποικίλοις·
En Karkinǭ typos; megethei ou megalǭ, trichi hōsper kyaneę̄, chrōmati hypopyrrǭ, stomati oligǭ, kephalę̄ strongylę̄, metōpǭ oxei, ophthalmois hypoglaukois, hikanōs kalois, melesin hypopoikilois;
Type in the Crab: size not large, hair dark as it were, color reddish, small mouth, round head, sharp forehead, grey-blue eyes, fairly handsome, limbs somewhat mottled.
Notes and citation
Summary: The appearance of those born under Cancer.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (wrong accent in the digital text): μετὠπῳ → μετώπῳ.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.18.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 84; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-18-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-18-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.18.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 84
οἱ αὐτοὶ φύσεως· κακοί, δόλιοι, βουλαῖς ἀπηρτισμένοι, ἄπληστοι, φειδωλοί, ἀχάριστοι, ἀνελεύθεροι, ἀνωφελεῖς, ἀμνήμονες, οὔτε ἀποδιδόασιν ἀλλότριον οὔτε ἀπαιτοῦσιν ἴδιον, εἰς φιλίαν ὠφέλιμοι.
hoi autoi physeōs; kakoi, dolioi, boulais apērtismenoi, aplēstoi, pheidōloi, acharistoi, aneleutheroi, anōpheleis, amnēmones, oute apodidoasin allotrion oute apaitousin idion, eis philian ōphelimoi.
The same by nature: bad, crafty, finished in counsels, insatiable, stingy, ungrateful, illiberal, useless, forgetful; they neither give back what is another's nor demand back what is their own; useful in friendship.
Notes and citation
Summary: The character of those born under Cancer.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (misread letter in the digital text): δόλισι → δόλιοι.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.18.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 84; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-18-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-18-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 19
4.19.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 84
Ἐν Λέοντι τύπος· κεφαλῇ στρογγύλῃ, τριχὶ ὑποπύρρῳ, μετώπῳ μεγάλῳ ῥυσῷ, ὠτίοις παχέσι, τραχηλιῶται, ἐπὶ μέρει ὑποφάλακροι, πυρροί, ὀφθαλμοῖς γλαυκοῖς, μεγάλαις γνάθοις, στόματι παχεῖ, τοῖς ἐπάνω μέρεσι παχεῖς, στήθει μεγάλῳ, τοῖς ὑποκάτω μέλεσι λεπτοῖς·
En Leonti typos; kephalę̄ strongylę̄, trichi hypopyrrǭ, metōpǭ megalǭ rhysǭ, ōtiois pachesi, trachēliōtai, epi merei hypophalakroi, pyrroi, ophthalmois glaukois, megalais gnathois, stomati pachei, tois epanō meresi pacheis, stēthei megalǭ, tois hypokatō melesi leptois;
Type in the Lion: round head, reddish hair, large wrinkled forehead, thick ears, thick-necked, partly bald, ruddy, grey-blue eyes, large jaws, thick mouth, thick in the upper parts, large chest, thin in the lower limbs.
Notes and citation
Summary: The appearance of those born under Leo.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.19.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 84; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-19-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-19-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.19.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 84
οἱ αὐτοὶ φύσεως· ἰδίας ἀποφάσεως, ἀσυγκέραστοι, ἀρέσκοντες ἑαυτοῖς, ὀργίλοι, θυμώδεις, καταφρονηταί, αὐθάδεις, μηδὲν βουλευόμενοι, ἄναλοι, κακόσχολοι, συνήθεις, εἰς πράγματα ἀφροδισιακὰ ἐκκεχυμένοι, μοιχοί, ἀναιδεῖς, πίστει ἀναληθεῖς, αἰτηταί, τολμηροί, σκνιφοί, ἅρπαγες, ἀξιόλογοι, εἰς κοινωνίαν ὠφέλιμοι, εἰς φιλίαν ἀνωφελεῖς.
hoi autoi physeōs; idias apophaseōs, asynkerastoi, areskontes heautois, orgiloi, thymōdeis, kataphronētai, authadeis, mēden bouleuomenoi, analoi, kakoscholoi, synētheis, eis pragmata aphrodisiaka ekkechymenoi, moichoi, anaideis, pistei analētheis, aitētai, tolmēroi, skniphoi, harpages, axiologoi, eis koinōnian ōphelimoi, eis philian anōpheleis.
The same by nature: of their own decision, unmixable, pleased with themselves, irascible, passionate, contemptuous, self-willed, deliberating about nothing, extravagant, idle, sociable, poured out on matters of love, adulterers, shameless, untrue in faith, beggars, bold, stingy, grasping, notable, useful in partnership, useless in friendship.
Notes and citation
Summary: The character of those born under Leo.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.19.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 84; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-19-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-19-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 20
4.20.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 84
Ἐν Παρθένῳ τύπος· ὁράσει καλῇ, ὀφθαλμοῖς οὐ μεγάλοις, ἐπαφροδίτοις, μέλασιν, ὀφρύσι συντεθειμέναις, ἱλαροῖς, κολυμβῶσιν. Εἰσὶ δὲ λεπτοὶ σώματι, ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ ὄψει καλοῦ, τριχὶ καλῶς συντεθειμένῃ, μετώπῳ μεγάλῳ, ῥώθωνι προάλει. Οἱ αὐτοὶ φύσεως· εὐμαθεῖς, μέτριοι, ἐννοηταί, παιγνιώδεις, λόγιοι, βραδυλαλοῦντες, πολλὰ βουλευόμενοι, πρὸς χάριν εὐπαραίτητοι, ἡδέως πάντα παρατηροῦντες, καὶ μαθηταὶ εὐφυεῖς, ἃ ἔμαθον κρατοῦσι, μέτριοι, ἐξουθενηταί, παιδεράσται, συνήθεις, ψυχῇ μεγάλῃ, καταφρονηταί, πραγμάτων ἀμελεῖς, διδαχῇ προσέχοντες, καλλίονες ἐν ἄλλοις ἢ τοῖς ἰδίοις, πρὸς φιλίαν ὠφέλιμοι.
En Parthenǭ typos; horasei kalę̄, ophthalmois ou megalois, epaphroditois, melasin, ophrysi syntetheimenais, hilarois, kolymbōsin. Eisi de leptoi sōmati, hypo de tou opsei kalou, trichi kalōs syntetheimenę̄, metōpǭ megalǭ, rhōthōni proalei. Hoi autoi physeōs; eumatheis, metrioi, ennoētai, paigniōdeis, logioi, bradylalountes, polla bouleuomenoi, pros charin euparaitētoi, hēdeōs panta paratērountes, kai mathētai euphyeis, ha emathon kratousi, metrioi, exouthenētai, paiderastai, synētheis, psychę̄ megalę̄, kataphronētai, pragmatōn ameleis, didachę̄ prosechontes, kalliones en allois ē tois idiois, pros philian ōphelimoi.
Type in the Virgin: of fair appearance, eyes not large, charming, black, eyebrows joined, cheerful, swimming. They are slender of body, and fair in look, hair nicely arranged, large forehead, prominent nose. The same by nature: quick to learn, moderate, thoughtful, playful, eloquent, slow of speech, deliberating much, easily won over to a favor, gladly observing everything, gifted pupils who hold fast what they have learned, moderate, contemptuous, pederasts, sociable, great-souled, scornful, careless of affairs, attentive to teaching, better in others' affairs than in their own, useful in friendship.
Notes and citation
Summary: The appearance and character of those born under Virgo.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.20.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 84; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-20-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-20-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 21
4.21.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 84
Ἐν Ζυγῷ τύπος· τριχὶ λεπτῇ προαλεῖ, ὑποπύρρῳ, ὑπομήκει· μετώπῳ ὀξεῖ, ῥυσῷ, ὀφρύσι καλαῖς, συντεθειμέναις, ὀφθαλμοῖς καλοῖς, κόραις μέλασιν, ὠτίοις μακροῖς, λεπτοῖς, κεφαλῇ ἐπικεκλιμένῃ, στόματι μακρῷ.
En Zygǭ typos; trichi leptę̄ proalei, hypopyrrǭ, hypomēkei; metōpǭ oxei, rhysǭ, ophrysi kalais, syntetheimenais, ophthalmois kalois, korais melasin, ōtiois makrois, leptois, kephalę̄ epikeklimenę̄, stomati makrǭ.
Type in the Balance: fine, prominent hair, reddish, rather long; sharp, wrinkled forehead; fine eyebrows, joined; handsome eyes with black pupils; long thin ears; head inclined; long mouth.
Notes and citation
Summary: The appearance of those born under Libra.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (stray punctuation in the digital text): ὀφθαλμοῖς· → ὀφθαλμοῖς.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.21.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 84; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-21-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-21-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.21.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 84–86
Οἱ αὐτοὶ φύσεως· νοοῦντες, θεοὺς τιμῶντες, ἀλλήλοις καταλαλοῦντες, ἔμποροι, κοπιαταί, πορισμὸν μὴ κατέχοντες, ψεῦσται, μὴ φιλοῦντες ἐν πράγμασι νοήσει, ἀληθεῖς, ἐλευθερόγλωσσοι, ἀγαθοποιοί, ἀμαθεῖς, ψεῦσται, συνήθεις, ἀμελεῖς· [τούτοις οὐκ ἐμποιεῖ ἀδίκως ποιῆσαι μέρος.] Εἰσὶ καταφρονηταί, καταγελασταί, ὀξεῖς, ἔνδοξοι, ἀκουσταί, καὶ τούτοις οὐδὲν προχωρεῖ, πρὸς φιλίαν ὠφέλιμοι.
Hoi autoi physeōs; noountes, theous timōntes, allēlois katalalountes, emporoi, kopiatai, porismon mē katechontes, pseustai, mē philountes en pragmasi noēsei, alētheis, eleutheroglōssoi, agathopoioi, amatheis, pseustai, synētheis, ameleis; [toutois ouk empoiei adikōs poiēsai meros.] Eisi kataphronētai, katagelastai, oxeis, endoxoi, akoustai, kai toutois ouden prochōrei, pros philian ōphelimoi.
The same by nature: intelligent, honoring the gods, slandering one another, traders, hard-working, not keeping their gains, liars, not loving in affairs by thought, truthful, free of tongue, beneficent, unlearned, liars, sociable, careless; [it does not bring them to do any part unjustly.] They are contemptuous, mockers, sharp, reputable, listeners, and nothing prospers for them; useful in friendship.
Notes and citation
Summary: The character of those born under Libra.
- The list is loose and partly self-contradictory in the Greek; the bracketed clause is the editor's and obscure.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.21.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 84–86; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-21-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-21-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 22
4.22.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 86
Ἐν Σκορπίῳ τύπος· προσώπῳ παρθενικῷ, εὐμόρφῳ, ἁλυκῷ, τριχὶ ὑπομέλανι, ὀφθαλμοῖς εὐμόρφοις, μετώπῳ οὐ πλατεῖ καὶ ῥώθωνι ὀξεῖ, ὠτίοις συντεθειμένοις μικροῖς, μετώπῳ ῥυσῷ, ὀφρύσι στεναῖς, μήλοις καθειλκυσμένοις· οἱ αὐτοὶ φύσεως·
En Skorpiǭ typos; prosōpǭ parthenikǭ, eumorphǭ, halykǭ, trichi hypomelani, ophthalmois eumorphois, metōpǭ ou platei kai rhōthōni oxei, ōtiois syntetheimenois mikrois, metōpǭ rhysǭ, ophrysi stenais, mēlois katheilkysmenois; hoi autoi physeōs;
Type in the Scorpion: maidenly face, shapely, salty, darkish hair, shapely eyes, forehead not broad, and sharp nose, small close-set ears, wrinkled forehead, narrow eyebrows, drooping cheeks. The same by nature:
Notes and citation
Summary: The appearance of those born under Scorpio.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.22.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 86; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-22-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-22-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.22.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 86
δόλιοι, κατεστραμμένοι, ψεῦσται, ἴδια βουλεύματα μηδενὶ ἀνατιθέμενοι, διπλῇ ψυχῇ, κακοποιοί, ἐξουθενηταί, μοιχείας ἔνοχοι, εὐφυεῖς, εὐμαθεῖς, εἰς φιλίαν ἄχρηστοι.
dolioi, katestrammenoi, pseustai, idia bouleumata mēdeni anatithemenoi, diplę̄ psychę̄, kakopoioi, exouthenētai, moicheias enochoi, euphyeis, eumatheis, eis philian achrēstoi.
crafty, subdued, liars, entrusting their own plans to no one, double-souled, evildoers, contemptuous, guilty of adultery, gifted, quick to learn, useless in friendship.
Notes and citation
Summary: The character of those born under Scorpio.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.22.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 86; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-22-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-22-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 23
4.23.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 86
Ἐν Τοξότῃ τύπος· μήκει μεγάλῳ, μετώπῳ τετραγώνῳ, ὀφρύσι μεσταῖς, συγκρατουμέναις, τριχῶν τεθειμένῃ προαλεῖς, ὑπόπυρροι.
En Toxotę̄ typos; mēkei megalǭ, metōpǭ tetragōnǭ, ophrysi mestais, synkratoumenais, trichōn tetheimenę̄ proaleis, hypopyrroi.
Type in the Archer: great height, square forehead, full eyebrows held together, hair arranged prominently, reddish.
Notes and citation
Summary: The appearance of those born under Sagittarius.
- The phrase about the hair is ungrammatical in the Greek.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.23.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 86; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-23-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-23-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.23.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 86
Οἱ αὐτοὶ φύσεως· προσχαρεῖς ὡς οἱ πεπαιδευμένοι, ἁπλοῖ, ἀγαθοποιοί, παιδεράσται, συνήθεις, κοπιαταί, φιληταί, φιλούμενοι, ἐν οἴνῳ ἱλαροί, καθάριοι, ὀργίλοι, ἀμελεῖς, κακοί, εἰς φιλίαν ἄχρηστοι, καταφρονηταί, ψυχαῖς μεγάλαις, ὑβριστικοί, ὑπόδουλοι, εἰς κοινωνίαν εὔχρηστοι.
Hoi autoi physeōs; proschareis hōs hoi pepaideumenoi, haploi, agathopoioi, paiderastai, synētheis, kopiatai, philētai, philoumenoi, en oinǭ hilaroi, katharioi, orgiloi, ameleis, kakoi, eis philian achrēstoi, kataphronētai, psychais megalais, hybristikoi, hypodouloi, eis koinōnian euchrēstoi.
The same by nature: gracious like the educated, simple, beneficent, pederasts, sociable, hard-working, loving and loved, cheerful in wine, clean, irascible, careless, bad, useless in friendship, contemptuous, great-souled, insolent, servile, useful in partnership.
Notes and citation
Summary: The character of those born under Sagittarius.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.23.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 86; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-23-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-23-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 24
4.24.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 86
Ἐν Αἰγοκέρῳ τύπος· σώματι ὑποπύρρῳ, τριχὶ ὑποπολιῷ προαλεῖ, στόματι στρογγύλῳ, ὀφθαλμοῖς ὡς ἀετοῦ, ὀφρύσι συντεθειμέναις, μετώπῳ ἠνοιγμένῳ, ὑποφάλακροι, τὰ ὑποκάτω μέρη τοῦ σώματος ἰσχυρότερα.
En Aigokerǭ typos; sōmati hypopyrrǭ, trichi hypopoliǭ proalei, stomati strongylǭ, ophthalmois hōs aetou, ophrysi syntetheimenais, metōpǭ ēnoigmenǭ, hypophalakroi, ta hypokatō merē tou sōmatos ischyrotera.
Type in the Goat-horned: reddish body, greyish prominent hair, round mouth, eyes like an eagle's, eyebrows joined, open forehead, somewhat bald, the lower parts of the body stronger.
Notes and citation
Summary: The appearance of those born under Capricorn.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.24.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 86; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-24-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-24-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.24.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 86
Οἱ αὐτοὶ φύσεως· φιλόσοφοι, καταφρονηταὶ καὶ τὸ παρὸν καταγελασταί, ὀργίλοι, συγχωρηταί, καλοί, ἀγαθοποιοί, πράγματος μουσικοῦ φιληταί, ἐν οἴνῳ ὀργίλοι, γελοῖοι, συνήθεις, λάλοι, παιδεράσται, ἱλαροί, προσφιλεῖς, φιληταί, ἐρεθίζοντες, εἰς κοινωνίαν εὔχρηστοι.
Hoi autoi physeōs; philosophoi, kataphronētai kai to paron katagelastai, orgiloi, synchōrētai, kaloi, agathopoioi, pragmatos mousikou philētai, en oinǭ orgiloi, geloioi, synētheis, laloi, paiderastai, hilaroi, prosphileis, philētai, erethizontes, eis koinōnian euchrēstoi.
