Letters 33.1–35.2

Latin text: Hilberg, CSEL 54–56 (Latin text: Isidor Hilberg (CSEL 54–56, 1910–1918), digitized by Open Greek and Latin, University of Leipzig (csel-dev), CC BY-SA 4.0).English: Claude (claude-opus-5-5), public domain (CC0). Compare: Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, series 2, vol. 6 (1893).

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Chapter 33

33.1CSEL 54:253–254

Marcum Terentium Varronem miratur antiquitas, quod apud Latinos tam innumerabiles libros scripserit. Graeci Chalcenterum miris efferunt laudibus, quod tantos libros conposuerit, quantos quiuis nostrum alienos sua manu describere non potest. et quia nunc otiosum est apud Latinos Graecorum uoluminum indicem texere, de eo, qui Latine scripsit, aliqua commemorabo, ut intellegamus nos Epimenidis dormire somnum et studium, quod illi posuerunt in eruditione saecularium litterarum, in congregandis opibus ponere.

Antiquity admires Marcus Terentius Varro because he wrote so many books among the Latins. The Greeks extol Chalcenterus with wonderful praise because he composed as many books as any of us cannot copy out by hand from others' works. And since it is idle now to weave a list of Greek volumes for Latins, I will mention a few things about the one who wrote in Latin, so that we may understand that we are sleeping the sleep of Epimenides, and putting into amassing wealth the zeal that they put into learning secular letters.

Notes and citation

Summary: Jerome begins a comparison of the prolific Varro and Didymus with Origen, contrasting their zeal with the greed of his own day.

  • This letter survives only in part. Chalcenterus ("brazen-guts") is the Alexandrian scholar Didymus (1st century BC). Epimenides was said to have slept for fifty-seven years.

Extrabiblical texts: Epimenides (Epimenides (fragments); allusion); Varro (Varro; allusion)

Cite (SBL): Jerome, Ep. 33.1 (CSEL 54:253–254; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/jerome-epistulae/33-1/#p-33-1).

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Translation: Translated by Claude from Hilberg's Latin text (CSEL 54–56, 1910–1918); compared afterwards with the NPNF² 6 translation (Fremantle, 1893) where it translates a letter in full, and otherwise re-read against the Latin.

33.2CSEL 54:254–255

Scripsit igitur Varro XLV libros Antiquitatum, IIII De uita populi Romani, Imaginum XV, Aofiatoptxwv LXXVI, De lingua Latina XXV, Disciplinarum VIIII, De sermone Latino V, Quaestionum Plautinarum V, Annalium III, De origine linguae Latinae III, De poematis III, De originibus scaenicis III, De scaenicis actionibus III, De actis scaenicis III, De descriptionibus III, De proprietate scriptorum III, De bibliothecis III, De lectionibus III, De similitudine uerborum III, Legationum III, Suasionum III, De Pompeio III, Singulares X, De personis III, De iure ciuili XV, Emofirjv Antiquitatum ex libris XLII libros VIIII, Επιτομὴν ex Imaginum libris XV libros IIII, Επιτομὴν de lingua Latina ex libris XV libros VIIII, De principiis numerorum libros VIIII, Rerum rusticarum libros III, De ualetudine tuenda librum I, De sua uita libros III, De forma philosophiae libros III, Rerum urbanarum libros III, Satirarum Menippearum libros CL, Poematum libros X, Orationum libros XXII, Pseudotragoediarum libros VI, Satirarum libros IIII et alia plurima, quae enumerare longum est. uix medium descripsi indicem et legentibus fastidium est.

Varro, then, wrote forty-five books of Antiquities; four On the Life of the Roman People; fifteen of Portraits; seventy-six of Logistorici; twenty-five On the Latin Language; nine of Disciplines; five On Latin Speech; five of Plautine Questions; three of Annals; three On the Origin of the Latin Language; three On Poems; three On Stage Origins; three On Stage Performances; three On Stage Acts; three On Descriptions; three On the Propriety of Writers; three On Libraries; three On Readings; three On the Likeness of Words; three of Embassies; three of Persuasions; three On Pompey; ten Single Books; three On Persons; fifteen On Civil Law; an Epitome of the Antiquities from forty-two books, in nine books; an Epitome of the Portraits from fifteen books, in four books; an Epitome On the Latin Language from fifteen books, in nine books; nine books On the Principles of Numbers; three books On Country Matters; one book On Keeping Health; three books On His Own Life; three books On the Form of Philosophy; three books On City Matters; a hundred and fifty books of Menippean Satires; ten books of Poems; twenty-two books of Speeches; six books of Pseudo-tragedies; four books of Satires; and very many others, which it would take long to list. I have copied barely half the list, and readers are already bored.

Notes and citation

Summary: Jerome lists the many works of Varro.

  • Some Greek titles (Logistorici, Epitome) are garbled in the digital text. The numbers are given as printed.

Notes on the original text

  • Digital text corrected (OCR u for n; stray mark): Sa.tirarum → Satirarum; descripsi iudicem → descripsi indicem.

Extrabiblical texts: Varro (Varro; allusion)

Cite (SBL): Jerome, Ep. 33.2 (CSEL 54:254–255; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/jerome-epistulae/33-1/#p-33-2).

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Translation: Translated by Claude from Hilberg's Latin text (CSEL 54–56, 1910–1918); compared afterwards with the NPNF² 6 translation (Fremantle, 1893) where it translates a letter in full, and otherwise re-read against the Latin.

33.3CSEL 54:255

At e contrario nostra saecula habent homines eruditos sciuntque, pisces in quo gurgite nati sint, quae concha in quo litore creuerit. de turdorum saliuis non ambigimus, Paxamus et Apicius semper in manibus, oculi ad hereditates, sensus ad patinas et, si quis de philosophis uel de Christianis, qui uere philosophi sunt, trito pallio et sordida tunica lectioni uacauerit, quasi uesanus exploditur.