The same by nature: philosophers, contemptuous and mocking the present, irascible, forgiving, good, beneficent, lovers of music, irascible in wine, laughable, sociable, talkative, pederasts, cheerful, amiable, loving, provoking, useful in partnership.
Notes and citation
Summary: The character of those born under Capricorn.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.24.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 86; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-24-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-24-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 25
4.25.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 86
Ἐν Ὑδροχόῳ τύπος· μεγέθει τετράγωνος, στόματι ὀλίγῳ, ὀφθαλμοῖς ὀξέσι, λεπτοῖς, γοργοῖς, ἐπιτάκτης, ἀχάριστος, ὀξύς, εὐχερῶς εὑρίσκων, πρὸς φιλίαν εὔχρηστος καὶ πρὸς κοινωνίαν. Ἔτι ἐξ ὑγρῶν πραγμάτων πορίζουσι τοὺς πορισμοὺς ἀπόλλουσιν.
En Hydrochoǭ typos; megethei tetragōnos, stomati oligǭ, ophthalmois oxesi, leptois, gorgois, epitaktēs, acharistos, oxys, eucherōs heuriskōn, pros philian euchrēstos kai pros koinōnian. Eti ex hygrōn pragmatōn porizousi tous porismous apollousin.
Type in the Water-carrier: square in size, small mouth, sharp eyes, fine, fierce; commanding, ungrateful, sharp, finding things easily, useful for friendship and partnership. Also, they make their gains from moist things and lose their gains.
Notes and citation
Summary: The appearance and traits of those born under Aquarius.
- The last sentence is awkward in the Greek.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.25.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 86; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-25-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-25-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.25.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 86–88
Οἱ αὐτοὶ φύσεως· σιγηροί, αἰσχυντηροί, συνήθεις, μοιχοί, σκνιφοί, πράγμασι ποιούμενοι, θορυβιασταί, καθάριοι, εὐφυεῖς, καλοί, ὀφρύσι μεγάλαις· πολλάκις ἐν λεπτοῖς πράγμασι γεννῶνται καὶ δίφρων πραγματείαν γυμνάζουσι. τινὶ ἂν καλῶς ποιήσωσιν, οὐδεὶς αὐτοῖς χάριτας ἀποδιδοῖ.
Hoi autoi physeōs; sigēroi, aischyntēroi, synētheis, moichoi, skniphoi, pragmasi poioumenoi, thorybiastai, katharioi, euphyeis, kaloi, ophrysi megalais; pollakis en leptois pragmasi gennōntai kai diphrōn pragmateian gymnazousi. tini an kalōs poiēsōsin, oudeis autois charitas apodidoi.
The same by nature: silent, bashful, sociable, adulterers, stingy, busy with affairs, turbulent, clean, gifted, good, with large eyebrows; they are often born in slender circumstances and practice the trade of chariots. If they do good to anyone, no one gives them thanks.
Notes and citation
Summary: The character of those born under Aquarius.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (wrong accent in the digital text): τινὶ ἄν καλῶς → τινὶ ἂν καλῶς.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.25.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 86–88; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-25-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-25-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 26
4.26.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 88
Ἐν Ἰχθύσι τύπος· μήκει μέσῳ, ὡς ἰχθύες μετώπῳ ὀξεῖ, τριχὶ δασείᾳ· πολλάκις πολιοὶ ταχέως γίνονται.
En Ichthysi typos; mēkei mesǭ, hōs ichthyes metōpǭ oxei, trichi daseią; pollakis polioi tacheōs ginontai.
Type in the Fishes: medium height, sharp forehead like fish, thick hair; they often become grey quickly.
Notes and citation
Summary: The appearance of those born under Pisces.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.26.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 88; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-26-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-26-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.26.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 88
Οἱ αὐτοὶ φύσεως· ψυχῇ μεγάλῃ, ἁπλοῖ, ὀργίλοι, φειδωλοί, λάλοι, πρώτῃ ἡλικίᾳ ἔσονται ὑπνωτικοί, διʼ ἑαυτῶν πραγματείαν πρᾶξαι θέλουσιν, ἔνδοξοι, τολμηροί, ζηλωτικοί, κατήγοροι, τόπον ἀλλάσσοντες, φιληταί, ὀρχησταί, εἰς φιλίαν ὠφέλιμοι.
Hoi autoi physeōs; psychę̄ megalę̄, haploi, orgiloi, pheidōloi, laloi, prōtę̄ hēlikią esontai hypnōtikoi, diʼ heautōn pragmateian praxai thelousin, endoxoi, tolmēroi, zēlōtikoi, katēgoroi, topon allassontes, philētai, orchēstai, eis philian ōphelimoi.
The same by nature: great-souled, simple, irascible, stingy, talkative; in their first age they will be sleepy; they want to do business by themselves; reputable, bold, jealous, accusers, changing place, loving, dancers, useful in friendship.
Notes and citation
Summary: The character of those born under Pisces.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.26.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 88; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-26-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-26-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 27
4.27.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 88
Ἐπεὶ καὶ τούτων τὴν θαυμαστὴν σοφίαν ἐξεθέμεθα τήν τε πολυμέριμνον αὐτῶν διʼ ἐπινοίας μαντικὴν οὐκ ἀπεκρύψαμεν, οὐδὲ ἐν οἷς σφαλλόμενοι ματαιάζουσι σιωπήσομεν. Ἄστρων γὰρ ὀνόμασιν εἴδη καὶ φύσεις ἀνθρώπων παραβάλλοντες πῶς ἠσθένησαν!
Epei kai toutōn tēn thaumastēn sophian exethemetha tēn te polymerimnon autōn diʼ epinoias mantikēn ouk apekrypsamen, oude en hois sphallomenoi mataiazousi siōpēsomen. Astrōn gar onomasin eidē kai physeis anthrōpōn paraballontes pōs ēsthenēsan!
Since we have set out the marvelous wisdom of these men too, and have not concealed their divination, so full of care, by conjecture, we shall not keep silent either about where they go astray and talk vanity. For how weak they have shown themselves in comparing the forms and natures of men to the names of stars!
Notes and citation
Summary: Hippolytus begins to refute astrological physiognomy.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.27.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 88; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-27-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-27-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.27.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 88
τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἄστρα ἴσμεν τοὺς ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς ὀνομάσαντας ἰδίαν κατʼ ἔννοιαν ὀνόμασι κεκληκέναι πρὸς τὸ εὔσημα καὶ εὐεπίγνωστα τυγχάνειν. Τίς γὰρ τούτων ὁμοιότης πρὸς τὴν τῶν ζῳδίων εἰκόνα, ἢ τίς ὁμοία φύσις πράξεώς τε καὶ ἐνεργείας, ἵνα τις τὸν ἐν Λέοντι φάσκῃ θυμικόν, τὸν δὲ ἐν Παρθένῳ μέτριον ἢ ἐν Καρκίνῳ κακόν, τοὺς δὲ ἐν.
ta men gar astra ismen tous apʼ archēs onomasantas idian katʼ ennoian onomasi keklēkenai pros to eusēma kai euepignōsta tynchanein. Tis gar toutōn homoiotēs pros tēn tōn zǭdiōn eikona, ē tis homoia physis praxeōs te kai energeias, hina tis ton en Leonti phaskę̄ thymikon, ton de en Parthenǭ metrion ē en Karkinǭ kakon, tous de en.
For we know that those who named the stars from the beginning called them by names according to their own notion, so that they might be easy to mark and recognize. For what likeness have these to the image of the signs, or what like nature of action and activity, that one should say the man in the Lion is passionate, the one in the Virgin moderate, or the one in the Crab bad, and those in …
Textual problem in this passage: see the notes.
Notes and citation
Summary: The names of the constellations were chosen for convenience and say nothing about human character.
- The text breaks off here; a gap follows in the manuscript before 4.28.1.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.27.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 88; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-27-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-27-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 28
4.28.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 88
.... λαβὼν καὶ γράψαι τὸν πυνθανόμενον ἀξιοῖ τί ἂν πυθέσθαι τῶν δαιμόνων θέλῃ [ὕδατι] μόνον.
.... labōn kai grapsai ton pynthanomenon axioi ti an pythesthai tōn daimonōn thelę̄ [hydati] monon.
… taking it, he asks the inquirer to write what he wishes to ask of the demons, [in water] only.
Notes and citation
Summary: After a gap, Hippolytus describes a magician's trick with a written question.
- The beginning of this account is lost; the square brackets are the editor's.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.28.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 88; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-28-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-28-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.28.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 88
Εἶτα συμπτύξας τὸν χάρτην τῷ παιδὶ δοὺς ἀποπέμπει καυθησόμενον, ἵνʼ οἴχ[ηται φέρ]ων ὁ καπνὸς τοῖς δαίμοσι τὰ γράμματα· τοῦ δὲ τὸ κελευσθὲν πράξοντος πρῶτα μὲν ἀφαιρεῖ τοῦ χάρτου μοίρας ἴσας· πλείονας δέ τινας σκήπτεται ἐγγράφειν ἑβραϊκοῖς γράμμασι δαίμονας, εἶτα μάγων Αἰγυπτίων θύσας τὸ καλούμενον κῦφι θυμίαμα ταῦτα μὲν ἐπαιωρήσας κατὰ τοῦ θυμιάματος φέρει· ὅ δʼ ἔτυχε γράψας ὁ πυνθανόμενος θεὶς κατὰ τῶν ἀνθράκων ἔκαυ[σεν],
Eita symptyxas ton chartēn tǭ paidi dous apopempei kauthēsomenon, hinʼ oich[ētai pher]ōn ho kapnos tois daimosi ta grammata; tou de to keleusthen praxontos prōta men aphairei tou chartou moiras isas; pleionas de tinas skēptetai engraphein hebraïkois grammasi daimonas, eita magōn Aigyptiōn thysas to kaloumenon kyphi thymiama tauta men epaiōrēsas kata tou thymiamatos pherei; ho dʼ etyche grapsas ho pynthanomenos theis kata tōn anthrakōn ekau[sen],
Then, folding the paper, he gives it to the boy and sends him off to burn it, so that the smoke may go carrying the letters to the demons. While the boy is doing what he was ordered, he first tears off equal parts of the paper, and on some more of them he pretends to write the names of demons in Hebrew letters; then, burning the incense of the Egyptian magi called kyphi, he holds these up over the incense and carries them; and what the inquirer happened to write, he placed on the coals and burned it,
Notes and citation
Summary: The magician pretends to burn the written question while secretly keeping it.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.28.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 88; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-28-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-28-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.28.3Duncker–Schneidewin, 88–90
εἶτα θεοφορεῖσθαι δοκῶν, εἰσπεσὼν τῷ μυχῷ μέγα καὶ ἀπηχὲς κέκραγε καὶ πᾶσιν ἀσύνετον·... [π]ολὺ δὲ πάντας τοὺς παρόντας... καὶ τὸν φρῦν [χάρ]τῃ ἐγγρα[φέντα] ἐπικαλοῦντες δαίμονα ἐπειδὰν εἰσελθόντες παραστῶσιν οἱ παρόντες ἐπὶ... βαλὼν τὸν παῖδα πολλὰ ἐπιλέγει αὐτῷ, τοῦτο μὲν ἑλλάδι φωνῇ τοῦτο δὲ ὡς ἑβραΐδι, τὰς συνήθεις τοῖς μάγοις ἐπαοιδάς· ὁ δὲ ἐνάρχεται προσπευσόμενος.
eita theophoreisthai dokōn, eispesōn tǭ mychǭ mega kai apēches kekrage kai pasin asyneton;... [p]oly de pantas tous parontas... kai ton phryn [char]tę̄ engra[phenta] epikalountes daimona epeidan eiselthontes parastōsin hoi parontes epi... balōn ton paida polla epilegei autǭ, touto men helladi phōnę̄ touto de hōs hebraïdi, tas synētheis tois magois epaoidas; ho de enarchetai prospeusomenos.
then, seeming to be possessed by the god, he rushes into the inner chamber and shouts something loud and discordant and unintelligible to all; … all who are present … invoking the demon Phryn, written on the paper; when those present have come in and stand by, … putting the boy …, he says many things over him, some in Greek and some as if in Hebrew, the incantations usual among the magi; and he begins to inquire.
Textual problem in this passage: see the notes.
Notes and citation
Summary: The magician feigns possession and chants incantations in Greek and mock Hebrew.
- The text is damaged; gaps are marked "…". The demon's name appears as Phryn here and Phren in 4.28.6.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.28.3 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 88–90; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-28-3). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-28-3) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.28.4Duncker–Schneidewin, 90
Καὶ ἔνδον φιάλη ὕδατος πλήρης, ᾗ ἐμβαλὼν χάλκανθον καὶ τήξας τὸ φάρμακον τὸ δῆθεν ἐξαλειφθὲν χαρτίον διʼ αὐτοῦ καταρράνας τὰ φωλεύοντα καὶ κεκρυμμένα γράμματα πάλιν εἰς φῶς ἐλθεῖν ἀναγκάζει, διʼ ὧν μανθάνει ἅπερ ὁ πυθόμενος ἔγραψε. Καὶ διὰ τοῦ χαλκάνθου δέ τις εἰ γράψειε καὶ τῆς κηκῖδος ὑποθυμιάσειε λελειωμένης, φανερὰ γένοιτʼ ἂν τὰ κεκρυμμένα γράμματα.
Kai endon phialē hydatos plērēs, hę̄ embalōn chalkanthon kai tēxas to pharmakon to dēthen exaleiphthen chartion diʼ autou katarranas ta phōleuonta kai kekrymmena grammata palin eis phōs elthein anankazei, diʼ hōn manthanei haper ho pythomenos egrapse. Kai dia tou chalkanthou de tis ei grapseie kai tēs kēkidos hypothymiaseie leleiōmenēs, phanera genoitʼ an ta kekrymmena grammata.
Inside there is a bowl full of water; putting copper sulfate into it and dissolving the drug, he sprinkles the supposedly blotted-out paper with it and forces the lurking, hidden letters to come to light again, by which he learns what the inquirer wrote. And if one writes with copper sulfate and then fumigates it with ground oak-gall, the hidden letters would become visible.
Notes and citation
Summary: The trick is exposed: invisible ink revealed with chemicals.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.28.4 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 90; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-28-4). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-28-4) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.28.5Duncker–Schneidewin, 90
Καὶ γάλακτι δὲ εἰ γράψειέ τις, εἶτα χάρτην καύσας καὶ λειώσας ἐπιπάσας τρίψειεν ἐπὶ τοῖς τῷ γάλακτι γεγραμμένοις γράμμασιν, ἔσται πρόδηλα. Καὶ οὖρον δὲ καὶ γάρον καὶ τιθυμάλου ὀπὸς καὶ συκῆς ποιεῖ τὸ ὅμοιον. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἔμαθε τὴν ἐρώτησιν οὕτως, τίνα χρὴ τρόπον ἀποκρίνεσθαι προὐνόησε.
Kai galakti de ei grapseie tis, eita chartēn kausas kai leiōsas epipasas tripseien epi tois tǭ galakti gegrammenois grammasin, estai prodēla. Kai ouron de kai garon kai tithymalou opos kai sykēs poiei to homoion. Epeidē de emathe tēn erōtēsin houtōs, tina chrē tropon apokrinesthai prounoēse.
And if one writes with milk, then burns paper, grinds it, sprinkles it, and rubs it on the letters written in milk, they will be clear. Urine too, and fish sauce, and the juice of spurge and of the fig tree do the same. When he has learned the question in this way, he has thought out beforehand how he ought to answer.
Notes and citation
Summary: Other invisible inks and how they are revealed.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.28.5 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 90; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-28-5). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-28-5) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.28.6Duncker–Schneidewin, 90
Καὶ λοιπὸν εἴσω παρελθεῖν κελεύει τοὺς παρόντας δάφνας ἔχοντας καὶ σείοντας καὶ κεκραγότας καὶ τὸν φρῆν ἐπικαλοῦντας δαίμονα· καὶ γὰρ ἐπικαλεῖν τούτοις πρέπει καὶ τοῦτο αἰτεῖν παρὰ δαιμόνων ἄξιον, ὃ διʼ αὑτῶν παρέχειν οὐ θέλουσιν ἀπολέσαντες τὰς φρένας. Τὸ δὲ ἄκοσμον τῆς βοῆς καὶ ὁ ψόφος οἷς ἐν ἀπορρήτῳ πεποιηκέναι νομίζεται παρακολουθεῖν ἐκώλυσε. Τίνα δὲ ταῦτα ἐστί, καιρὸς λοιπὸν λέγειν.
Kai loipon eisō parelthein keleuei tous parontas daphnas echontas kai seiontas kai kekragotas kai ton phrēn epikalountas daimona; kai gar epikalein toutois prepei kai touto aitein para daimonōn axion, ho diʼ hautōn parechein ou thelousin apolesantes tas phrenas. To de akosmon tēs boēs kai ho psophos hois en aporrētǭ pepoiēkenai nomizetai parakolouthein ekōlyse. Tina de tauta esti, kairos loipon legein.