But on the contrary our age has learned men who know in what pool fish were bred and on what shore a shellfish grew. We are in no doubt about the flavors of thrushes; Paxamus and Apicius are always in our hands; our eyes are on inheritances, our minds on dishes; and if anyone of the philosophers, or of the Christians, who are the true philosophers, gives himself to reading in a worn cloak and a dirty tunic, he is hissed off as if mad.

Notes and citation

Summary: Jerome satirizes the learned men of his time, expert in delicacies and inheritances but scornful of true study.

  • Paxamus and Apicius wrote on cookery.

Topics: Ethics

Cite (SBL): Jerome, Ep. 33.3 (CSEL 54:255; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/jerome-epistulae/33-1/#p-33-3).

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Translation: Translated by Claude from Hilberg's Latin text (CSEL 54–56, 1910–1918); compared afterwards with the NPNF² 6 translation (Fremantle, 1893) where it translates a letter in full, and otherwise re-read against the Latin.

33.4CSEL 54:255–259

Quorsum Varronis et Chalcenteri mentio facta sit, quaeritis? uidelicet, ut ad Adamantium nostrum nostrumque Chalcenterum ueniamus, qui tanto in sanctarum scripturarum commentariis sudore laborauit, ut iuste adamantis nomen acceperit. uultis nosse, quanta ingenii sui reliquerit monimenta? sequens titulus ostendet: scripsit In Genesim libros XIII, Mistarum omeliarum libros II, In Exodum excerpta, In Leuiticum excerpta, Stromatum libros X, In Isaiam libros XXXVI, item In Isaiam excerpta, In Osee de Effraim librum I, In Osee commentarium, In Iohel libros II, In Amos libros VI, In Ionam librum I, In Micheam libros III, In Naum libros II, In Abacuc libros III, In Sophoniam libros II, In Aggeum librum I, In principio Zachariae libros II, In Malachiam libros II, In Hiezechiel libros XXVIUI, Excerpta in Psalmos a primo usque ad quintum decimum; rursum In Psalmo primo librum I, In secundo librum I, In tertio librum I, In quarto-librum I, In quinto librum I, In VI° librum I, In VIIO librum I, In VIII° librum I, In VIlHo librum I, In X° librum 1, In XIo librum I, In XII° librum I, In X;UĮo librum I, In XIIIIO librum I, In XV° librum I, In XVI° librum I, In XX" librum I, In XXIIIF librum I, In XXVIIIIO librum I, In XXXVIIIO librum I, In XL° librum I, In XLIir libros II, In XLIIIIO libros III, In XLV° librum I, In XLVl0 librum I, In LO libros II, In LI° librum I, In LII° librum I, In LIIIO librum I, In LVII° librum I, In LVIIIO librum I, In LVIIIIO librum I, In LXIIO librum I, In LXIIIO librum I, In LXIIII° librum I, In LXV° librum I, In LXVIIIO librum I, In LXX° librum I, In LXXI° librum I, In principio LXXmi IIdi librum I, In CIlIo libros II; In Prouerbia libros III, In Ecclesiasten excerpta, In Canticum Canticorum libros X et alios tomos II, quos super scripsit in adulescentia, In Lamentationes Hieremiae tomos V, item Monobibla, Periarchon libros IIII, De resurrectione libros II et alios De resurrectione dialogos II, De Prouerbiorum quibusdam quaestionibus librum I, Dialogum aduersus Candidum Valentinianum, De martyrio librum; de nouo testamento: In Matheum libros XXV, In Iohannem libros XXXII, In partes quasdam Iohannis excerptorum librum I, In Lucam libros XV, In epistulam Pauli apostoli ad Romanos libros XV, In epistulam ad Galatas libros XV, In epistulam ad Ephesios libros III, In epistulam ad Philippenses librum I, In epistulam ad Colossenses libros II, In epistula ad Thessalonicenses Plibros III, In epistula ad ThessalonicensesIP librum I, In epistula ad Titum librum I, In epistula ad Philemonem librum I; rursus omeliarum in uetus testamentum: In Genesi omeliae XVII, In Exodo omeliae VIII, In Leuitico omeliae XI, In Numeris omeliae XXVIII, In Deuteronomio omeliae XlII, In Iesu Naue omeliae XXVI, In libro Iudicum omeliae VIIII, De pascha omeliae VIII, In primo Regnorum libro omeliae IIII, In Iob omeliae XXII, In Paroemias omeliae VII, In Ecclesiasten omeliae VIII, In Cantico Canticorum omeliae II, In Isaiam omeliae XXXII, In Hieremiam omeliae XlIII, In Hiezechiel omeliae XII; de Psalmis: In Psalmo III0 omelia I, In 1111° omelia I, In VIII° omelia I, In xno omelia I, In XIII° omelia I, In XV° omeliae III, In XVI° omelia I, In XVIIIO omelia I, In XXII° omelia I, In XXII1° omelia I, In XXIlIIo omelia I, In XXV° omelia I, In XXVI° omelia I, In XXVIIO omelia 1, In XXXVI° omeliae V, In XXXVII° ome-liae II, In XXXVIIIO omeliae II, In XXXVIIII° omeliae II, In XLVIIIIO omelia I, In Ll° omelia I, In LII° omeliae II, In LIllI ° omelia I, In LXVII° omeliae VII, In LXX1° omeliae II, In LXXII° omeliae III, In LXXIII° omeliae III, In LXXIIll0 omelia I, In LXXV ° omelia I, In LXXVI° omeliae III, In LXXVII° omeliae VIIII, In LXXVIHIO omeliae IIII, In LXXX° omeliae II, In LXXXI° omelia I, In LXXXII° omeliae III, In LXXXIIIO omelia I, In LXXXIIIIO omeliae II. In LXXXV° omelia I, In LXXXVIIO omelia I, In CVIIIO omelia I. In CX° omelia I, In CXVIIIO omeliae III, In CXX° omelia I, In CXXI° omeliae II, In CXXII° omeliae II, In CXXIIIO omeliae II, In CXXIIIIO omeliae II, In CXXV° omelia I, In CXXVIP omelia I, In CXXVIII° omelia I, In CXXVIIIIO omelia I, In CXXXI omelia I, In CXXXII omeliae II, In CXXXIIIO omeliae II, In CXXXIIIIO omeliae n, In CXXXV° omeliae IIII, In CXXX VIIO omeliae II, In CXXX VIIIOs o meliae IIII, In CXXX VIIIIO omeliae II, In CXLIIIIO omeliae III, In CXLV° omelia I, In CXLVI° omelia I, In CXLVII° omelia I, In CXLVIIIIO omelia I, Excerpta in totum psalterium; omeliae in nouum testamentum: In euangelium xata M(Xt{}o(XtoV omeliae XXV, In euangelium 7uxvx Aooxav omeliae XXXVIIII, In Actus apostolorum omeliae XVII, In epistula "ad Corinthios IP omeliae XI, In epistula ad Thessalonicenses omeliae II, In epistula ad Galatas omeliae VII, In epistula ad Titum omelia I, In epistula ad Hebraeos omeliae XVIII; De pace omelia I, Exhortatoria ad Pioniam, De ieiunio, De monogamis et trigamis omeliae II, In Tarso omeliae TI, Origenis, Firmiani et Gregorii, item Excerpta Origenis et diuersarum ad eum epistularum libri II """7"" epistula f esifodorum super causa Origenis in libro 11° —, Epistularum eius ad diuersos libri VIllI, Aliarum epistularum libri II, item Epistula pro apologia operum suorum libri II.