And then he bids those present come in holding laurel branches, shaking them and shouting and invoking the demon Phren; and indeed it is fitting for them to invoke him and worthy to ask of demons what they will not furnish of themselves, having lost their wits. The disorderly shouting and noise prevented them from following what he is thought to have done in secret. What these things are, it is now time to say.
Notes and citation
Summary: The noise of the onlookers covers the magician's secret actions.
- There is a play on the demon's name Phren and φρένες, "wits".
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.28.6 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 90; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-28-6). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-28-6) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.28.7Duncker–Schneidewin, 90
Πολὺ μὲν οὖν τυγχάνει τὸ σκότος. Λέγει γὰρ ἀδύνατον τὰ θεῖα ὁρᾷν θνητὴν φύσιν, ἱκανὸν γὰρ τὸ ὁμιλεῖν. Κατακλίνας δὲ τὸν παῖδα πρηνῆ καὶ δύο τῶν γραμματιδίων ἐκείνων, ἅπερ ἦν ἐγγεγραμμένα ἑβραϊκοῖς δῆθεν γράμμασιν ὡς δαιμόνων ὀνόματα, πλευρᾷ παραθεὶς ἑκατέρᾳ τὰ λοιπὰ τοῖς ὠσὶν ἐνθήσειν λέγει.
Poly men oun tynchanei to skotos. Legei gar adynaton ta theia horąn thnētēn physin, hikanon gar to homilein. Kataklinas de ton paida prēnē kai dyo tōn grammatidiōn ekeinōn, haper ēn engegrammena hebraïkois dēthen grammasin hōs daimonōn onomata, pleurą paratheis hekaterą ta loipa tois ōsin enthēsein legei.
There is much darkness. For he says it is impossible for mortal nature to see divine things; it is enough to converse with them. Laying the boy face down, and placing two of those little writings, which were written supposedly in Hebrew letters as the names of demons, beside each side, he says he will put the rest into his ears.
Notes and citation
Summary: In darkness the magician lays the boy down and places papers by his ears.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (wrong accent in the digital text): ἅπερ ἠν → ἅπερ ἦν.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.28.7 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 90; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-28-7). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-28-7) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.28.8Duncker–Schneidewin, 90–92
Ἔστι δὲ τοῦτο αὐτὸ ἀναγκαῖον, ἵνα τι παραθῇ τοῖς ὠσὶ τοῦ παιδὸς ὄργανον, διʼ οὗ πᾶν ἔστι σημᾶναι θέλοντα· ἠχεῖ δὲ τὸ πρῶτον ἵνα φοβηθῇ ὁ παῖς, καὶ δεύτερον ἐπιβομβεῖ, ἔπειτα τὸ τρίτον λαλεῖ διὰ τοῦ ὀργάνου, ἃ λέγειν τὸν παῖδα βούλεται, καὶ τὴν ἔκβασιν τοῦ πράγματος ὡς δοκεῖ, εἶτα τοὺς μὲν παρόντας ἡσυχάζειν ποιεῖ, τὸν δὲ ἃ παρὰ τῶν δαιμόνων ἤκουσε σημαίνειν ἀξιοῖ.
Esti de touto auto anankaion, hina ti parathę̄ tois ōsi tou paidos organon, diʼ hou pan esti sēmanai thelonta; ēchei de to prōton hina phobēthę̄ ho pais, kai deuteron epibombei, epeita to triton lalei dia tou organou, ha legein ton paida bouletai, kai tēn ekbasin tou pragmatos hōs dokei, eita tous men parontas hēsychazein poiei, ton de ha para tōn daimonōn ēkouse sēmainein axioi.
But this is itself necessary, that he may put to the boy's ears an instrument through which he can signal all he wishes. First it makes a noise to frighten the boy, second it hums, and then third he speaks through the instrument what he wants the boy to say, and the outcome of the matter as he sees fit; then he makes those present keep quiet, and bids the boy declare what he heard from the demons.
Notes and citation
Summary: Through a speaking tube the magician tells the boy what to say.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (wrong breathing in the digital text): ἴνα τι → ἵνα τι.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.28.8 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 90–92; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-28-8). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-28-8) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.28.9Duncker–Schneidewin, 92
Τὸ δὲ τοῖς ὠσὶ παρατεθὲν ὄργανον ἐστὶ φυσικὸν ὄργανον, τῶν μακροτραχήλων γεράνων ἢ πελαργῶν ἢ κύκνων ἀρτηρία· ὧν εἰ μηδέτερον παρῇ, ἐστὶ καὶ ἕτερα τέχνης ὄργανα· αὐλίσκοι γάρ τινες χάλκεοι τὸν ἀριθμὸν δέκα εἰς ἀλλήλους χωροῦντες, εἰς στενὸν ἀπολήγοντες εὐάρμοστοι γίνονται, διʼ ὧν πρὸς τὸ οὗς ὅσα θέλει φθέγγεται. Καὶ ταῦτα ὁ παῖς κατακούων ἐμφόβως ὡς ὑπὸ δαιμόνων λαλούμενα κελευσθεὶς ἀποφθέγγεται.
To de tois ōsi paratethen organon esti physikon organon, tōn makrotrachēlōn geranōn ē pelargōn ē kyknōn artēria; hōn ei mēdeteron parę̄, esti kai hetera technēs organa; auliskoi gar tines chalkeoi ton arithmon deka eis allēlous chōrountes, eis stenon apolēgontes euarmostoi ginontai, diʼ hōn pros to hous hosa thelei phthengetai. Kai tauta ho pais katakouōn emphobōs hōs hypo daimonōn laloumena keleustheis apophthengetai.
The instrument put to the ears is a natural one, the windpipe of long-necked cranes or storks or swans; if none of these is at hand, there are other instruments of art: some little bronze pipes, ten in number, fitting into one another and ending in a narrow end, become well joined, through which he utters to the ear whatever he wishes. And the boy, hearing these things fearfully as spoken by demons, declares them when bidden.
Notes and citation
Summary: The tube may be a bird's windpipe or joined bronze pipes.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.28.9 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 92; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-28-9). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-28-9) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.28.10Duncker–Schneidewin, 92
Εἰ δὲ καὶ σκύτος τις ῥάβδῳ περιθεὶς ὑγρὸν ξηράνας καὶ συναγαγὼν προσαρμόσῃ καὶ ἀποσπάσας τὴν ῥάβδον αὐλίσκου δίκην τὸ σκύτος ἐργάσηται, τὸ ὅμοιον ποιεῖ. Εἰ δέ τι τούτων μὴ παρῇ, βίβλον λαβὼν ἐπισπασάμενος ἔνδοθεν ὅσον χρῄζει ἐπὶ μῆκος ἐκτείνας, τὰ ὅμοια ἐνεργεῖ.
Ei de kai skytos tis rhabdǭ peritheis hygron xēranas kai synagagōn prosarmosę̄ kai apospasas tēn rhabdon auliskou dikēn to skytos ergasētai, to homoion poiei. Ei de ti toutōn mē parę̄, biblon labōn epispasamenos endothen hoson chrę̄zei epi mēkos ekteinas, ta homoia energei.
And if one wraps a moist hide around a rod, dries it, draws it together and fits it, and, pulling out the rod, makes the hide into a pipe, it does the same. If none of these is at hand, taking a book roll and drawing out from inside as much as he needs, stretching it to length, he produces the same effect.
Notes and citation
Summary: A leather tube or a rolled book can serve the same purpose.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.28.10 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 92; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-28-10). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-28-10) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.28.11Duncker–Schneidewin, 92
Εἰ δὲ προειδείη ὅστις πάρεστι πευσόμενος, ἑτοιμότερος πρὸς πάντα γίνεται. Εἰ δὲ καὶ τὴν πεῦσιν προμάθῃ, γράφει τῷ φαρμάκῳ· καὶ ὡς ἐμπαράσκευος ἱκανώτερος νομίζεται σαφῶς γράψας τὸ ἐρωτώμενον. Εἰ δὲ ἀγνοεῖ, ὑποτοπάζει καὶ ἀμφίβολον καὶ ποικίλην ἀποφαίνεταί τι δεχόμενον μετάφρασιν, ἵνα τὴν μὲν ἀρχὴν ἄσημος οὖσα ἡ χρησμοδοσία εἰς πολλὰ ἔσται, ἐπὶ δὲ τῇ ἐκβάσει τῶν συμβησομένων πρὸς τὸ συμβὰν πρόρρησις νομίζηται.
Ei de proeideiē hostis paresti peusomenos, hetoimoteros pros panta ginetai. Ei de kai tēn peusin promathę̄, graphei tǭ pharmakǭ; kai hōs emparaskeuos hikanōteros nomizetai saphōs grapsas to erōtōmenon. Ei de agnoei, hypotopazei kai amphibolon kai poikilēn apophainetai ti dechomenon metaphrasin, hina tēn men archēn asēmos ousa hē chrēsmodosia eis polla estai, epi de tę̄ ekbasei tōn symbēsomenōn pros to symban prorrēsis nomizētai.
If he knows in advance who is present to inquire, he is readier for everything. If he also learns the question beforehand, he writes with the drug; and as one well prepared he is thought more able, having clearly written what was asked. If he does not know, he guesses and declares something ambiguous and varied, open to interpretation, so that the oracle, being unclear at first, may apply to many things, and at the outcome of events may be thought a prediction of what happened.
Notes and citation
Summary: Where he lacks information the magician gives ambiguous answers that fit any outcome.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.28.11 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 92; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-28-11). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-28-11) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.28.12Duncker–Schneidewin, 92
Εἶτα λεκάνην πληρώσας ὕδατος ὡς ἄγραφον τὸν χάρτην καθίησι συνεμβαλὼν χάλκανθον. οὕτως γὰρ ἀνατέλλει τὴν ἀπόκρισιν φέρων ὁ γραφεὶς χάρτης. Τῷ μὲν δὴ παιδίῳ καὶ φαντασίαι φοβεραὶ γίνονται πολλάκις· καὶ γὰρ πληγὰς ἐμβάλλει εὐπόρως ἐκφοβῶν. Λίβανον γὰρ εἰς πῦρ ἐμβαλὼν πάλιν ποιεῖ τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον. Βῶλον τῶν λεγομένων ὀρυκτῶν ἁλῶν κηρῷ Τυρρηνικῷ περισκεπάσας καὶ αὐτὸν δὲ λιβάνου βῶλον διχοτομήσας ἐντίθησι τοῦ ἅλατος χόνδρον, καὶ πάλιν συγκολλήσας ἐπὶ ἀνθράκων καιομένων τιθεὶς ἐᾷ.
Eita lekanēn plērōsas hydatos hōs agraphon ton chartēn kathiēsi synembalōn chalkanthon. houtōs gar anatellei tēn apokrisin pherōn ho grapheis chartēs. Tǭ men dē paidiǭ kai phantasiai phoberai ginontai pollakis; kai gar plēgas emballei euporōs ekphobōn. Libanon gar eis pyr embalōn palin poiei touton ton tropon. Bōlon tōn legomenōn oryktōn halōn kērǭ Tyrrēnikǭ periskepasas kai auton de libanou bōlon dichotomēsas entithēsi tou halatos chondron, kai palin synkollēsas epi anthrakōn kaiomenōn titheis eą.
Then, filling a basin with water, he lets down the paper as if unwritten, throwing copper sulfate in with it; for so the written paper rises bearing the answer. Frightening apparitions also often come to the boy; for he readily strikes blows to terrify him. Throwing frankincense into the fire, he again does it this way: covering a lump of what is called rock salt with Etruscan wax, and splitting a lump of frankincense itself in two, he puts in a grain of salt, glues it together again, puts it on burning coals, and leaves it.
Notes and citation
Summary: The answer is revealed in water; frightening effects are made with salt hidden in incense.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.28.12 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 92; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-28-12). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-28-12) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.28.13Duncker–Schneidewin, 92–94
Τοῦ δὲ συγκαέντος οἱ ἅλες ἀναπηδῶντες φαντασίαν ἀπεργάζονται ὥσπερ ξένου θεάματος γινομένου· αἱματώδη δὲ φλόγα ποιεῖ τὸ ἰνδικὸν μέλαν ἐντεθὲν τῷ λιβανωτῷ καθὼς προείπαμεν. Αἱματώδη δὲ ὑγρασίαν ποιεῖ κηρὸν ἀγχούσῃ ἀναμίξας καὶ ὡς ἔφην τῷ λιβανωτῷ τὸν κηρὸν ἐνθέμενος· ἄνθρακας δὲ κινεῖσθαι ποιεῖ σχιστὴν ὑποθεὶς στυπτηρίαν, ἧς λυομένης καὶ δίκην πομφολύγων διοιδούσης κινοῦνται οἱ ἄνθρακες.
Tou de synkaentos hoi hales anapēdōntes phantasian apergazontai hōsper xenou theamatos ginomenou; haimatōdē de phloga poiei to indikon melan entethen tǭ libanōtǭ kathōs proeipamen. Haimatōdē de hygrasian poiei kēron anchousę̄ anamixas kai hōs ephēn tǭ libanōtǭ ton kēron enthemenos; anthrakas de kineisthai poiei schistēn hypotheis styptērian, hēs lyomenēs kai dikēn pompholygōn dioidousēs kinountai hoi anthrakes.
When it has burned together, the salts leaping up produce an apparition as though a strange sight were taking place. Indian ink placed in the frankincense makes a bloody flame, as we said before. He makes a bloody liquid by mixing wax with alkanet and, as I said, putting the wax in the frankincense. He makes coals move by putting split alum underneath; as it dissolves and swells like bubbles, the coals move.
Notes and citation
Summary: Chemical tricks produce bloody flames and moving coals.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.28.13 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 92–94; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-28-13). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-28-13) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 29
4.29.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 94
Ὠὰ δὲ διάφορα ἐπιδεικνύνται τὸν τρόπον τόνδε· κορυφὴν τρυπήσας ἐξ ἑκατέρων καὶ τὸ λευκὸν ὑπεξαγαγὼν αὖθις βάψας ἔμβαλε τὸ μὲν τῆς σινώπιδος, τὸ δὲ τοῦ γραφικοῦ μέλανος. Ἀπόφρασσε δὲ τὰς τρυμαλιὰς ξέσματι τῶν ὠῶν λείῳ μετʼ ὀποῦ συκῆς ἐμπλάσας.
Ōa de diaphora epideiknyntai ton tropon tonde; koryphēn trypēsas ex hekaterōn kai to leukon hypexagagōn authis bapsas embale to men tēs sinōpidos, to de tou graphikou melanos. Apophrasse de tas trymalias xesmati tōn ōōn leiǭ metʼ opou sykēs emplasas.
They show eggs of different colors in this way: piercing the top at each end and drawing out the white, then dipping it again, put in red ochre in one and writing ink in the other. Stop up the holes with fine egg-shell scrapings, plastering them with fig juice.
Notes and citation
Summary: How magicians make eggs appear strangely colored.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.29.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 94; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-29-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-29-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 30
4.30.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 94
Τοῖς δὲ ἀμνοὺς ἀποτέμνεσθαι τὰς κεφαλὰς ἑαυτῶν ποιοῦσιν οὗτος ὁ τρόπος. Κρύβδην καυστικῷ φαρμάκῳ χρίσας τὸν φάρυγγα ἐᾷ παραθεὶς τὸ ξίφος· ὁ δὲ κνήθεσθαι θέλων προσπεσὼν τῇ μαχαίρᾳ θλίβων σφάζεται καὶ μικροῦ δεῖν ἀποτέμνει τὴν κεφαλήν. Ἔστι δὲ τὸ φάρμακον βρυωνία καὶ ἀδάρκη καὶ σκίλλα κατʼ ἴσον μεμιγμένα.
Tois de amnous apotemnesthai tas kephalas heautōn poiousin houtos ho tropos. Krybdēn kaustikǭ pharmakǭ chrisas ton pharynga eą paratheis to xiphos; ho de knēthesthai thelōn prospesōn tę̄ machairą thlibōn sphazetai kai mikrou dein apotemnei tēn kephalēn. Esti de to pharmakon bryōnia kai adarkē kai skilla katʼ ison memigmena.
This is the way they make lambs cut off their own heads. Secretly smearing the throat with a caustic drug, he leaves it with a sword placed beside it; and the animal, wanting to scratch itself, falls on the knife, pressing on it, and is slaughtered and almost cuts off its head. The drug is bryony and sea-salt efflorescence and squill mixed in equal parts.