Why, you ask, have I mentioned Varro and Chalcenterus? So that we may come to our Adamantius, our own Chalcenterus, who labored with such sweat on commentaries on the Holy Scriptures that he rightly received the name "adamant". Do you want to know how many monuments of his genius he has left? The following list will show. He wrote: on Genesis, thirteen books; two books of Mixed Homilies; excerpts on Exodus; excerpts on Leviticus; ten books of Stromateis; on Isaiah, thirty-six books; also excerpts on Isaiah; on Hosea, concerning Ephraim, one book; a commentary on Hosea; on Joel, two books; on Amos, six books; on Jonah, one book; on Micah, three books; on Nahum, two books; on Habakkuk, three books; on Zephaniah, two books; on Haggai, one book; on the beginning of Zechariah, two books; on Malachi, two books; on Ezekiel, twenty-nine books; excerpts on the Psalms from the first to the fifteenth; again, one book each on Psalms 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 24, 29, 38, and 40; on Psalm 41, two books; on Psalm 44, three books; one book each on Psalms 45 and 46; on Psalm 50, two books; one book each on Psalms 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 70, 71, and the beginning of 72; on Psalm 103, two books; on Proverbs, three books; excerpts on Ecclesiastes; on the Song of Songs, ten books, and two other tomes that he wrote in his youth; on the Lamentations of Jeremiah, five tomes; also Single Books; four books Peri Archon (On First Principles); two books On the Resurrection and two other dialogues On the Resurrection; one book On Certain Questions of Proverbs; a Dialogue against Candidus the Valentinian; a book On Martyrdom. On the New Testament: on Matthew, twenty-five books; on John, thirty-two books; one book of excerpts on certain parts of John; on Luke, fifteen books; on the letter of the apostle Paul to the Romans, fifteen books; on the letter to the Galatians, fifteen books; on the letter to the Ephesians, three books; on the letter to the Philippians, one book; on the letter to the Colossians, two books; on the first letter to the Thessalonians, three books; on the second letter to the Thessalonians, one book; on the letter to Titus, one book; on the letter to Philemon, one book. Again, homilies on the Old Testament: on Genesis, seventeen homilies; on Exodus, eight; on Leviticus, eleven; on Numbers, twenty-eight; on Deuteronomy, thirteen; on Joshua son of Nun, twenty-six; on the book of Judges, nine; on the Passover, eight; on the first book of Kingdoms, four; on Job, twenty-two; on Proverbs, seven; on Ecclesiastes, eight; on the Song of Songs, two; on Isaiah, thirty-two; on Jeremiah, fourteen; on Ezekiel, twelve. On the Psalms: homilies on Psalms 3, 4, 8, 12, 13, 15 (three), 16, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 36 (five), 37 (two), 38 (two), 39 (two), 49, 51, 52 (two), 54, 67 (seven), 71 (two), 72 (three), 73 (three), 74, 75, 76 (three), 77 (nine), 79 (four), 80 (two), 81, 82 (three), 83, 84 (two), 85, 87, 108, 110, 118 (three), 120, 121 (two), 122 (two), 123 (two), 124 (two), 125, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132 (two), 133 (two), 134 (two), 135 (four), 137 (two), 138 (four), 139 (two), 144 (three), 145, 146, 147, and 149; excerpts on the whole Psalter. Homilies on the New Testament: on the Gospel according to Matthew, twenty-five homilies; on the Gospel according to Luke, thirty-nine; on the Acts of the Apostles, seventeen; on the second letter to the Corinthians, eleven; on the letter to the Thessalonians, two; on the letter to the Galatians, seven; on the letter to Titus, one; on the letter to the Hebrews, eighteen; one homily On Peace; an Exhortation to Pionia; On Fasting; two homilies On Monogamists and Trigamists; two homilies at Tarsus; [works] of Origen, Firmilian, and Gregory; also excerpts of Origen and two books of various letters to him; ... nine books of his letters to various people; two books of other letters; also two books of a Letter in defense of his works.