Notes and citation
Summary: Lambs are made to cut their own throats by an itching drug.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.30.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 94; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-30-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-30-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.30.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 94
Ἵνα δὲ λάθῃ φέρων τὸ φάρμακον, φέρει πυξίδα διπλῆν κερατίνην, ἧς τὸ φανερὸν μέρος ἔχει λιβανωτόν, τὸ δὲ ἀφανὲς φάρμακον· ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ὠσὶ τοῦ τεθνηξομένου ἐμβάλλει ὑδράργυρον· ἔστι δὲ θανατηφόρον φάρμακον.
Hina de lathę̄ pherōn to pharmakon, pherei pyxida diplēn keratinēn, hēs to phaneron meros echei libanōton, to de aphanes pharmakon; alla kai tois ōsi tou tethnēxomenou emballei hydrargyron; esti de thanatēphoron pharmakon.
So that he may not be noticed carrying the drug, he carries a double box of horn, whose visible part holds frankincense and the hidden part the drug; and he also puts quicksilver into the ears of the animal that is to die; it is a deadly drug.
Notes and citation
Summary: The drug is hidden in a double box.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.30.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 94; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-30-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-30-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 31
4.31.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 94
Αἰγῶν δὲ κἂν ἐπιπλάσῃ τις κηρωτῇ τὰς ἀκοάς, φασὶ θνήσκειν μετʼ ὀλίγον ἀναπνεῖν κωλυομένας· ὁδὸν γὰρ αὐταῖς ταύτην εἶναι λέγουσι τοῦ διʼ ἀναπνοῆς ἑλκομένου πνεύματος. Κριὸν δὲ θνήσκειν φασίν, εἰ κατʼ ἄντικρύς τις ἀνακλάσειεν ἡλίου. Οἶκον δὲ ποιοῦσι καίεσθαι τῶν θαλαττίων τινὸς ἰχῶρι χριόμενον τοῦ καλουμένου δακτύλου.
Aigōn de kan epiplasę̄ tis kērōtę̄ tas akoas, phasi thnēskein metʼ oligon anapnein kōlyomenas; hodon gar autais tautēn einai legousi tou diʼ anapnoēs helkomenou pneumatos. Krion de thnēskein phasin, ei katʼ antikrys tis anaklaseien hēliou. Oikon de poiousi kaiesthai tōn thalattiōn tinos ichōri chriomenon tou kaloumenou daktylou.
They say that if one plasters the ears of goats with wax salve, they die shortly after, being prevented from breathing; for they say this is their passage for the breath drawn in by respiration. They say a ram dies if one bends its head back facing the sun. They make a house burn by smearing it with the juice of a certain sea creature called the dactyl.
Notes and citation
Summary: Various tricks for killing animals and setting houses alight.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (wrong accent in the digital text): Αἰγῶν δὲ κἄν → Αἰγῶν δὲ κἂν.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.31.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 94; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-31-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-31-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.31.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 94
Καὶ τὸ διὰ τῆς ἅλμης δὲ πάνυ χρήσιμον. Ἔστι δὲ ἀφρὸς θαλάσσης ἐν ὀστρακίνῳ στάμνῳ μετὰ γλυκέων ἡψημένος, ᾧ ζέσαντι λύχνον ἐὰν προσάγῃς καιόμενον, ἁρπάσαν τὸ πῦρ ἐξάπτεται, καὶ καταχυθὲν τῆς κεφαλῆς οὐ καίει τὸ σύνολον. Εἰ δὲ καὶ μαννῇ ἐπιπάσσεις ζέοντι, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἐξάπτεται. Βέλτιον δὲ δρᾷ, εἰ καὶ θείου τι προςλάβοι.
Kai to dia tēs halmēs de pany chrēsimon. Esti de aphros thalassēs en ostrakinǭ stamnǭ meta glykeōn hēpsēmenos, hǭ zesanti lychnon ean prosagę̄s kaiomenon, harpasan to pyr exaptetai, kai katachythen tēs kephalēs ou kaiei to synolon. Ei de kai mannę̄ epipasseis zeonti, pollǭ mallon exaptetai. Beltion de drą, ei kai theiou ti proslaboi.
And the trick with brine is very useful. It is sea foam boiled with sweet wine in an earthenware jar; if you bring a burning lamp to it as it boils, it catches the fire and blazes, and poured on the head it does not burn at all. If you also sprinkle frankincense powder on it as it boils, it blazes much more. It works better still if it takes some sulfur too.
Notes and citation
Summary: A flammable mixture that seems to burn without harming.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.31.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 94; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-31-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-31-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 32
4.32.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 94–96
Βροντὴ γίνεται τρόποις πλείοσι· λίθοι τε γὰρ πλείονες καὶ μείζονες κατὰ κρημνῶν φερόμενοι διὰ σανίδων ἐπικαταπίπτουσι χαλκοῖς ἐλάσμασι καὶ βροντῇ παραπλήσιον τελοῦσι ψόφον. καὶ σανίδα δὲ λεπτήν, ᾗπερ οἱ γναφεῖς τὴν ἐσθῆτα πιέζουσι, σχοινίῳ λεπτῷ περιειλήσαντες, εἶτα ῥοίζῳ τὴν σχοῖνον ἐπισπώμενοι ῥομβοῦσι τὴν σανίδα, ἡ δὲ δονουμένη ἦχον βροντῆς ἀπεργάζεται.
Brontē ginetai tropois pleiosi; lithoi te gar pleiones kai meizones kata krēmnōn pheromenoi dia sanidōn epikatapiptousi chalkois elasmasi kai brontę̄ paraplēsion telousi psophon. kai sanida de leptēn, hę̄per hoi gnapheis tēn esthēta piezousi, schoiniǭ leptǭ perieilēsantes, eita rhoizǭ tēn schoinon epispōmenoi rhombousi tēn sanida, hē de donoumenē ēchon brontēs apergazetai.
Thunder is produced in several ways. Many large stones, carried down steep slopes over planks, fall on bronze plates and make a noise like thunder. And they wind a thin cord around a thin board, such as fullers press clothes with, and then, pulling the cord with a whirring, they spin the board, and it, vibrating, produces a sound of thunder.
Notes and citation
Summary: How magicians imitate thunder.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.32.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 94–96; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-32-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-32-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.32.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 96
Ταῦτα μὲν οὕτως παίζεται. Ἕτερα δὲ ἃ καὶ αὐτὰ οἱ παιζόμενοι ὡς μεγάλα νομίζουσιν ἐκθήσομαι. Πίσσης λέβητα μεστὸν ἐπʼ ἀνθράκων καιομένων τιθέντες, ἐπὰν βράσῃ, καθιέντες τὰς χεῖρας οὐ καίονται· ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπὶ ἀνθράκων πυρὸς περιπατοῦντες γυμνοῖς ποσὶν οὐ καίονται· ἀλλὰ καὶ πυραμίδα λιθίνην θεὶς ἐπὶ πυρὰν καίεσθαι ποιεῖ· ἔκ τε τοῦ στόματος πολὺν καπνὸν προφέρει καὶ πυρώδη· εἶτα καὶ σινδόνα ἐπιθεὶς ἐπὶ λεκάνῃ ὕδατος, πολλοὺς ἐπιβαλὼν ἄνθρακας καιομένους ἄκαυστον φυλάττει τὴν σινδόνα·
Tauta men houtōs paizetai. Hetera de ha kai auta hoi paizomenoi hōs megala nomizousin ekthēsomai. Pissēs lebēta meston epʼ anthrakōn kaiomenōn tithentes, epan brasę̄, kathientes tas cheiras ou kaiontai; alla kai epi anthrakōn pyros peripatountes gymnois posin ou kaiontai; alla kai pyramida lithinēn theis epi pyran kaiesthai poiei; ek te tou stomatos polyn kapnon propherei kai pyrōdē; eita kai sindona epitheis epi lekanę̄ hydatos, pollous epibalōn anthrakas kaiomenous akauston phylattei tēn sindona;
These things, then, are played thus. I shall set out other things which those who are played upon also think great. Setting a cauldron full of pitch on burning coals, when it boils, they put their hands in and are not burned; and walking on coals of fire with bare feet they are not burned; and placing a stone pyramid on a pyre he makes it burn; and he brings much fiery smoke out of his mouth; then, putting a linen cloth over a basin of water and throwing many burning coals on it, he keeps the cloth unburned.
Notes and citation
Summary: Magicians seem to handle boiling pitch and fire unharmed.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.32.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 96; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-32-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-32-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.32.3Duncker–Schneidewin, 96
σκότος δὲ ἐν οἴκῳ ποιήσας ἐπεισάγειν φάσκει θεοὺς ἢ δαίμονας, καὶ εἴ πη ἀπαιτεῖ τις Ἀσκληπιὸν δεικνύναι, ἐπικαλεῖται οὕτως λέγων· Υἷα πάλαι φθίμενον, πάλιν ἄμβροτον, Ἀπόλλωνος κικλῄσκω λοιβαῖσι μολεῖν ἐπίκουρον ἐμαῖσιν· ὅς ποτε καὶ νεκύων ἀμενηνῶν μυρία φῦλα, Ταρτάρου εὐρώεντος ἀεικλαύτοισι μελάθροις δύσνοστον πλώοντα ῥόον, κελαδόν τε δίαυλον πᾶσιν ἴσον τελέσαντʼ ἄνδρεσσι [κατα]θνήτοισιν, λίμνῃ πὰρ γοόωντα καὶ ἄλλιτα κωκύοντα, αὐτὸς ἀμειδήτοιο ἐρύσαο Φερσεφονείης· εἴτʼ ἐφέπεις Τρίκης ἱερῆς ἕδος, εἴτʼ ἐρατεινὴν Πέργαμον, εἴτʼ ἐπὶ τοῖσιν Ἰαονίαν Ἐπίδαυρον, δεῦρο, μάκαρ, καλέει σε μάγων [πρόμος] ὧδε [παρεῖναι].
skotos de en oikǭ poiēsas epeisagein phaskei theous ē daimonas, kai ei pē apaitei tis Asklēpion deiknynai, epikaleitai houtōs legōn; Huia palai phthimenon, palin ambroton, Apollōnos kiklę̄skō loibaisi molein epikouron emaisin; hos pote kai nekyōn amenēnōn myria phyla, Tartarou eurōentos aeiklautoisi melathrois dysnoston plōonta rhoon, keladon te diaulon pasin ison telesantʼ andressi [kata]thnētoisin, limnę̄ par gooōnta kai allita kōkyonta, autos ameidētoio erysao Phersephoneiēs; eitʼ ephepeis Trikēs hierēs hedos, eitʼ erateinēn Pergamon, eitʼ epi toisin Iaonian Epidauron, deuro, makar, kaleei se magōn [promos] hōde [pareinai].
Making darkness in a house, he claims to bring in gods or demons; and if anyone asks him to show Asclepius, he invokes him thus, saying: "Son of Apollo, perished long ago and again immortal, I call you to come as helper to my libations; you who once rescued the countless tribes of feeble dead, who sail the hard-returning stream in the ever-wailing halls of mouldy Tartarus, the roaring double course that all mortal men alike complete, mourning by the lake and wailing without end: you yourself drew them from unsmiling Persephone. Whether you haunt the seat of holy Tricca, or lovely Pergamum, or besides them Ionian Epidaurus, come here, blessed one: the [chief] of the magi calls you to [be present] here."
Notes and citation
Summary: The magician invokes Asclepius with a hymn in the dark.
- The hymn is otherwise unknown; its source is unidentified. Square brackets are the editor's.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.32.3 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 96; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-32-3). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-32-3) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 33
4.33.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 96–98
Ἐπὰν δὲ χλευάζων λήξῃ, φαίνεται κατὰ τοῦ ἐδάφους πυρώδης Ἀσκληπιός. Εἶτα θεὶς ἐν μέσῳ λεκάνην πλήρη ὕδατος πάντας καλεῖ τοὺς θεοὺς καὶ παραγίνονται. Ἐγκύψας γὰρ ὁ παρὼν ἐν τῇ λεκάνῃ ὄψεται πάντας καὶ τὴν Ἄρτεμιν ἅμα σκύλακας ὑλακτοῦντας ἄγουσαν. Οὐκ ὀκνήσομεν δὲ καὶ τούτων τὴν ἱστορίαν ὡς ἐπιχειροῦσι διηγήσασθαι.
Epan de chleuazōn lēxę̄, phainetai kata tou edaphous pyrōdēs Asklēpios. Eita theis en mesǭ lekanēn plērē hydatos pantas kalei tous theous kai paraginontai. Enkypsas gar ho parōn en tę̄ lekanę̄ opsetai pantas kai tēn Artemin hama skylakas hylaktountas agousan. Ouk oknēsomen de kai toutōn tēn historian hōs epicheirousi diēgēsasthai.
When he has finished his mockery, a fiery Asclepius appears on the floor. Then, placing in the middle a basin full of water, he calls all the gods, and they come. For whoever is present, bending over the basin, will see them all, and Artemis leading her baying hounds. We shall not hesitate to tell the account of these things too, how they contrive them.
Notes and citation
Summary: A fiery Asclepius and the gods appear in a basin of water.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.33.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 96–98; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-33-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-33-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.33.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 98
Τῷ γὰρ λέβητι τῆς πίσσης ὡς ἐμβράσσοντι καθίησι τὰς χεῖρας· ὄξος δὲ καὶ νίτρον ἐμβαλὼν καὶ πίσσαν ὑγρὰν ὑποκαίει τὸν λέβητα· τὸ δὲ ὄξος ἄμα τῷ νίτρῳ μιγὲν ἀντιλαμβανόμενον θέρμης μικρᾶς κινεῖ τὴν πίσσαν ὡς μέχρι τῆς ἐπιφανείας κινεῖν πομφόλυγας καὶ φαντασίαν μόνην παρέχειν ζέοντος· φθάνει δὲ καὶ τὰς χεῖρας πολλάκις ἅλμῃ νιψάμενος, διὸ οὐ πάνυ τι καίει, κἂν ἀληθῶς ζέῃ· εἰ δὲ μυρσίνῃ καὶ νίτρῳ καὶ σμύρνῃ μετʼ ὄξους μίξας ἐπιχρίσας ἀπονίψει τὰς χεῖρας ἅλμῃ πλειστάκις, οὐ καίεται· τοὺς δὲ πόδας οὐ καίεται ἰχθυοκόλλᾳ καὶ σαλαμάνδρᾳ χρισάμενος.
Tǭ gar lebēti tēs pissēs hōs embrassonti kathiēsi tas cheiras; oxos de kai nitron embalōn kai pissan hygran hypokaiei ton lebēta; to de oxos ama tǭ nitrǭ migen antilambanomenon thermēs mikras kinei tēn pissan hōs mechri tēs epiphaneias kinein pompholygas kai phantasian monēn parechein zeontos; phthanei de kai tas cheiras pollakis halmę̄ nipsamenos, dio ou pany ti kaiei, kan alēthōs zeę̄; ei de myrsinę̄ kai nitrǭ kai smyrnę̄ metʼ oxous mixas epichrisas aponipsei tas cheiras halmę̄ pleistakis, ou kaietai; tous de podas ou kaietai ichthyokollą kai salamandrą chrisamenos.
He puts his hands into the cauldron of pitch as though it were boiling; but he has thrown in vinegar and soda and liquid pitch and lights a fire under the cauldron; the vinegar mixed with the soda, taking a little heat, stirs the pitch so as to send bubbles up to the surface and give only the appearance of boiling. He has also washed his hands many times beforehand with brine, so that it hardly burns at all even if it truly boils. And if he mixes myrtle, soda, and myrrh with vinegar, smears them on, and washes his hands many times in brine, he is not burned; and he is not burned in the feet if he smears them with fish glue and salamander.
Notes and citation
Summary: The pitch trick is explained: it only seems to boil, and the hands are protected.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.33.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 98; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-33-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-33-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.33.3Duncker–Schneidewin, 98
Τὸ δὲ τὴν πυραμίδα καίεσθαι δᾳδίου δίκην, οὖσαν λίθον, αὕτη αἰτία. Γῆ μέν ἐστι Κρητικὴ τὸ μὲν σχῆμα πεπλασμένη πυραμίς, τὸ δὲ χρῶμα ὡς λίθος γαλακτικός, κατασκευάζεται δὲ τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον· βρέξας ἐλαίῳ πλείονι τὴν βῶλον, θεὶς ἐπʼ ἀνθράκων, ὀπτήσας καὶ πάλιν βρέξας καὶ καύσας δεύτερον καὶ τρίτον καὶ πολλάκις καίεσθαι δύνασθαι παρασκευάζει, κἂν ὕδατι βραχῇ· ἔχει γὰρ ἐν ἑαυτῷ πολὺ τὸ ἔλαιον· ἀνάπτεται δὲ διʼ αὐτοῦ, τοῦ μάγου σπεύδοντος, ἡ πυρὰ τίτανον ὑποκαιομένην ἔχουσα ἀντὶ σποδιᾶς καὶ λιβανωτὸν λεπτὸν καὶ πολὺν...
To de tēn pyramida kaiesthai dądiou dikēn, ousan lithon, hautē aitia. Gē men esti Krētikē to men schēma peplasmenē pyramis, to de chrōma hōs lithos galaktikos, kataskeuazetai de touton ton tropon; brexas elaiǭ pleioni tēn bōlon, theis epʼ anthrakōn, optēsas kai palin brexas kai kausas deuteron kai triton kai pollakis kaiesthai dynasthai paraskeuazei, kan hydati brachę̄; echei gar en heautǭ poly to elaion; anaptetai de diʼ autou, tou magou speudontos, hē pyra titanon hypokaiomenēn echousa anti spodias kai libanōton lepton kai polyn...
The reason the pyramid burns like a torch, though it is stone, is this. It is Cretan earth, molded into the shape of a pyramid and with the color of a milk-white stone, and it is prepared in this way: soaking the lump in plenty of oil, putting it on coals, baking it, soaking it again, and burning it a second and third time and often, he prepares it so that it can burn even if soaked in water; for it contains much oil in itself. The pyre is kindled by it, as the magician hurries, having quicklime burning underneath instead of ashes, and fine frankincense in quantity …
Textual problem in this passage: see the notes.
Notes and citation
Summary: The burning stone pyramid is really oil-soaked clay.
- A gap follows, marked "…".
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.33.3 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 98; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-33-3). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-33-3) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.33.4Duncker–Schneidewin, 98
καὶ δᾳδίων κεχρισμένων αὐτορρύτων κηκίδων τε κενῶν ἔνδον πῦρ ἐχουσῶν· καπνὸν δὲ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος ἀνίει ἐγχρονίσας καὶ πῦρ κηκῖδι ἐμβαλὼν καὶ τῷ στυπείῳ συμπεριβαλὼν καὶ φυσῶν ἐν τῷ στόματι. τό γε μὴν περικείμενον τῇ λεκάνῃ σινδόνιον, ἐφʼ ὅ τίθησι τοὺς ἄνθρακας, διὰ τὴν ὑποκειμένην ἅλμην οὐκ ἐκαίετο, καὶ αὐτὸ δὲ ἦν ἅλμῃ προβεβρεγμένον, εἶτα κεχρισμένον ᾠοῦ τὸ λευκὸν μεθʼ ὑγρᾶς στυπτηρίας. Εἰ δὲ καὶ χυλὸν ἀειζώου τις τούτοις μετʼ ὄξους ἐπιμίξειε καὶ πρὸ πολλοῦ σφόδρα καταχρίσαι χρόνου, βαφὲν τῷ φαρμάκῳ μένει παντελῶς ἄκαυστον.
kai dądiōn kechrismenōn autorrytōn kēkidōn te kenōn endon pyr echousōn; kapnon de ek tou stomatos aniei enchronisas kai pyr kēkidi embalōn kai tǭ stypeiǭ symperibalōn kai physōn en tǭ stomati. to ge mēn perikeimenon tę̄ lekanę̄ sindonion, ephʼ ho tithēsi tous anthrakas, dia tēn hypokeimenēn halmēn ouk ekaieto, kai auto de ēn halmę̄ probebregmenon, eita kechrismenon ǭou to leukon methʼ hygras styptērias. Ei de kai chylon aeizōou tis toutois metʼ oxous epimixeie kai pro pollou sphodra katachrisai chronou, baphen tǭ pharmakǭ menei pantelōs akauston.
and oiled torches of self-flowing resin and hollow oak-galls with fire inside. He sends smoke out of his mouth after a delay, putting fire in an oak-gall, wrapping it in tow, and blowing in his mouth. The linen laid over the basin, on which he puts the coals, did not burn because of the brine beneath, and it had itself been soaked in brine beforehand and then smeared with egg white and liquid alum. And if one also mixes the juice of houseleek with these, with vinegar, and smears it thoroughly long beforehand, the cloth dipped in the drug remains entirely unburned.
Notes and citation
Summary: Smoke from the mouth and the unburned cloth are explained.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.33.4 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 98; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-33-4). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-33-4) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 34
4.34.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 98–100
Ἐπεὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἀπορρήτων μαθημάτων συντόμως τὰς δυνάμεις ἐξεθέμεθα εὔκολόν τε τὴν μέθοδον αὐτῶν κατὰ γνῶσιν ἐδείξαμεν, οὐδὲ τοῦτο σιωπᾶν βουλόμεθα ὂν ἀναγκαῖον, ὡς σφραγῖδας λύοντες ἐσφραγισμένα τὰ γράμματα αὐταῖς ταῖς σφραγῖσιν ἀποδιδόασι· πίσσαν καὶ ῥητίνην καὶ θεῖον, ἔτι δὲ ἄσφαλτον ἶσα τήξαντες κολλυρίου σχήματι πλάσαντες φυλάττουσι· καιρὸς δὲ ὅταν ᾖ λύειν γραμματίδιον, τὴν γλῶσσαν ἐλαίῳ δεύσαντες, εἶτα ἐξ αὐτῆς τὴν σφραγῖδα χρίσαντες, πυρὶ συμμέτρῳ τὸ φάρμακον θερμάναντες ἐπιφέρουσι τῇ σφραγῖδι καὶ μέχρι ἂν παγῇ παντελῶς ἐῶσι, καὶ τούτῳ δίκην σημάντρου χρῶνται.
Epei men oun tōn parʼ autois aporrētōn mathēmatōn syntomōs tas dynameis exethemetha eukolon te tēn methodon autōn kata gnōsin edeixamen, oude touto siōpan boulometha on anankaion, hōs sphragidas lyontes esphragismena ta grammata autais tais sphragisin apodidoasi; pissan kai rhētinēn kai theion, eti de asphalton isa tēxantes kollyriou schēmati plasantes phylattousi; kairos de hotan ę̄ lyein grammatidion, tēn glōssan elaiǭ deusantes, eita ex autēs tēn sphragida chrisantes, pyri symmetrǭ to pharmakon thermanantes epipherousi tę̄ sphragidi kai mechri an pagę̄ pantelōs eōsi, kai toutǭ dikēn sēmantrou chrōntai.
Since we have briefly set out the powers of their secret teachings and shown their method to be easy to understand, we do not wish to keep silent about this either, since it is necessary: how, breaking seals, they return the sealed letters with the very same seals. Melting pitch, resin, sulfur, and also asphalt in equal parts, they shape it into the form of an eye salve and keep it. When the time comes to open a letter, they moisten the tongue with oil, then smear the seal with it; warming the drug on a moderate fire, they apply it to the seal and leave it until it sets completely, and they use it like a signet.
Notes and citation
Summary: How magicians open sealed letters and reseal them with a copied seal.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.34.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 98–100; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-34-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-34-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.34.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 100
Φασὶ δὲ καὶ αὐτὸν κηρὸν μετὰ πευκίνης ῥητίνης τὸ παραπλήσιον ποιεῖν καὶ μαστίχης μέρη δύο μετὰ ξηρᾶς ἀσφάλτου μέρους. Καὶ θεῖον δὲ μόνον ἐπιεικῶς ποιεῖ καὶ γύψου δὲ ἄνθος μεθʼ ὕδατος διειμένον καὶ κόμμεως, τοῦτο μὲν δὴ καὶ πρὸς τὸ σφραγῖσαι μόλιβδον τετηκότα ποιεῖ κάλλιστα.
Phasi de kai auton kēron meta peukinēs rhētinēs to paraplēsion poiein kai mastichēs merē dyo meta xēras asphaltou merous. Kai theion de monon epieikōs poiei kai gypsou de anthos methʼ hydatos dieimenon kai kommeōs, touto men dē kai pros to sphragisai molibdon tetēkota poiei kallista.
They say that wax itself with pine resin does the same, and two parts of mastic with one part of dry asphalt. Sulfur alone does it reasonably well, and flower of gypsum mixed with water and gum; this indeed does very well also for sealing melted lead.
Notes and citation
Summary: Other mixtures for copying seals.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.34.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 100; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-34-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-34-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.34.3Duncker–Schneidewin, 100
Καὶ τὸ διὰ τοῦ τυρρηνικοῦ δὲ κηροῦ καὶ ῥητίνης φορυκτῆς καὶ πίσσης καὶ ἀσφάλτου [καὶ] μαστίχης καὶ λείας μαρμάρου, ἴσων ἁπάντων ἑψομένων, τῶν μὲν ἄλλων ὧν ἔφην ἐστὶ μὲν βέλτιον, τὸ δὲ διὰ τῆς γύψου οὐκ ἔλαττον. Οὕτως μὲν οὖν καὶ τὰς σφραγῖδας λύειν ἐπιχειροῦσι τὰ ἔνδον γεγραμμένα μανθάνειν πειρώμενοι.
Kai to dia tou tyrrēnikou de kērou kai rhētinēs phoryktēs kai pissēs kai asphaltou [kai] mastichēs kai leias marmarou, isōn hapantōn hepsomenōn, tōn men allōn hōn ephēn esti men beltion, to de dia tēs gypsou ouk elatton. Houtōs men oun kai tas sphragidas lyein epicheirousi ta endon gegrammena manthanein peirōmenoi.
The mixture of Etruscan wax, tree resin, pitch, asphalt, [and] mastic, and powdered marble, all boiled in equal parts, is better than the others I have mentioned, and the one with gypsum is not inferior. In this way, then, they try to break the seals, attempting to learn what is written inside.
Notes and citation
Summary: The best compound for forging seals, used to read others' letters.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (wrong accent in the digital text): Οὕτως μὲν οὗν → Οὕτως μὲν οὖν.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.34.3 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 100; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-34-3). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-34-3) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.34.4Duncker–Schneidewin, 100
Ταύτας δὲ ὤκνουν τὰς μηχανὰς κατατάξαι ἐν τῇ βίβλῳ, ἐνορῶν μὴ ποτέ τις κακοῦργος ἀφορμὰς λαβὼν ἐπιχειρήσει· νῦν δὲ ἡ πολλῶν δυναμένων σωθῆναι νέων φροντὶς ἔπεισε διδάξαι καὶ προειπεῖν φυλακῆς ἕνεκεν· ὡς γὰρ χρήσεταί τις αὐταῖς πρὸς κακοῦ μάθησιν, οὕτω τις ἕτερος μαθὼν φυλάξεται, καὶ αὐτοὶ δὲ οἱ τοῦ βίου λυμεῶνες μάγοι αἰσχυνθήσονται τῇ τέχνῃ χρώμενοι. Μαθόντες δὲ ἀφʼ ἡμῶν ταῦτα προ[διδαχθέντα] ἐμποδισθήσονται τυχὸν τῆς ἀπονοίας. Ἵνα δὲ μὴ λύηται ταύτῃ ἡ σφραγίς, στέαρ ὕειον καὶ τρίχας τῷ κηρῷ τις μίξας σφραγιζέτω.
Tautas de ōknoun tas mēchanas katataxai en tę̄ biblǭ, enorōn mē pote tis kakourgos aphormas labōn epicheirēsei; nyn de hē pollōn dynamenōn sōthēnai neōn phrontis epeise didaxai kai proeipein phylakēs heneken; hōs gar chrēsetai tis autais pros kakou mathēsin, houtō tis heteros mathōn phylaxetai, kai autoi de hoi tou biou lymeōnes magoi aischynthēsontai tę̄ technę̄ chrōmenoi. Mathontes de aphʼ hēmōn tauta pro[didachthenta] empodisthēsontai tychon tēs aponoias. Hina de mē lyētai tautę̄ hē sphragis, stear hyeion kai trichas tǭ kērǭ tis mixas sphragizetō.
I hesitated to set these devices down in the book, fearing that some evildoer might take occasion from them and attempt them; but now concern for the many young people who can be saved has persuaded me to teach and forewarn them for their protection. For as one will use them for learning evil, so another, having learned, will be on his guard; and the magi themselves, the corrupters of life, will be ashamed to use the art. And having learned these things, taught beforehand by us, they will perhaps be hindered from their madness. And so that a seal may not be broken in this way, let one seal it mixing pig's fat and hair with the wax.
Notes and citation
Summary: Hippolytus exposes these tricks to protect the young, and advises how to make seals tamper-proof.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.34.4 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 100; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-34-4). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-34-4) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 35
4.35.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 100–102
Ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ τὴν λεκανομαντείαν αὐτῶν οὖσαν πανούργημα σιωπήσομαι. Οἴκημα γάρ τι κεκλεισμένον σκευάσαντες καὶ κυανῷ τὸν ὄροφον χρίσαντες εἰς δὴ τὸ παρὸν ἐπάγονται σκεύη τινὰ κυάνεα καὶ ἀνατείνουσι, μέση δὲ λεκάνη κατὰ τῆς γῆς ὕδατος μεστὴ τίθεται, ἣ τὴν ἀντανάκλασιν τῆς κυανοῦ προςπεσοῦσαν δίκην οὐρανοῦ ἐνδείκνυσιν.
Allʼ oude tēn lekanomanteian autōn ousan panourgēma siōpēsomai. Oikēma gar ti kekleismenon skeuasantes kai kyanǭ ton orophon chrisantes eis dē to paron epagontai skeuē tina kyanea kai anateinousi, mesē de lekanē kata tēs gēs hydatos mestē tithetai, hē tēn antanaklasin tēs kyanou prospesousan dikēn ouranou endeiknysin.
Nor shall I keep silent about their bowl divination, which is a piece of knavery. Preparing a closed room and painting the ceiling blue, they bring in for the occasion some blue vessels and set them up; and in the middle a basin full of water is placed on the ground, which, as the reflection of the blue falls on it, shows it like the sky.
Notes and citation
Summary: Bowl divination uses a blue-painted room reflected in water to imitate the sky.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.35.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 100–102; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-35-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-35-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.35.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 102
Ἔχει δὲ καὶ στόμιόν τι τὸ ἔδαφος λεληθός, ᾧ ἐπικειμένη ἡ λεκάνη τὸν μὲν πυθμένα ἔχει ὑάλου, αὐτὴ δὲ ἐστὶ πετρίνη, ὕπεστι δὲ οἶκος λεληθώς, εἰς ὃν συμπορευόμενοι οἱ συμπαῖκται σχήματα ὧν ἂν βούληται δεικνύναι ὁ μάγος θεῶν καὶ δαιμόνων ἐνδυσάμενοι ἐμφαίνουσιν, οὓς καθορῶν ὁ πλανώμενος τὸ πανούργημα καταπέπληγε τῶν μάγων, καὶ λοιπὸν πάντα πιστεύει τὰ ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ ῥηθησόμενα.
Echei de kai stomion ti to edaphos lelēthos, hǭ epikeimenē hē lekanē ton men pythmena echei hyalou, autē de esti petrinē, hypesti de oikos lelēthōs, eis hon symporeuomenoi hoi sympaiktai schēmata hōn an boulētai deiknynai ho magos theōn kai daimonōn endysamenoi emphainousin, hous kathorōn ho planōmenos to panourgēma katapeplēge tōn magōn, kai loipon panta pisteuei ta hypʼ autou rhēthēsomena.
The floor also has a hidden opening, over which the basin is placed; the basin has a bottom of glass, though it is itself of stone; and beneath is a hidden room, into which the accomplices go, and dressed in the forms of whatever gods and demons the magician wishes to show, they make them appear. Seeing them, the deceived man is astonished at the knavery of the magi, and thereafter believes everything that will be said by him.
Notes and citation
Summary: Accomplices in a hidden room below appear as gods through the glass-bottomed basin.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (wrong accent in the digital text): οὕς καθορῶν → οὓς καθορῶν.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.35.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 102; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-35-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-35-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.35.3Duncker–Schneidewin, 102
Δαίμονα δὲ ποιεῖ καίεσθαι, ἐν τοίχῳ διατυπώσας σχῆμα ὃ βούλεται, εἶτα λαθραίως ἐπιχρίει φαρμάκῳ μεμιγμένῳ τῷδε τῷ τρόπῳ·... λακωνικῷ καὶ ἀσφάλτῳ ζακυνθίᾳ, εἶτα ὡς ἀποφοιβάζων τὴν λαμπάδα προσφέρει τῷ τοίχῳ. Τὸ δὲ φάρμακον ἐκλάμψαν καίεται.
Daimona de poiei kaiesthai, en toichǭ diatypōsas schēma ho bouletai, eita lathraiōs epichriei pharmakǭ memigmenǭ tǭde tǭ tropǭ;... lakōnikǭ kai asphaltǭ zakynthią, eita hōs apophoibazōn tēn lampada prospherei tǭ toichǭ. To de pharmakon eklampsan kaietai.
He makes a demon burn by drawing the figure he wishes on a wall, then secretly smearing it with a drug mixed in this way: … Laconian … and Zacynthian asphalt; then, as though prophesying, he brings the torch to the wall. And the drug flashes up and burns.