Notes and citation

Summary: Jerome gives a long list of the works of Origen, whom he calls "our Adamantius", to show his extraordinary industry.

  • Many numerals and some titles in this list are garbled in the digital text; they are given as best they can be read, and Psalm numbers follow the Greek and Latin numbering Jerome used. One item near the end (about a letter concerning Origen's case) is too garbled to translate and is marked "...". Jerome's praise of Origen here predates the Origenist controversy of the 390s.

Extrabiblical texts: Origen, Princ. (Origen, On First Principles; allusion)

Cite (SBL): Jerome, Ep. 33.4 (CSEL 54:255–259; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/jerome-epistulae/33-1/#p-33-4).

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Translation: Translated by Claude from Hilberg's Latin text (CSEL 54–56, 1910–1918); compared afterwards with the NPNF² 6 translation (Fremantle, 1893) where it translates a letter in full, and otherwise re-read against the Latin.

33.5CSEL 54:259

Videtisne et Graecos pariter et Latinos unius labore superatos? quis enim umquam tanta legere potuit, quanta ipse conscripsit? pro hoc sudore quid accepit praemii? damnatur a Demetrio episcopo; exceptis Palaestinae et Arabiae et Phoenices atque Achaiae sacerdotibus in damnationem eius consentit orbis; Roma ipsa contra hunc cogit senatum non propter dogmatum nouitatem, non propter heresim, ut nunc aduersum eum rabidi canes simulant, sed quia gloriam eloquentiae eius et scientiae ferre non poterant et illo dicente omnes muti putabantur.

Do you see that both Greeks and Latins have been surpassed by the labor of one man? For who has ever been able to read as much as he wrote? What reward did he receive for this sweat? He is condemned by Bishop Demetrius; except for the bishops of Palestine, Arabia, Phoenicia, and Achaea, the world agrees to his condemnation; Rome itself convenes its senate against him, not because of novelty of doctrine, not because of heresy, as rabid dogs now pretend against him, but because they could not bear the glory of his eloquence and knowledge, and when he spoke everyone else was thought dumb.

Notes and citation

Summary: Jerome claims Origen was condemned by Demetrius of Alexandria and others out of envy of his learning, not for heresy.

  • Demetrius, bishop of Alexandria, condemned Origen about 231. Rome's "senate" is the Roman clergy. Jerome's defense of Origen here reflects his view in the 380s; he later took the opposite side in the Origenist controversy. Translated as written.

Topics: Heresy

Cite (SBL): Jerome, Ep. 33.5 (CSEL 54:259; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/jerome-epistulae/33-1/#p-33-5).

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Translation: Translated by Claude from Hilberg's Latin text (CSEL 54–56, 1910–1918); compared afterwards with the NPNF² 6 translation (Fremantle, 1893) where it translates a letter in full, and otherwise re-read against the Latin.

33.6CSEL 54:259

Haec quare scripserim et ad pauperis lucernae igniculum cito, sed non cauto sermone dictauerim, potestis intellegere, si Epicuros et Aristippos cogitetis.

Why I have written this, and dictated it quickly by the small flame of a poor lamp, but not cautiously, you can understand if you think of the Epicuruses and Aristippuses.

Notes and citation

Summary: Jerome hints that his letter is aimed at the pleasure-loving critics of his day.

  • Epicurus and Aristippus stand here for pleasure-seekers.

Extrabiblical texts: Epicurus (Epicurus (sayings and fragments); allusion); Aristippus (Aristippus (fragments); allusion)

Cite (SBL): Jerome, Ep. 33.6 (CSEL 54:259; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/jerome-epistulae/33-1/#p-33-6).

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Translation: Translated by Claude from Hilberg's Latin text (CSEL 54–56, 1910–1918); compared afterwards with the NPNF² 6 translation (Fremantle, 1893) where it translates a letter in full, and otherwise re-read against the Latin.

Chapter 34

34.1CSEL 54:259–260

Beatus Pamphilus martyr, cuius uitam Eusebius Caesariensis episcopus tribus ferme uoluminibus explicauit, cum Demetrium Phalereum et Pisistratum in sacrae bibliothecae studio uellet aequare imaginesque ingeniorum, quae uera sunt et aeterna monumenta, toto orbe perquireret, tunc uel maxime Origenis libros inpensius persecutus Caesariensi ecclesiae dedicauit, [quam ex parte corruptam Acacius, dehinc Euzoius, eiusdem ecclesiae sacerdotes, in membranis instaurare conati sunt.] hic cum multa repperiret et inuentorum nobis indicem derelinqueret, centesimi uicesimi sexti psalmi commentarium et phe litterae tractatum ex eo, quod non inscripsit, confessus est non repertum; non quod talis tantusque uir — Adamantium dicimus - aliquid praeterierit, sed quod neglegentia posteriorum ad nostram usque memoriam non durarit. hoc ideo, ut, quia mihi de eodem psalmo proposuisti, qui esset panis doloris in eo, quod dicitur: in uanum uobis est ante lucem surgere, surgere, postquam sederitis, qui manducatis panem doloris, ostenderem me de Origenis commentariis, quid senserit, non habere.

The blessed martyr Pamphilus, whose life Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, set out in about three volumes, wishing to equal Demetrius of Phalerum and Pisistratus in zeal for a sacred library, sought out through the whole world the likenesses of great minds, which are the true and eternal monuments; and above all he pursued the books of Origen with special care and dedicated them to the church of Caesarea. Though he found many and left us a list of what he found, he admitted that the commentary on the hundred and twenty-sixth psalm and the treatise on the letter phe had not been found, since he did not list them; not that so great a man (we mean Adamantius) passed over anything, but that through the negligence of later generations it has not survived to our time. I say this to show that, since you put to me a question about that same psalm, namely what is the "bread of sorrow" in the words, "It is vain for you to rise before light; rise, after you have sat down, you who eat the bread of sorrow," I do not have Origen's commentaries to tell what he thought.

Textual problem in this passage: see the notes.

Ps 127:2 (126:2 LXX) (quotation, high confidence)

Notes and citation

Summary: Jerome explains to Marcella that Origen's commentary on Ps 127 has been lost, so he must answer her question himself.

  • Ps 127:2 (LXX and Vulgate 126:2, in the Greek form). Eusebius's Life of Pamphilus is lost. The editor deletes a sentence saying that Acacius and Euzoius, bishops of Caesarea, tried to restore the partly damaged library on parchment. Demetrius of Phalerum was associated with the library of Alexandria, Pisistratus with a legendary library at Athens.

Notes on the original text

  • Digital text corrected (OCR i for r; OCR in for m; word split): Caesa. riensis → Caesariensis; Adainantium → Adamantium; posterioium → posteriorum.

Topics: Scripture and canon

Cite (SBL): Jerome, Ep. 34.1 (CSEL 54:259–260; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/jerome-epistulae/33-1/#p-34-1).

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Translation: Translated by Claude from Hilberg's Latin text (CSEL 54–56, 1910–1918); compared afterwards with the NPNF² 6 translation (Fremantle, 1893) where it translates a letter in full, and otherwise re-read against the Latin.

34.2CSEL 54:260–261

Unde ad Hebraeum recurrens inueni pro pane doloris scriptum esse leem aasabim, quod Aquila interpretatus est ἄρτον τῶν διαπονημάτῶν, id est panem elaborationum, Symmachus aptcv xaxoita$o6(i.evov, quod exprimitur panem aerumnosum, quinta editio et Theodotion. qui in ceteris cum septuaginta translatoribus facit, <panem idolorum. sexta πλάνης. id est erroris. nec mirandum de Aquila, si διαπονήματα pro idolis ponat, cum opera manuum hominis sint et prophetice populus arguatur ad templum diluculo frustra consurgere et post quietem ad sanctuarium festinare, cum idola dei honore uenerentur, secundum quod Ezechihel scripsit in ipso templo sacrificare idolis sacerdotes. ut autem plenius adducaris pro dolore in Hebraeo idola posita, hoc ipsum uerbum, hoc est aasabim, etiam in centesimo tertio decimo psalmo scriptum Septuaginta quoque idola transtulerunt. nam in eo loco, ubi legimus: idola gentium argentum et aurum, opera manuum hominum, in Hebraeo habet asabeem, quod Aquila interpretatur elaborationes eorum. unde, cum ita se ueritas habeat, frustra quidam doloris panem aut hereticorum intellegunt sacramenta aut uitae istius miserabilis et aerumnosae interpretantur laborem, apud quam in sudore faciei comedimus panem nostrum interque spinas et tribulos breuis uitae alimenta nascuntur.

So, going back to the Hebrew, I found that for "bread of sorrow" it is written leem aasabim, which Aquila translated "bread of labors", that is, "bread of toilings"; Symmachus "bread of affliction", which is expressed as "wretched bread"; the fifth edition and Theodotion, who in other places agree with the Seventy translators, "bread of idols"; the sixth "of error". Nor is it surprising that Aquila puts "labors" for idols, since they are the works of men's hands, and the people are prophetically rebuked for rising early to the temple in vain and hurrying to the sanctuary after rest, when they worship idols with the honor due to God, as Ezekiel wrote that the priests sacrificed to idols in the very temple. And so that you may be more fully convinced that in the Hebrew "idols" is put for "sorrow", this same word, aasabim, is also written in the hundred and thirteenth psalm, and the Seventy too translated it "idols". For in the place where we read, "The idols of the nations are silver and gold, the works of men's hands," the Hebrew has asabeem, which Aquila translates "their labors". Hence, since the truth is so, some in vain understand the bread of sorrow as either the sacraments of heretics or the labor of this miserable and wretched life, in which we eat our bread in the sweat of our face, and the food of our short life grows among thorns and thistles.

Ps 127:2 (126:2 LXX) (allusion, high confidence) · Ezek 8:16 (allusion, medium confidence) · Ps 115:4 (113:12 LXX) (quotation, high confidence) · Gen 3:19 (allusion, high confidence) · Gen 3:18 (allusion, high confidence)

Notes and citation

Summary: From the Hebrew and Greek versions Jerome concludes that the "bread of sorrow" in Ps 127 means the bread of idols.

  • Ezek 8:16; Ps 115:4 (LXX and Vulgate 113:12); Gen 3:18-19. The Greek renderings are partly garbled in the digital text.

Notes on the original text

  • Digital text corrected (OCR s for u): interpretatsr → interpretatur.

Topics: Scripture and canon

Cite (SBL): Jerome, Ep. 34.2 (CSEL 54:260–261; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/jerome-epistulae/33-1/#p-34-2).

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Translation: Translated by Claude from Hilberg's Latin text (CSEL 54–56, 1910–1918); compared afterwards with the NPNF² 6 translation (Fremantle, 1893) where it translates a letter in full, and otherwise re-read against the Latin.

34.3CSEL 54:261–262

Illud quoque de eodem psalmo interrogare dignata es, qui sint filii excussorum. miror te in Hilarii commentariis non legisse excussorum filios credentium populos interpretari, quod uidelicet apostolos illo nomine putauerit appellatos, quibus in euangeliis sit praeceptum, in quamcumque ciuitatem introierint et non fuerint recepti, excutere puluerem pedum suorum in testimonium non credentium, licet tu argute praecaueris non posse apostolos sub nomine excussorum intellegi, cum aliud sit excutientium, aliud excussorum. quia excutientes sint, qui excutiant, excussi uero ab aliis excutiantur, et incongruum esse excussos apostolos accipi, qui magis excutientes debuerint appellari. quid igitur faciam? tantum uirum et suis temporibus disertissimum reprehendere non audeo, qui et confessionis suae merito et uitae industria et eloquentiae claritate, ubicumque Romanum nomen est, praedicatur; nisi quod non eius culpae adscribendum est, qui Hebraei sermonis ignarus fuit, Graecarum quoque litterarum quandam aurulam ceperat, sed Heliodori presbyteri, quo ille familiariter usus ea, quae intellegere non poterat, quomodo ab Origene essent dicta, quaerebat. qui, quia in hoc psalmo commentarium Origenis inuenire non potuit, opinionem magis insinuare suam quam inscientiam uoluit confiteri, quam ille sumptam claro sermone disseruit et alienum errorem disertius exsecutus est.