Textual problem in this passage: see the notes.
Notes and citation
Summary: A demon's figure painted with flammable mixture seems to burst into flame.
- A gap in the recipe is marked "…".
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.35.3 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 102; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-35-3). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-35-3) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.35.4Duncker–Schneidewin, 102
Ἑκάτην δὲ δοκεῖν ἔμπυρον διατρέχειν ἐν ἀέρι οὕτω τεχνάζεται· συμπαίκτην τινὰ κρύψας ἐν τόπῳ ᾧ βούλεται, παραλαβὼν τοὺς πλανωμένους πείθει λέγων δείξειν διιππεύουσαν διʼ ἀέρος ἔμπυρον τὴν δαίμονα, οἷς παραγγέλλει τὰς ὄψεις ταχὺ φυλάσσεσθαι ἡνίκα ἴδωσιν ἐν ἀέρι τὴν φλόγα, καλυψαμένους τε ἐπὶ πρόσωπον πίπτειν, ἕως αὐτὸς καλῇ, καὶ ταῦτα διδάξας ἐν ἀσελήνῳ νυκτὶ διʼ ἐπῶν οὕτως φθέγγεται·
Hekatēn de dokein empyron diatrechein en aeri houtō technazetai; sympaiktēn tina krypsas en topǭ hǭ bouletai, paralabōn tous planōmenous peithei legōn deixein diippeuousan diʼ aeros empyron tēn daimona, hois parangellei tas opseis tachy phylassesthai hēnika idōsin en aeri tēn phloga, kalypsamenous te epi prosōpon piptein, heōs autos kalę̄, kai tauta didaxas en aselēnǭ nykti diʼ epōn houtōs phthengetai;
He contrives that Hecate should seem to run fiery through the air in this way. Hiding an accomplice in a place he chooses, he takes the deceived and persuades them, saying he will show the goddess riding fiery through the air. He instructs them quickly to guard their eyes when they see the flame in the air, and to cover themselves and fall on their faces until he calls them. Having taught them this, on a moonless night he utters these verses:
Notes and citation
Summary: The magician prepares his audience to see Hecate fly through the air.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.35.4 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 102; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-35-4). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-35-4) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.35.5Duncker–Schneidewin, 102
Νερτερίη χθονίη τε καὶ οὐρανίη μολὲ Βομβώ, εἰνοδίη, τριοδῖτι, φαεσφόρε, νυκτεροφοῖτι· ἐχθρὴ μὲν φωτός, νυκτὸς δὲ φίλη καὶ ἑταίρη, χαίρουσα σκυλάκων ὑλακῇ τε καὶ αἵματι φοινῷ, ἀν νέκυας στείχουσα κατʼ ἠρία τεθνηώτων, αἵματος ἱμείρουσα, φόβον θνητοῖσι φέρουσα, Γοργὼ καὶ Μορμὼ καὶ Μήνη καὶ πολύμορφε, ἔλθοις εὐάντητος ἐφʼ ἡμετέρῃσι θυηλαῖς.
Nerteriē chthoniē te kai ouraniē mole Bombō, einodiē, trioditi, phaesphore, nykterophoiti; echthrē men phōtos, nyktos de philē kai hetairē, chairousa skylakōn hylakę̄ te kai haimati phoinǭ, an nekyas steichousa katʼ ēria tethnēōtōn, haimatos himeirousa, phobon thnētoisi pherousa, Gorgō kai Mormō kai Mēnē kai polymorphe, elthois euantētos ephʼ hēmeterę̄si thyēlais.
"Infernal, earthly, and heavenly, come, Bombo, goddess of the roads, of the crossroads, light-bearer, night-wanderer, enemy of light, friend and companion of night, rejoicing in the baying of dogs and in red blood, stalking among the corpses along the tombs of the dead, longing for blood, bringing fear to mortals, Gorgo and Mormo and Mene and many-formed, come graciously to our sacrifices."
Notes and citation
Summary: The magician's hymn invoking Hecate.
- The hymn to Hecate is otherwise known only in fragments; its source is uncertain.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.35.5 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 102; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-35-5). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-35-5) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 36
4.36.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 102–104
Ταῦτʼ εἰπόντος αὐτοῦ πῦρ διʼ ἀέρος βλέπεται φερόμενον, οἱ δὲ φρίξαντες τὸ παράδοξον τῆς θέας καλύψαντες τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ἐπὶ γῆς ῥιπτοῦνται ἄναυδοι. Τὸ δὲ τῆς τέχνης μέγεθος τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον· ὁ συμπαίκτης, ὃν ἔφην κεκρυμμένον, ἡνίκα ἀκούσῃ παυσαμένης τῆς ἐπαοιδῆς, ἔχων ἴκτινα ἢ γῦπα περιειλημμένον στυπείῳ ἀνάψας ἀπολύει.
Tautʼ eipontos autou pyr diʼ aeros blepetai pheromenon, hoi de phrixantes to paradoxon tēs theas kalypsantes tous ophthalmous epi gēs rhiptountai anaudoi. To de tēs technēs megethos touton echei ton tropon; ho sympaiktēs, hon ephēn kekrymmenon, hēnika akousę̄ pausamenēs tēs epaoidēs, echōn iktina ē gypa perieilēmmenon stypeiǭ anapsas apolyei.
When he has said this, fire is seen carried through the air; and they, shuddering at the marvel of the sight, cover their eyes and throw themselves speechless on the ground. The greatness of the art is of this kind: the accomplice, whom I said was hidden, when he hears that the incantation has stopped, holding a kite or a vulture wrapped in tow, sets it alight and lets it go.
Notes and citation
Summary: Hecate's fiery flight is a bird released with burning tow.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.36.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 102–104; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-36-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-36-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.36.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 104
Ὁ δὲ ὑπὸ τῆς φλογὸς ταρασσόμενος εἰς ὕψος ἐπαίρεται καὶ ὀξυτέραν τὴν πτῆσιν ποιεῖται· ὃ ἰδόντες οἱ μάταιοι ὥς τι θεῖον ἑωρακότες κρύπτονται. Τὸ δὲ πτηνὸν περιδινούμενον ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρὸς οὗ ἂν φθάσῃ καταφέρεται· καὶ ποτὲ μὲν οἰκίας καταφλέγει, ποτὲ δὲ καὶ αὐλάς. Τοιαύτη ἡ μάγων πρόγνωσις.
Ho de hypo tēs phlogos tarassomenos eis hypsos epairetai kai oxyteran tēn ptēsin poieitai; ho idontes hoi mataioi hōs ti theion heōrakotes kryptontai. To de ptēnon peridinoumenon hypo tou pyros hou an phthasę̄ katapheretai; kai pote men oikias kataphlegei, pote de kai aulas. Toiautē hē magōn prognōsis.
The bird, disturbed by the flame, rises aloft and makes its flight swifter; seeing this, the foolish hide themselves as though they had seen something divine. The bird, whirling round because of the fire, comes down wherever it happens to; and sometimes it burns down houses, and sometimes courtyards too. Such is the foreknowledge of the magi.
Notes and citation
Summary: The burning bird sometimes sets houses on fire.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.36.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 104; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-36-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-36-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 37
4.37.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 104
Σελήνην δὲ ἐν ὀρόφῳ φαίνεσθαι δεικνύουσι καὶ ἀστέρας τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον· ἐν μέσῳ τῆς ὀρο(??) μέρει προσαρμόσας κάτοπτρον, τιθεὶς λεκάνην ὕδατος μεστὴν ἐν τῷ μέσῳ τῆς γῆς κατʼ ἴσον, λύχνον δὲ μέσον φαίνοντα ἀμαυρὸν μετεωρότερον τῆς λεκάνης θείς, οὕτως ἐκ τῆς ἀντανακλάσεως ἀποτελεῖ σελήνην φαίνεσθαι διὰ τοῦ
Selēnēn de en orophǭ phainesthai deiknyousi kai asteras touton ton tropon; en mesǭ tēs oro(??) merei prosarmosas katoptron, titheis lekanēn hydatos mestēn en tǭ mesǭ tēs gēs katʼ ison, lychnon de meson phainonta amauron meteōroteron tēs lekanēs theis, houtōs ek tēs antanaklaseōs apotelei selēnēn phainesthai dia tou
They show the moon and stars appearing on the ceiling in this way. Fitting a mirror in the middle part of the ceiling, placing a basin full of water in the middle of the floor directly beneath, and placing a dimly shining lamp in the middle, higher than the basin, he thus by reflection makes a moon appear through the
Notes and citation
Summary: A mirror, a basin, and a lamp make a moon appear on the ceiling.
- A word for the ceiling is partly unreadable (marked (??) in the digital text).
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.37.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 104; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-37-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-37-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.37.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 104
κατόπτρου· ἀλλὰ καὶ τύμπανον πολλάκις ὑφʼ ὑψηλοῦ πόρρωθεν ὄρθριον περιβαλὼν ἐσθῆτι τινί, σκεπόμενον ὑπὸ τοῦ συμπαίκτου, ἵνα μὴ πρὸ καιροῦ φανῇ, κατόπιν θεὶς λύχνον, ἐπὰν τὸ σύνθημα παράσχῃ τῷ συμπαίκτῃ, τοσοῦτον ἀφαιρεῖ τοῦ σκεπάσματος, ὅσον ἂν συνεργῆσαι τὸ προςμίμημα κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν τῆς σελήνης τὸ σχῆμα. Χρίει δὲ τὰ διαφαίνοντα τοῦ τυμπάνου μέρη κινναβάρει καὶ κόμμι......
katoptrou; alla kai tympanon pollakis hyphʼ hypsēlou porrōthen orthrion peribalōn esthēti tini, skepomenon hypo tou sympaiktou, hina mē pro kairou phanę̄, katopin theis lychnon, epan to synthēma paraschę̄ tǭ sympaiktę̄, tosouton aphairei tou skepasmatos, hoson an synergēsai to prosmimēma kata ton kairon tēs selēnēs to schēma. Chriei de ta diaphainonta tou tympanou merē kinnabarei kai kommi......
mirror. And often, too, placing a drum high up at a distance at dawn, covering it with some garment, hidden by the accomplice so that it may not appear before the time, and putting a lamp behind it, when he gives the signal to the accomplice, he removes as much of the covering as will help the imitation to match the shape of the moon at that time. He smears the transparent parts of the drum with cinnabar and gum ……
Notes and citation
Summary: A lit drum partly uncovered imitates the phases of the moon.
- The text breaks off, marked "…".
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.37.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 104; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-37-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-37-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.37.3Duncker–Schneidewin, 104
καὶ τῆς ἐτυμολογικῆς δὲ λαγήνου περικόψας τὸν τράχηλον καὶ τὸν πυθμένα, ἐνθεὶς λύχνον καὶ περιθείς τι τῶν ἐπιτηδείων πρὸς τὸ διαυγεῖν σχῆμα, τὰς ἐφʼ ὑψηλοῦ κρύβδην ὑπό τινος σκέπην τις τῶν συμπαικτῶν, μετὰ τὸ λαβεῖν τὸ σύνθημα ἐκ μετεώρου καταχεῖ τὰ μηχανήματα, ὥστε δοκεῖν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ κατιέναι τὴν σελήνην.
kai tēs etymologikēs de lagēnou perikopsas ton trachēlon kai ton pythmena, entheis lychnon kai peritheis ti tōn epitēdeiōn pros to diaugein schēma, tas ephʼ hypsēlou krybdēn hypo tinos skepēn tis tōn sympaiktōn, meta to labein to synthēma ek meteōrou katachei ta mēchanēmata, hōste dokein ex ouranou katienai tēn selēnēn.
and, cutting off the neck and bottom of a … flask, putting a lamp inside and placing around it some shape suited to shine through, one of the accomplices, hidden high up under some cover, after receiving the signal, lets the devices down from aloft, so that the moon seems to come down from heaven.
Textual problem in this passage: see the notes.
Notes and citation
Summary: A lamp in a cut-off flask is lowered to make the moon seem to descend.
- ἐτυμολογικῆς, describing the flask, is corrupt and is not translated.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.37.3 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 104; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-37-3). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-37-3) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.37.4Duncker–Schneidewin, 104–106
Τὸ δὲ ὅμοιον καὶ διὰ χύτρας γίνεται ἐν ὑλώδεσι τόποις. Διὰ δὲ τῆς χύτρας καὶ τὰ κατʼ οἶκον παίζεται. Βωμοῦ γὰρ κειμένου κατόπιν κεῖται ἡ χύτρα ἔχουσα λύχνον φαίνοντα· ὄντων δὲ πλειόνων λύχνων οὐδὲν τοιοῦτον δείκνυται. Ἐπὰν οὖν ἐπικαλέσηται ὁ ἐπαοιδὸς τὴν σελήνην, πάντας κελεύει τοὺς λύχνους σβέννυσθαι, ἕνα δὲ ἀμαυρὸν καταλιπεῖν, καὶ τότε ἀντανακλᾷ τὸ φῶς τὸ ἐκ τῆς χύτρας εἰς τὸν ὄροφον καὶ παρέχει φαντασίαν σελήνης τοῖς παροῦσιν, ἐπισκεπασθέντος τοῦ στόματος τῆς χύτρας πρὸς ὃ ἀπαιτεῖν ὁ καιρὸς δοκεῖ, ὡς μηνοειδῆ δείκνυσθαι ἐν τῷ ὀρόφῳ τὴν φαντασίαν.
To de homoion kai dia chytras ginetai en hylōdesi topois. Dia de tēs chytras kai ta katʼ oikon paizetai. Bōmou gar keimenou katopin keitai hē chytra echousa lychnon phainonta; ontōn de pleionōn lychnōn ouden toiouton deiknytai. Epan oun epikalesētai ho epaoidos tēn selēnēn, pantas keleuei tous lychnous sbennysthai, hena de amauron katalipein, kai tote antanaklą to phōs to ek tēs chytras eis ton orophon kai parechei phantasian selēnēs tois parousin, episkepasthentos tou stomatos tēs chytras pros ho apaitein ho kairos dokei, hōs mēnoeidē deiknysthai en tǭ orophǭ tēn phantasian.
The same is also done by means of a pot in wooded places. The indoor tricks are also played with the pot. An altar is set up, and behind it lies the pot with a shining lamp in it; while there are several lamps, nothing of the kind is shown. So when the enchanter invokes the moon, he orders all the lamps to be put out and one dim one left; and then the light from the pot is reflected onto the ceiling and gives those present the appearance of the moon, the mouth of the pot being covered as the occasion seems to require, so that the appearance on the ceiling is shown crescent-shaped.
Notes and citation
Summary: A lamp in a pot behind an altar throws a crescent moon on the ceiling.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.37.4 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 104–106; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-37-4). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-37-4) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 38
4.38.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 106
Ἀστέρας δὲ εἶναι δοκεῖν ποιοῦσι θρισσῶν ἢ ἱππούρου φολίδες ὕδατι μετὰ κόμμεως δεδευμέναι καὶ προσπεπλασμέναι τῷ ὀρόφῳ κατὰ διαλείμματα.
Asteras de einai dokein poiousi thrissōn ē hippourou pholides hydati meta kommeōs dedeumenai kai prospeplasmenai tǭ orophǭ kata dialeimmata.
They make stars seem to be there with the scales of sprats or of the dolphin-fish, soaked in water with gum and stuck to the ceiling at intervals.
Notes and citation
Summary: Fish scales stuck to the ceiling imitate stars.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.38.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 106; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-38-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-38-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 39
4.39.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 106
Σεισμοῦ δὲ φαντασίαν ποιοῦσιν, ὡς δοκεῖν πάντα κινεῖσθαι, κόπρον ἰχνεύμονος ἅμα τῇ σιδηραγωγούσῃ λίθῳ ἐπʼ ἀνθράκων πυρουμένην...
Seismou de phantasian poiousin, hōs dokein panta kineisthai, kopron ichneumonos hama tę̄ sidēragōgousę̄ lithǭ epʼ anthrakōn pyroumenēn...
They produce the appearance of an earthquake, so that everything seems to move, with ichneumon dung heated on coals together with the magnet stone …
Notes and citation
Summary: A burning mixture gives the illusion of an earthquake.
- The text breaks off, marked "…".
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.39.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 106; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-39-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-39-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 40
4.40.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 106
Ἧπαρ δὲ δοκοῦν ἐγγεγραμμένον δεικνύουσι· τῇ μὲν ἀριστερᾷ χειρὶ ἐπιγράφει ὃ βούλεται πρὸς τὴν πύστιν ἁρμοσάμενος, τὰ δὲ γράμματα κηκῖδι καὶ ὄξει δριμεῖ γράφεται. Ἔπειτα ἀνελόμενος τὸ ἧπαρ ἐπαναπαύσας τῇ ἀριστερᾷ ἐγχρονίζει, τὸ δὲ σπᾷ τὸν τύπον καὶ ὡς γεγράφθαι νομίζεται.
Hēpar de dokoun engegrammenon deiknyousi; tę̄ men aristerą cheiri epigraphei ho bouletai pros tēn pystin harmosamenos, ta de grammata kēkidi kai oxei drimei graphetai. Epeita anelomenos to hēpar epanapausas tę̄ aristerą enchronizei, to de spą ton typon kai hōs gegraphthai nomizetai.
They show a liver that seems to have writing on it. On his left hand he writes what he wishes, fitting it to the question, and the letters are written with oak-gall and sharp vinegar. Then, taking up the liver and resting it on his left hand, he waits a while; it draws the imprint and is thought to have been written on.
Notes and citation
Summary: Writing on a liver is transferred from the magician's hand.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.40.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 106; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-40-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-40-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 41
4.41.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 106
Κρανίον δὲ λαλεῖν ἐπὶ γῆς θέντες ἐπιτελοῦσι τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ· αὐτὸ μὲν πεποίηται ἐπιπλόου βοείου, πεπλασμένον [δὲ] κηρῷ τυρρηνικῷ καὶ γύψῳ ἀναπεποιημένῃ περιτεθέντος τοῦ ὑμένος ἔμφασιν κρανίου ἐνδείκνυται, ὃ πᾶσι λαλεῖν δοκεῖ ἐνεργοῦντος τοῦ ὀργάνου, καθʼ ὃν τρόπον καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς παισὶ διηγησάμεθα· γεράνου ἢ τινὸς τοιούτου μακροτραχήλου ζώου φάρυγγα σκευάσας, προσθεὶς τῷ κρανίῳ λεληθότως ὁ συμπαίκτης ἃ θέλει φθέγγεται. Ὃ ἐπὰν ἀφανὲς γενέσθαι θέλῃ, ἀνθράκων πλῆθος κύκλῳ περιθεὶς ὡς θυμιῶν ἐμφαίνεται, ὧν τῆς θέρμης ὁ κηρὸς ἀντιλαμβανόμενος λύεται, καὶ οὕτως ἀφανὲς τὸ κρανίον γεγονέναι νομίζεται.
Kranion de lalein epi gēs thentes epitelousi toutǭ tǭ tropǭ; auto men pepoiētai epiploou boeiou, peplasmenon [de] kērǭ tyrrēnikǭ kai gypsǭ anapepoiēmenę̄ peritethentos tou hymenos emphasin kraniou endeiknytai, ho pasi lalein dokei energountos tou organou, kathʼ hon tropon kai epi tois paisi diēgēsametha; geranou ē tinos toioutou makrotrachēlou zōou pharynga skeuasas, prostheis tǭ kraniǭ lelēthotōs ho sympaiktēs ha thelei phthengetai. Ho epan aphanes genesthai thelę̄, anthrakōn plēthos kyklǭ peritheis hōs thymiōn emphainetai, hōn tēs thermēs ho kēros antilambanomenos lyetai, kai houtōs aphanes to kranion gegonenai nomizetai.
They make a skull placed on the ground speak in this way. The skull itself is made of an ox's caul, molded [and] with Etruscan wax and prepared gypsum; with the membrane wrapped around it, it gives the appearance of a skull, which seems to all to speak when the instrument is at work, in the way we described in the case of the boys: preparing the windpipe of a crane or some such long-necked animal, the accomplice, fitting it secretly to the skull, utters what he wishes. When he wants it to disappear, he places a heap of coals around it as if burning incense; the wax, catching their heat, melts, and so the skull is thought to have vanished.
Notes and citation
Summary: A talking skull is made of wax and caul, with a hidden speaking tube.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.41.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 106; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-41-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-41-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 42
4.42.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 106
Ταῦτα μάγων ἔργα καὶ τοιάδε μυρία, ἃ τῇ τῶν ἐπῶν συμμετρίᾳ καὶ τῶν ἀξιοπίστως δρωμένων ἔργων φαντασίᾳ πείθει τοὺς ἄφρονας· ὧν τὴν τέχνην καταπλαγέντες οἱ αἱρεσιάρχαι ἐμιμήσαντο, τὸ μὲν ἐν ἀποκρύφῳ καὶ σκότῳ παραδιδόντες τὰ δοκούμενα, τὰ δὲ καὶ παραφράζοντες ὡς ἴδια·
Tauta magōn erga kai toiade myria, ha tę̄ tōn epōn symmetrią kai tōn axiopistōs drōmenōn ergōn phantasią peithei tous aphronas; hōn tēn technēn kataplagentes hoi hairesiarchai emimēsanto, to men en apokryphǭ kai skotǭ paradidontes ta dokoumena, ta de kai paraphrazontes hōs idia;
These are the works of the magi, and countless others like them, which by the symmetry of verses and the appearance of deeds performed convincingly persuade the foolish. The heresiarchs, astonished at their art, imitated it, handing on their supposed doctrines partly in secret and darkness, and partly paraphrasing them as their own.
Notes and citation
Summary: The heresiarchs imitated the magicians' techniques of secrecy and display.
Topics: Heresy
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.42.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 106; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-42-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-42-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.42.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 106
τούτου χάριν ὑπομνῆσαι θέλοντες τοὺς πολλοὺς περιεργότεροι ἐγενήθημεν πρὸς τὸ μὴ καταλιπεῖν τινὰ τόπον τοῖς ἐθέλουσι πλανᾶσθαι· ἀπηνέχθημεν δὲ οὐκ ἀλόγως εἴς τινα τῶν μάγων ἀπόρρητα, ἃ πρὸς μὲν τὸ προκείμενον οὐ πάνυ ἀναγκαῖα ἦν, πρὸς δὲ τὸ φυλάσσεσθαι τὴν τῶν μάγων πανοῦργον καὶ ἀσύστατον τέχνην εὔχρηστα ἐνομίζετο.
toutou charin hypomnēsai thelontes tous pollous periergoteroi egenēthēmen pros to mē katalipein tina topon tois ethelousi planasthai; apēnechthēmen de ouk alogōs eis tina tōn magōn aporrēta, ha pros men to prokeimenon ou pany anankaia ēn, pros de to phylassesthai tēn tōn magōn panourgon kai asystaton technēn euchrēsta enomizeto.
For this reason, wishing to remind the many, we have been rather thorough, so as to leave no room for those who wish to lead astray. Not without reason we were carried off into some of the secrets of the magi, which were not wholly necessary for the matter in hand, but were thought useful for guarding against the knavish and incoherent art of the magi.
Notes and citation
Summary: Hippolytus explains why he has digressed on magic.
Topics: Heresy
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.42.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 106; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-42-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-42-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.42.3Duncker–Schneidewin, 106–108
Ἐπεὶ τοίνυν, ὡς εἰκάσαι ἔστι, τὰς πάντων δόξας ἐξεθέμεθα, πολλὴν φροντίδα ποιήσαντες πρὸς τὸ φανερῶσαι τὰ ὡς ξένα ὑπὸ τῶν αἱρεσιαρχῶν ἐπεισαγόμενα πρὸς θεοσέβειαν ὄντα μάταια καὶ νόθα, οὐδὲ ἐν αὐτοῖς ἴσως ἄξια λόγου τυγχάνοντα, δοκεῖ διὰ συντόμου λόγου ὑπομνησθῆναι κεφαλαιωδῶς τὰ προειρημένα.
Epei toinyn, hōs eikasai esti, tas pantōn doxas exethemetha, pollēn phrontida poiēsantes pros to phanerōsai ta hōs xena hypo tōn hairesiarchōn epeisagomena pros theosebeian onta mataia kai notha, oude en autois isōs axia logou tynchanonta, dokei dia syntomou logou hypomnēsthēnai kephalaiōdōs ta proeirēmena.
Since, then, as far as can be judged, we have set out the opinions of all, taking great care to make plain that what the heresiarchs bring in as though new for the worship of God is vain and spurious, and perhaps not even worth account among themselves, it seems best to recall briefly and in summary what has been said before.
Notes and citation
Summary: Hippolytus proposes to summarize what he has shown so far.
Topics: Heresy
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.42.3 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 106–108; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-42-3). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-42-3) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 43
4.43.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 108
Πᾶσι τοῖς κατὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην φιλοσόφοις καὶ θεολόγοις ζητήσασιν οὐ συνεφώνησε περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ, τί ἐστιν ἢ ποδαπός. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ αὐτὸν λέγουσιν εἶναι πῦρ, οἱ δὲ πνεῦμα, οἱ δὲ ὕδωρ, ἕτεροι δὲ γῆν. Ἕκαστον δὲ τῶν στοιχείων ἔλαττόν τι ἔχει καὶ ἕτερον ὑπὸ τοῦ ἑτέρου ἡττᾶται.
Pasi tois kata tēn oikoumenēn philosophois kai theologois zētēsasin ou synephōnēse peri tou theou, ti estin ē podapos. Hoi men gar auton legousin einai pyr, hoi de pneuma, hoi de hydōr, heteroi de gēn. Hekaston de tōn stoicheiōn elatton ti echei kai heteron hypo tou heterou hēttatai.
All the philosophers and theologians throughout the world who inquired did not agree about God, what or of what kind he is. Some say he is fire, others spirit, others water, others earth. But each of the elements has some deficiency, and one is defeated by another.
Notes and citation
Summary: The philosophers disagreed about God, identifying him with one or another element.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.43.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 108; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-43-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-43-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.43.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 108
Τοῦτο δὲ συνέβη τοῖς τοῦ κόσμου σοφοῖς, ὅπερ ἐστὶ τοῖς νοῦν ἔχουσι πρόδηλον, ὅτι ἰδόντες τῆς κτίσεως τὰ μεγέθη ἐπὶ τῇ τῶν ὄντων οὐσίᾳ ἐταράχθησαν, μείζονα ταῦτα νομίσαντες τοῦ ὑφʼ ἑτέρου γένεσιν ἐπιδέξασθαι δύνασθαι, καὶ οὐδὲ ὁμοῦ τὸ σύμπαν αὐτὸ εἶναι τὸν θεόν. Ἀπέφηναν δὲ τὸ αἴτιον πρὸς θεολογίαν ἓν τῶν βλεπομένων, νομίσας τις ὅπερ ἔκρινε, καὶ οὕτως ἐπὶ τοῖς ὑπὸ θεοῦ γενομένοις καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἐκείνου ὑπερβάλλουσαν μεγαλειότητα ἐλαχίστοις ὑπάρχουσιν ἐνιδόντες, μὴ δυνηθέντες δὲ εἰς τὸ μέγεθος τοῦ ὄντως θεοῦ ἐκτεῖναι τὸν νοῦν, ταῦτα ἐθεολόγησαν.
Touto de synebē tois tou kosmou sophois, hoper esti tois noun echousi prodēlon, hoti idontes tēs ktiseōs ta megethē epi tę̄ tōn ontōn ousią etarachthēsan, meizona tauta nomisantes tou hyphʼ heterou genesin epidexasthai dynasthai, kai oude homou to sympan auto einai ton theon. Apephēnan de to aition pros theologian hen tōn blepomenōn, nomisas tis hoper ekrine, kai houtōs epi tois hypo theou genomenois kai kata tēn ekeinou hyperballousan megaleiotēta elachistois hyparchousin enidontes, mē dynēthentes de eis to megethos tou ontōs theou ekteinai ton noun, tauta etheologēsan.
This befell the wise men of the world, as is plain to those who have understanding: seeing the greatness of creation, they were confounded about the substance of existing things, thinking them too great to have received their origin from another, and yet not that the whole together is God. They declared one of the visible things to be the cause, for purposes of theology, each thinking so of what he judged; and so, gazing at the things made by God, which are least in comparison with his surpassing majesty, and unable to stretch their mind to the greatness of the true God, they made these into gods.
Rom 1:20 (echo, medium confidence) · Rom 1:25 (echo, medium confidence)
Notes and citation
Summary: Overawed by creation, the philosophers took parts of it for God and could not reach the true God.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.43.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 108; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-43-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-43-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.43.3Duncker–Schneidewin, 108
Οἱ δὲ ἐνδοτέρω τῆς ἀληθείας νομίσαντες γεγονέναι Πέρσαι ἔφασαν τὸν θεὸν εἶναι φωτεινόν, φῶς ἐν ἀέρι συνεχόμενον.
Hoi de endoterō tēs alētheias nomisantes gegonenai Persai ephasan ton theon einai phōteinon, phōs en aeri synechomenon.
The Persians, thinking they had got further inside the truth, said that God is luminous, light held together in air.
Notes and citation
Summary: The Persians said God is light.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.43.3 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 108; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-43-3). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-43-3) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.43.4Duncker–Schneidewin, 108
Οἱ δὲ Βαβυλώνιοι ἔφασαν τὸν θεὸν σκοτεινὸν εἶναι, ὅπερ καὶ αὐτὸ τοῦ ἑτέρου ἐπακολούθημα φαίνεται· νυκτὶ γὰρ ἐπακολουθεῖ ἡμέρα, τῇ δὲ ἡμέρᾳ νύξ. Αἰγύπτιοι δὲ πάντων ἀρχαιότεροι εἶναι νομίζοντες τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ δύναμιν...
Hoi de Babylōnioi ephasan ton theon skoteinon einai, hoper kai auto tou heterou epakolouthēma phainetai; nykti gar epakolouthei hēmera, tę̄ de hēmerą nyx. Aigyptioi de pantōn archaioteroi einai nomizontes tēn tou theou dynamin...
The Babylonians said that God is dark, which itself also appears to be a consequence of the other; for day follows night and night follows day. The Egyptians, thinking themselves more ancient than all, the power of God …
Notes and citation
Summary: The Babylonians called God darkness; the Egyptians' view follows.
- The text breaks off, marked "…".
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.43.4 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 108; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-43-4). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-43-4) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.43.5Duncker–Schneidewin, 108
ψηφίσαντες τάδε διαστήματα τῶν μοιρῶν ἐξ ἐπιπνοίας θειοτάτης ἔφασαν τὸν θεὸν εἶναι μονάδα ἀδιαίρετον καὶ αὐτὴν ἑαυτὴν γεννῶσαν καὶ ἐξ αὐτῆς τὰ πάντα κατεσκευάσθαι· αὕτη γάρ, φησιν, ἀγέννητος οὖσα τοὺς ἑξῆς ἀριθμοὺς γεννᾷ, οἷον ἐφʼ ἑαυτὴν ἡ μονὰς ἐπιπροστεθεῖσα γεννᾷ τὴν δυάδα καὶ ὁμοίως ἐπιπροστιθεμένη γεννᾷ τὴν τριάδα καὶ τετράδα μέχρι τῆς δεκάδος, ἥτις ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀριθμῶν, ἵνα γένηται πρώτη καὶ δεκάτη ἡ μονὰς διὰ τὸ καὶ τὴν δεκάδα ἰσοδυναμεῖν καὶ ἀριθμεῖσθαι εἰς μονάδα,
psēphisantes tade diastēmata tōn moirōn ex epipnoias theiotatēs ephasan ton theon einai monada adiaireton kai autēn heautēn gennōsan kai ex autēs ta panta kateskeuasthai; hautē gar, phēsin, agennētos ousa tous hexēs arithmous genną, hoion ephʼ heautēn hē monas epiprostetheisa genną tēn dyada kai homoiōs epiprostithemenē genną tēn triada kai tetrada mechri tēs dekados, hētis archē kai to telos tōn arithmōn, hina genētai prōtē kai dekatē hē monas dia to kai tēn dekada isodynamein kai arithmeisthai eis monada,
reckoning these intervals of the degrees by a most divine inspiration, said that God is an indivisible monad, begetting itself, and that from it all things were constructed. For this, he says, being unbegotten, begets the numbers that follow; for example, the monad added to itself begets the dyad, and likewise, added on, begets the triad and the tetrad, up to the decad, which is the beginning and end of the numbers, so that the monad becomes first and tenth, because the decad also has equal value and is counted as a monad;
Notes and citation
Summary: The Egyptians held that God is a self-begotten unity from which all numbers and things come.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.43.5 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 108; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-43-5). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-43-5) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.43.6Duncker–Schneidewin, 108–110
καὶ αὕτη δεκαπλασιασθεῖσα γένηται ἑκατοντάς· καὶ πάλιν γίνεται μονάς, καὶ ἡ ἑκατοντὰς δεκαπλασιασθεῖσα ποιήσει χιλιάδα, καὶ αὕτη ἔσται μονάς· οὕτως καὶ τὰ χίλια δεκαπλασιασθέντα ἂν ἀπαρτίσωσι τὴν μυριάδα, ὁμοίως ἔσται μονάς. Τῆς δὲ μονάδος κατὰ τὴν ἀδιαίρετον σύγκρισιν συγγενεῖς ἀριθμοὶ παραλαμβάνονται (??).
kai hautē dekaplasiastheisa genētai hekatontas; kai palin ginetai monas, kai hē hekatontas dekaplasiastheisa poiēsei chiliada, kai hautē estai monas; houtōs kai ta chilia dekaplasiasthenta an apartisōsi tēn myriada, homoiōs estai monas. Tēs de monados kata tēn adiaireton synkrisin syngeneis arithmoi paralambanontai (??).
and this, multiplied tenfold, becomes a hundred, and again becomes a monad; and the hundred multiplied tenfold will make a thousand, and this will be a monad; so too the thousand multiplied tenfold, if they complete the myriad, will likewise be a monad. Numbers akin to the monad by indivisible comparison are taken: ….