You also deigned to ask about the same psalm who are "the sons of the shaken-out". I am surprised that you did not read in Hilary's commentaries that he interprets the sons of the shaken-out as the believing peoples, since he thought the apostles were called by that name, as they were commanded in the Gospels, into whatever city they entered and were not received, to shake off the dust of their feet as a testimony against the unbelievers; although you have sharply anticipated that the apostles cannot be understood by the name "shaken-out", since "shaking out" is one thing and "shaken out" another: those who shake are those who shake something out, while the shaken are shaken by others; and it is incongruous to take the apostles as "the shaken-out", when they should rather be called "the shakers". What, then, shall I do? I do not dare to criticize so great a man, the most eloquent of his time, who is praised wherever the Roman name exists, for the merit of his confession, the diligence of his life, and the brilliance of his eloquence; except that this should not be ascribed to his fault, who was ignorant of the Hebrew language and had caught only a slight breath of Greek letters, but to that of the presbyter Heliodorus, whom he used as a friend, asking him how Origen had explained what he himself could not understand. Heliodorus, because he could not find Origen's commentary on this psalm, preferred to put forward his own opinion rather than confess ignorance; and Hilary took it up and set it out in clear language, pursuing another's error more eloquently.

Ps 127:4 (126:4 LXX) (allusion, high confidence) · Matt 10:14 (allusion, high confidence)

Notes and citation

Summary: Jerome rejects Hilary's reading of "sons of the shaken-out" in Ps 127 as the apostles, blaming Hilary's informant Heliodorus.

  • Ps 127:4 (LXX and Vulgate 126:4); Matt 10:14. Hilary of Poitiers, Tractate on Ps 126 (127); his "confession" refers to his exile for opposing Arianism.

Topics: Scripture and canon

Cite (SBL): Jerome, Ep. 34.3 (CSEL 54:261–262; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/jerome-epistulae/33-1/#p-34-3).

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Translation: Translated by Claude from Hilberg's Latin text (CSEL 54–56, 1910–1918); compared afterwards with the NPNF² 6 translation (Fremantle, 1893) where it translates a letter in full, and otherwise re-read against the Latin.

34.4CSEL 54:262–264

Restat igitur, ut rursum ad fontem sermonis recurramus Hebraei et uideamus, quomodo scriptum sit. ubi nos habemus sic filii excussorum, ibi legitur chen bne annaurim, quod Aquila interpretatus est- sic filii pubertatum, Symmachus et Theodotion sic filii iuuentutis, sexta 7jxov»j[iivot, quod nos dicere possumus exacuti sensus. ex quo manifestum est adulescentiae populos intellegi Christianos secundum illud exemplum, quo deus sanctos suos in modum arcus et sagittarum dicatur extendere, ut in propheta Zacharia: quoniam extendi te mihi, Iuda, ut arcum, et saluator de semet ipso: posuit me sicut sagittam electam et in pharetra sua abscondit me. denique in sequenti uersu exceptis Septuaginta, qui aliter transtulerunt, et in Hebraeo et in cunctis editionibus ita repperi: beatus uir, qui repleuerit pharetram suam ex ipsis, ut, quia metaphoram semel sumpserat ex sagittis, et in pharetra quoque translatio seruaretur. excussos autem et consuetudo sermonis humani uegetos et robustos et expeditos uocat et ipsi septuaginta interpretes in Esdrae libro pro iuuenibus transtulerunt, in quo ita scribitur: et factum est ex die illa, medii excussorum faciebant opus et medii eorum habebant hastas et scuta et arcus et thoracas et principes post omnem domum Iuda aedificantium in muro. ex quo animaduertimus et in praesenti loco pro adulescentibus atque puberibus excussos positos, non, ut ille opinatus est, pro apostolis, qui excussi a pedum excussione dicantur. legi et cuiusdam librum et elegantem in eo sensum repperi, excussos Iudaeos dici a templo et lege et gratia domini pro eo, quod est reprobos: eorum esse filios apostolos, qui ex ipsorum semine procreentur et in similitudinem sagittarum manu domini contineantur.

It remains, then, to run back again to the source of the Hebrew language and see how it is written. Where we have "so the sons of the shaken-out", there is read chen bne annaurim, which Aquila translated "so the sons of youths", Symmachus and Theodotion "so the sons of youth", the sixth "sharpened", which we can call "of sharpened senses". From this it is clear that the Christian peoples of youth are meant, according to that figure by which God is said to bend his saints like bows and arrows, as in the prophet Zechariah: "For I have bent you for myself, Judah, like a bow"; and the Savior of himself: "He has made me like a chosen arrow and hidden me in his quiver." Finally, in the following verse, except for the Seventy, who translated otherwise, I found both in the Hebrew and in all the editions: "Blessed is the man who has filled his quiver with them," so that, since he had once taken the metaphor from arrows, the figure might be kept also in the quiver. Common usage too calls "shaken-out" those who are vigorous, strong, and unencumbered; and the Seventy translators themselves translated it for "young men" in the book of Ezra, where it is written: "And it came to pass from that day, half of the shaken-out did the work, and half of them held spears and shields and bows and breastplates, and the princes were behind all the house of Judah who were building on the wall." From this we notice that in the present place too "shaken-out" is put for youths and young men, not, as he thought, for the apostles, as though they were called "shaken-out" from the shaking of their feet. I also read a certain person's book and found in it an elegant sense: that the Jews are called "shaken-out" from the temple, the law, and the grace of the Lord, that is, rejected; and that their sons are the apostles, who were born of their seed and are held in the hand of the Lord like arrows.

Zech 9:13 (quotation, high confidence) · Isa 49:2 (quotation, high confidence) · Ps 127:5 (126:5 LXX) (quotation, high confidence) · Neh 4:16 (quotation, high confidence)

Notes and citation

Summary: From the Hebrew and Greek versions Jerome shows that "sons of the shaken-out" means "sons of youth", strong young people compared to arrows.

  • Zech 9:13; Isa 49:2; Ps 127:5 (LXX and Vulgate 126:5); Neh 4:16 (2 Esdras in the Greek). A Greek word of the sixth edition is garbled in the digital text.

Notes on the original text

  • Digital text corrected (OCR errors; stray letter): Cexcuss Iudaeos → excussos Iudaeos; cexcussos autem → excussos autem.

Topics: Scripture and canon

Cite (SBL): Jerome, Ep. 34.4 (CSEL 54:262–264; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/jerome-epistulae/33-1/#p-34-4).

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Translation: Translated by Claude from Hilberg's Latin text (CSEL 54–56, 1910–1918); compared afterwards with the NPNF² 6 translation (Fremantle, 1893) where it translates a letter in full, and otherwise re-read against the Latin.

34.5CSEL 54:264

In sequenti quoque psalmo Heliodorus magis quam Hilarius noster errauit, qui de eo loco, in quo scriptum est: labores fructuum tuorum manducabis, uaria opinatus adseruit magis stare sententiam, si scribatur fructus laborum aliquem manducare: et non labores fructuum; unde spiritalem intellegentiam debere perquiri. et ex hac occasione in longam egrediens disputationem tanta operositate, quod uolebat intellegi, usus est persuadendi, quanta semper falsitas indiget, ut uera uideatur, cum in hoc loco non septuaginta interpretes, sed Latini de Graeci uerbi ambiguitate decepti xapitoac fructus magis quam manus interpretati sunt, cum xapitol manus quoque dicantur, quod in Hebraeo ponitur chaffach, et Symmachus quintaque editio transtulerunt manuum tuarum, ut ambiguitatem prioris sermonis effugerent.

In the following psalm too, Heliodorus rather than our Hilary erred. On the place where it is written, "You will eat the labors of your fruits," he put forward various opinions and asserted that the sense would stand better if it were written that someone eats the fruits of his labors, and not the labors of his fruits; hence a spiritual meaning must be sought. And, taking occasion from this to launch into a long discussion, he used as much labor to persuade people of what he wanted understood as falsehood always needs to appear true; whereas in this place it was not the Seventy translators but the Latins who, misled by the ambiguity of a Greek word, translated karpous as "fruits" rather than "hands", since karpoi also means hands, which in Hebrew is chaffach; and Symmachus and the fifth edition translated "of your hands" to avoid the ambiguity of the former word.

Ps 128:2 (127:2 LXX) (quotation, high confidence)

Notes and citation

Summary: Jerome shows that "the labors of your fruits" in Ps 128:2 is a Latin mistranslation of a Greek word meaning "hands".

  • Ps 128:2 (LXX and Vulgate 127:2). Greek καρπός means both "fruit" and "wrist"; the Greek words are garbled in the digital text.

Topics: Scripture and canon

Cite (SBL): Jerome, Ep. 34.5 (CSEL 54:264; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/jerome-epistulae/33-1/#p-34-5).

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Translation: Translated by Claude from Hilberg's Latin text (CSEL 54–56, 1910–1918); compared afterwards with the NPNF² 6 translation (Fremantle, 1893) where it translates a letter in full, and otherwise re-read against the Latin.

34.6CSEL 54:264–265

Cum haec furtiuis, ut aiunt, operis ad lucubratiunculam uelox notarii manus me dictante signaret et plura dicere cogitarem, iam ferme quarta noctis hora excesserat et repente stimulis quibusdam dolentis stomachi suscitatus in orationem prorui, ut saltim reliquo horarum spatio subrepente somno frustraretur infirmitas.

While the quick hand of the secretary was taking this down as I dictated by lamplight, in stolen hours as they say, and I was thinking of saying more, it was already past about the fourth hour of the night, and suddenly, roused by stabbing pains in my stomach, I threw myself down in prayer, so that at least for the remaining hours my illness might be foiled by sleep creeping over me.

Notes and citation

Summary: Jerome ends the letter, dictated late at night, because of a sudden attack of stomach pain.

Notes on the original text

  • Digital text corrected (stray letter): infirmitas. c → infirmitas..

Cite (SBL): Jerome, Ep. 34.6 (CSEL 54:264–265; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/jerome-epistulae/33-1/#p-34-6).

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Translation: Translated by Claude from Hilberg's Latin text (CSEL 54–56, 1910–1918); compared afterwards with the NPNF² 6 translation (Fremantle, 1893) where it translates a letter in full, and otherwise re-read against the Latin.

Chapter 35

35.1CSEL 54:265–266

Dormientem te et longo iam tempore legentem potius quam scribentem quaestiunculis ad te missis excitare disposui, non quo et legere non debeas — hoc enim ueluti cotidiano cibo alitur et pinguescit oratio —, sed quo lectionis fructus sit iste, si scribas. itaque, quoniam et heri tabellario ad me remisso nullas te iam epistulas habere dixisti exceptis. his, quas in heremo aliquando dictaueras quasque tota auiditate legi atque descripsi, et ultro pollicitus es te furtiuis noctium operis aliqua, si uellem, posse dictare, libenter accipio ab offerente, quod rogare uolueram, si negasses. neque uero ullam puto: digniorem disputationis nostrae confabulationem fore, quam si de scripturis inter nos sermocinemur, id est, ut ego interrogem, tu respondeas. qua uita nihil in hac luce puto iocundius, quo animae pabulo omnia mella superantur. quam dulcia, inquit propheta, gutturi meo eloquia tua, super mel ori meo. nam cum idcirco, ut ait praecipuus orator, homines bestiis differamus, quod loqui possumus, qua laude dignus est, qui in ea re ceteros superat, in qua homines bestias antecellunt?