Notes and citation
Summary: Ten, a hundred, a thousand, and ten thousand all count as a unity.
- The numbers at the end could not be read by the digitizers (marked (??) in the digital text).
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.43.6 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 108–110; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-43-6). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-43-6) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.43.7Duncker–Schneidewin, 110
Ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἑτέρου ἀριθμοῦ συγγένεια πρὸς τὴν μονάδα φυσικωτέρα κατὰ τὴν τοῦ ἑξακύκλου ἕλικος πραγματείαν, τῆς δυάδος κατὰ τὴν ἄρτιον θέσιν τῶν ἀριθμῶν καὶ διαίρεσιν.
Esti de kai heterou arithmou syngeneia pros tēn monada physikōtera kata tēn tou hexakyklou helikos pragmateian, tēs dyados kata tēn artion thesin tōn arithmōn kai diairesin.
There is also the more natural kinship of another number to the monad according to the treatise of the six-circled spiral, that of the dyad according to the even position and division of numbers.
Notes and citation
Summary: The dyad too has a kinship with the monad.
- The sense of this sentence is obscure.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.43.7 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 110; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-43-7). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-43-7) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.43.8Duncker–Schneidewin, 110
Συγγενὴς δὲ ὁ ἀριθμός ἐστι τοῦ (??) καὶ (??). Ταῦτα δὲ ἐκ τῆς μονάδος ἀριθμὸν λαβόντα πρόνοιαν ἀρετῆς ἐχώρησε μέχρι τῶν (??) στοιχείων, λέγω δὴ τοῦ πνεύματος καὶ πυρὸς ὕδατός τε καὶ γῆς· καὶ ἐκ τούτων ποιήσας τὸν κόσμον ἀρρενόθηλυν αὐτὸν κατεσκεύασε, καὶ δύο μὲν στοιχεῖα εἰς τὸ ἄνω ἡμισφαίριον προσέταξε τό τε πνεῦμα καὶ τὸ πῦρ, καὶ καλεῖται τοῦτο τὸ ἡμισφαίριον τῆς μονάδος ἀγαθοποιόν τε καὶ ἀνωφερὲς καὶ ἀρσενικόν·
Syngenēs de ho arithmos esti tou (??) kai (??). Tauta de ek tēs monados arithmon labonta pronoian aretēs echōrēse mechri tōn (??) stoicheiōn, legō dē tou pneumatos kai pyros hydatos te kai gēs; kai ek toutōn poiēsas ton kosmon arrenothēlyn auton kateskeuase, kai dyo men stoicheia eis to anō hēmisphairion prosetaxe to te pneuma kai to pyr, kai kaleitai touto to hēmisphairion tēs monados agathopoion te kai anōpheres kai arsenikon;
The number of … and … is akin. These, taking number from the monad, advanced in providence of virtue up to the … elements, I mean spirit and fire, water and earth; and making the world from these he constructed it male-female; and he assigned two elements to the upper hemisphere, spirit and fire, and this hemisphere of the monad is called beneficent, upward-tending, and masculine;
Notes and citation
Summary: From the unity came the four elements; the upper hemisphere of spirit and fire is male and beneficent.
- Numbers could not be read by the digitizers (marked (??) in the digital text); the missing number of elements is evidently four.
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (stray comma in the digital text): προσέταξε τό, τε πνεῦμα → προσέταξε τό τε πνεῦμα.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.43.8 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 110; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-43-8). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-43-8) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.43.9Duncker–Schneidewin, 110
λεπτομερὴς γὰρ οὖσα ἡ μονὰς ποτᾶται εἰς τὸ λεπτότατον μέρος καὶ καθαρώτατον τοῦ αἰθέρος· τά τε ἄλλα δύο στοιχεῖα ὄντα παχύτερα ἀπένειμεν τῇ δυάδι, γῆν τε καὶ ὕδωρ, καὶ καλεῖται τοῦτο τὸ ἡμισφαίριον κατωφερὲς θηλυκόν τε καὶ κακοποιόν· καὶ αὐτὰ δὲ πάλιν τὰ ἄνω δύο στοιχεῖα ἑαυτοῖς συγκρινόμενα ἔχουσιν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς τὸ ἄρρεν καὶ τὸ θῆλυ πρὸς εὐκαρπίαν καὶ αὔξησιν τῶν ὅλων.
leptomerēs gar ousa hē monas potatai eis to leptotaton meros kai katharōtaton tou aitheros; ta te alla dyo stoicheia onta pachytera apeneimen tę̄ dyadi, gēn te kai hydōr, kai kaleitai touto to hēmisphairion katōpheres thēlykon te kai kakopoion; kai auta de palin ta anō dyo stoicheia heautois synkrinomena echousin en heautois to arren kai to thēly pros eukarpian kai auxēsin tōn holōn.
for the monad, being fine in its parts, flies to the finest and purest part of the ether; and the other two elements, being thicker, earth and water, he assigned to the dyad, and this hemisphere is called downward-tending, feminine, and maleficent. And again, the upper two elements themselves, compared with each other, have in themselves the male and the female for the fruitfulness and increase of all things.
Notes and citation
Summary: The lower hemisphere of earth and water is female and maleficent; each pair has male and female.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.43.9 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 110; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-43-9). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-43-9) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.43.10Duncker–Schneidewin, 110
Καὶ τὸ μὲν πῦρ ἄρρεν ἐστί, τὸ δὲ πνεῦμα θῆλυ· καὶ πάλιν τὸ ὕδωρ ἄρρεν ἐστιν, ἡ δὲ γῆ θῆλυ. Καὶ οὕτως ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς συνεβίωσε τὸ πῦρ τῷ πνεύματι, τῇ δὲ γῇ τὸ ὕδωρ. Ὥσπερ γὰρ δύναμις τοῦ πνεύματος ἐστὶ τὸ πῦρ, οὕτως καὶ τῆς γῆς τὸ ὕδωρ....
Kai to men pyr arren esti, to de pneuma thēly; kai palin to hydōr arren estin, hē de gē thēly. Kai houtōs apʼ archēs synebiōse to pyr tǭ pneumati, tę̄ de gę̄ to hydōr. Hōsper gar dynamis tou pneumatos esti to pyr, houtōs kai tēs gēs to hydōr....
Fire is male, and spirit female; and again, water is male and earth female. And so from the beginning fire lived together with spirit, and water with earth. For as fire is the power of spirit, so water is the power of earth ….
Notes and citation
Summary: Fire and water are male, spirit and earth female.
- The text breaks off, marked "…".
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.43.10 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 110; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-43-10). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-43-10) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.43.11Duncker–Schneidewin, 110
καὶ αὐτὰ δὲ τὰ στοιχεῖα ψηφιζόμενα καὶ ἀναλυόμενα καθʼ ὑφαίρεσιν ἐννεάδων λήγει οἰκείως, ἃ μὲν εἰς τὸν ἀρρενικὸν ἀριθμὸν, ἃ δὲ εἰς τὸν θηλυκόν· ὑφαιρεῖται δὲ πάλιν ἡ ἐννὰς διὰ ταύτην τὴν αἰτίαν, διὰ τὸ τὰς τριακοσίας ἑξήκοντα τοῦ ὅλου μοίρας ἐξ ἐννεάδων συνίστασθαι καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τὰ τέτταρα πλινθία τοῦ κόσμου ἐνενήκοντα μοιρῶν περιγεγράφθαι τελείων·
kai auta de ta stoicheia psēphizomena kai analyomena kathʼ hyphairesin enneadōn lēgei oikeiōs, ha men eis ton arrenikon arithmon, ha de eis ton thēlykon; hyphaireitai de palin hē ennas dia tautēn tēn aitian, dia to tas triakosias hexēkonta tou holou moiras ex enneadōn synistasthai kai dia touto ta tettara plinthia tou kosmou enenēkonta moirōn perigegraphthai teleiōn;
and the elements themselves, reckoned and reduced by subtracting nines, end fittingly, some in the male number and some in the female. The nine, again, is subtracted for this reason, that the three hundred and sixty degrees of the whole are composed of nines, and for this reason the four quarters of the world are marked out by ninety complete degrees;
Notes and citation
Summary: The elements' number values are reduced by nines, since the circle of 360 degrees is made of nines.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.43.11 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 110; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-43-11). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-43-11) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.43.12Duncker–Schneidewin, 110–112
προσῳκείωται δὲ τῇ μονάδι τὸ φῶς, τῇ δὲ δυάδι τὸ σκότος, καὶ τῷ μὲν φωτὶ κατὰ φύσιν ἡ ζωή, τῇ δὲ δυάδι ὁ θάνατος· καὶ τῇ μὲν ζωῇ ἡ δικαιοσύνη, τῷ δὲ θανάτῳ ἡ ἀδικία.
prosǭkeiōtai de tę̄ monadi to phōs, tę̄ de dyadi to skotos, kai tǭ men phōti kata physin hē zōē, tę̄ de dyadi ho thanatos; kai tę̄ men zōę̄ hē dikaiosynē, tǭ de thanatǭ hē adikia.
light is assigned to the monad and darkness to the dyad; and to light by nature life, to the dyad death; and to life justice, to death injustice.
Notes and citation
Summary: Light, life, and justice belong to the unity; darkness, death, and injustice to the dyad.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.43.12 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 110–112; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-43-12). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-43-12) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.43.13Duncker–Schneidewin, 112
Διὸ πᾶν γεννώμενον ἐν τοῖς ἀρσενικοῖς ἀριθμοῖς ἀγαθοποιόν ἐστι, τὸ δὲ ἐν τοῖς θηλυκοῖς κακοποιόν ἐστιν, οἷον ψηφίζουσι· μονάς, ἵνα ἀπʼ αὐτῆς ἀρξώμεθα, γίνεται (??), ἃ λήγει εἰς μονάδα τῆς ἐννεάδος ὑφαιρεθείσης. Ὁμοίως ψήφισον· δυὰς γίνεται (??), ὕφελε τὰς ἐννεάδας, λήγει εἰς δυάδα, καὶ ἀποκαθίσταται ἕκαστον εἰς τὸ ἴδιον.
Dio pan gennōmenon en tois arsenikois arithmois agathopoion esti, to de en tois thēlykois kakopoion estin, hoion psēphizousi; monas, hina apʼ autēs arxōmetha, ginetai (??), ha lēgei eis monada tēs enneados hyphairetheisēs. Homoiōs psēphison; dyas ginetai (??), hyphele tas enneadas, lēgei eis dyada, kai apokathistatai hekaston eis to idion.
Therefore everything born under the male numbers is beneficent, and what is under the female is maleficent. For example, they reckon thus: monad, to begin from it, becomes …, which ends in a monad when the nine is subtracted. Likewise reckon: dyad becomes …; subtract the nines, it ends in a dyad; and each is restored to its own.
Notes and citation
Summary: Names reckoned by number reduce to male or female values.
- The numbers could not be read by the digitizers (marked (??) in the digital text).
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.43.13 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 112; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-43-13). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-43-13) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
item 4, chapter 44
4.44.1Duncker–Schneidewin, 112
Τῇ οὖν μονάδι ἀγαθοποιῷ οὔσῃ εἰς τὸν ἀπερίζυγον ἀριθμὸν λήγοντα ὀνόματα ἀνωφερῆ ἀγαθοποιὰ εἶναι παρατηρούμενοι λέγουσι· τὰ δὲ εἰς τὸν ἄρτιον ἀριθμὸν λήγοντα κατωφερῆ τε καὶ θηλυκὰ καὶ κακοποιὰ εἶναι νενόμισται. Τὴν γὰρ φύσιν ἐξ ἐναντίων συνισταμένην λέγουσιν ἔκ τε καλοῦ καὶ κακοῦ, ὥσπερ δεξιὸν καὶ ἀριστερόν, φῶς καὶ σκότος, νὺξ καὶ ἡμέρα, ζωὴ καὶ θάνατος.
Tę̄ oun monadi agathopoiǭ ousę̄ eis ton aperizygon arithmon lēgonta onomata anōpherē agathopoia einai paratēroumenoi legousi; ta de eis ton artion arithmon lēgonta katōpherē te kai thēlyka kai kakopoia einai nenomistai. Tēn gar physin ex enantiōn synistamenēn legousin ek te kalou kai kakou, hōsper dexion kai aristeron, phōs kai skotos, nyx kai hēmera, zōē kai thanatos.
So, since the monad is beneficent, they say, from observation, that names ending in the odd number are upward-tending and beneficent; and those ending in the even number are held to be downward-tending, feminine, and maleficent. For they say nature is composed of opposites, of good and bad, like right and left, light and darkness, night and day, life and death.
Notes and citation
Summary: Names with odd values are counted lucky, even ones unlucky.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.44.1 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 112; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-44-1). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-44-1) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.44.2Duncker–Schneidewin, 112
Ἔτι δὲ καὶ τοῦτο λέγουσιν ὡσεὶ τὸ θεὸς ψηφίσας... καὶ μὴν εἰς πεντάδα, εἰς ἐννάδα καταντᾷ, ὅ ἐστιν ἄρτιον, ὃ ἐπιγραφὲν περιάψαντες θεραπεύουσιν. Οὑτωσὶ καὶ βοτάνη τις εἰς τοῦτο λήγουσα τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ ὁμοίως περιαφθεῖσα ἐνεργεῖ διὰ τὴν ὁμοίαν τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ ψῆφον.
Eti de kai touto legousin hōsei to theos psēphisas... kai mēn eis pentada, eis ennada katantą, ho estin artion, ho epigraphen periapsantes therapeuousin. Houtōsi kai botanē tis eis touto lēgousa tou arithmou homoiōs periaphtheisa energei dia tēn homoian tou arithmou psēphon.
They say this too: as if, reckoning the word "God" … and indeed to five, it comes to nine, which is even; and writing it and hanging it on as an amulet they heal. So too a certain herb whose number ends in this, likewise hung on, is effective because of the like reckoning of the number.
Textual problem in this passage: see the notes.
Notes and citation
Summary: Amulets and herbs are chosen for their number values.
- The text is damaged, marked "…"; the argument (calling nine "even") is confused as transmitted.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.44.2 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 112; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-44-2). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-44-2) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.
4.44.3Duncker–Schneidewin, 112
Ἀλλὰ καὶ ἰατρὸς ὁμοίᾳ ψήφῳ ἀρρώστους θεραπεύει· εἰ δὲ ἐναντία ἡ ψῆφος, οὐ θεραπεύει ῥᾳδίως. Τούτοις τοῖς ἀριθμοῖς προσέχοντες ὅσα ὅμοια ᾖ λογίζονται κατὰ τόνδε τὸν νοῦν οἱ μὲν κατὰ φωνήεντα μόνα, οἱ δὲ κατὰ πάντα τὸν ἀριθμόν· τοιαύτη καὶ ἡ Αἰγυπτίων σοφία, διʼ ἧς τὸ θεῖον δοξάζοντες γινώσκειν νομίζουσιν.
Alla kai iatros homoią psēphǭ arrōstous therapeuei; ei de enantia hē psēphos, ou therapeuei rhądiōs. Toutois tois arithmois prosechontes hosa homoia ę̄ logizontai kata tonde ton noun hoi men kata phōnēenta mona, hoi de kata panta ton arithmon; toiautē kai hē Aigyptiōn sophia, diʼ hēs to theion doxazontes ginōskein nomizousin.
And a physician heals the sick by a like reckoning; if the reckoning is contrary, he does not heal easily. Attending to these numbers, they reckon whatever is alike in this sense, some by vowels only, others by the whole number. Such is the wisdom of the Egyptians too, by which, glorifying the divine, they think they know it.
Notes and citation
Summary: Egyptian number lore was even applied to healing.
Cite (SBL): Hippolytus, Haer. 4.44.3 (Duncker–Schneidewin, 112; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/hippolytus-refutatio/4-18-1/#p-4-44-3). (abbreviation not yet checked)
BibTeX · RIS (whole work; this passage's key: sophiascriptura-hippolytus-refutatio-4-44-3) · Report an error
Translation: Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Duncker–Schneidewin; made independently of existing English translations.