I have decided to rouse you from sleep, since for a long time now you have been reading rather than writing, by sending you some little questions; not that you ought not to read (for by this, as by daily food, speech is nourished and grows rich), but that this may be the fruit of reading, if you write. So, since yesterday, when the courier was sent back to me, you said you no longer had any letters except those you had once dictated in the desert, which I read and copied with all eagerness, and you promised of your own accord that, if I wished, you could dictate something in stolen hours at night, I gladly accept from one who offers what I would have wished to ask if you had refused. Nor do I think any conversation more worthy of our discussion than if we talk together about the Scriptures, that is, I ask and you answer. I think nothing in this life more delightful than such a life, and by this food of the soul all honey is surpassed. "How sweet," says the prophet, "are your words to my throat, above honey to my mouth!" For since, as the foremost orator says, we differ from beasts because we can speak, of what praise is he worthy who surpasses others in that very thing in which men excel beasts?

Ps 119:103 (118:103 LXX) (quotation, high confidence)

Notes and citation

Summary: Pope Damasus urges Jerome to write, proposing that they discuss Scripture by question and answer.

  • This letter is from Damasus to Jerome. Ps 119:103 (LXX and Vulgate 118:103). The "foremost orator" is Cicero (De inventione 1.5).

Notes on the original text

  • Digital text corrected (OCR i for l; OCR n for u): rogare uolneram → rogare uolueram; super mei ori meo → super mel ori meo.

Extrabiblical texts: Cicero, Inv. 1.5 (Cicero; allusion)

Topics: Scripture and canon

Cite (SBL): Jerome, Ep. 35.1 (CSEL 54:265–266; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/jerome-epistulae/33-1/#p-35-1).

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Translation: Translated by Claude from Hilberg's Latin text (CSEL 54–56, 1910–1918); compared afterwards with the NPNF² 6 translation (Fremantle, 1893) where it translates a letter in full, and otherwise re-read against the Latin.

35.2CSEL 54:266–268

Accingere igitur et mihi, quae subiecta sunt, dissere seruans utrobique moderamen, ut nec proposita solutionem desiderent nec epistulae breuitatem. fateor quippe tibi, eos, quos mihi iam pridem Lactantii dederas libros, ideo non libenter lego, quia et plurimae epistulae eius usque ad mille uersuum spatia tenduntur et raro de nostro dogmate disputant; quo fit, ut et legenti fastidium generet longitudo et, si qua breuia sunt, scolasticis magis sint apta quam nobis de metris et regionum situ et philosophis disputantis. Quid sibi uult, quod in Genesi scriptum est: omnis, qui occiderit Cain, septem uindictas exsoluet?, Si omnia deus fecit bona ualde, quare Noe de mundis et inmundis animalibus praecepit, cum inmundum bonum esse nihil possit et in nouo testamento post uisionem, quae Petro fuerat ostensa dicenti: absit, domine, quoniam commune et inmundum numquam introiuit in os meum, uox de caelo responderit: quod deus mundauit, tu ne commune dixeris? Cur deus loquitur ad Abraham, quod quarta progenie filii Israhel essent de Aegypto reuersuri, et postea Moyses scribit: quinta autem progenie exierunt filii Israhel de terra Aegypti? quod utique nisi exponatur, uidetur esse contrarium. Cur Abraham fidei suae signum in circumcisione suscepit? Cur Isaac, uir iustus et deo carus, non illi, cui uoluit, sed, cui noluit, deceptus errore benedixit?

So gird yourself and explain to me what is set out below, keeping moderation on both sides, so that the questions do not lack a solution nor the letter brevity. For I confess to you that the books of Lactantius which you gave me long ago I do not read willingly, because very many of his letters run to a thousand lines and rarely discuss our doctrine; so that their length breeds boredom in the reader, and, if some are short, they are more suited to schoolmen than to us, discussing meters, the situation of regions, and philosophers. What is meant by what is written in Genesis: "Whoever kills Cain will pay sevenfold vengeance"? If God made all things very good, why did he give Noah commands about clean and unclean animals, since nothing unclean can be good; and in the New Testament, after the vision shown to Peter, when he said, "Far be it, Lord, for nothing common and unclean has ever entered my mouth," a voice from heaven answered: "What God has cleansed, do not call common"? Why does God say to Abraham that the children of Israel would return from Egypt in the fourth generation, and afterwards Moses writes: "But in the fifth generation the children of Israel went out of the land of Egypt"? Unless this is explained, it seems contradictory. Why did Abraham receive the sign of his faith in circumcision? Why did Isaac, a righteous man dear to God, bless not the one he wished but the one he did not wish, deceived by error?

Gen 4:15 (quotation, high confidence) · Gen 1:31 (allusion, high confidence) · Gen 7:2 (allusion, high confidence) · Acts 10:14 (quotation, high confidence) · Acts 10:15 (quotation, high confidence) · Gen 15:16 (allusion, high confidence) · Exod 13:18 (quotation, high confidence) · Rom 4:11 (allusion, high confidence) · Gen 27:27 (allusion, high confidence)

Notes and citation

Summary: Damasus asks Jerome five questions: on the vengeance for Cain, clean and unclean animals, the generations in Egypt, Abraham's circumcision, and Isaac's blessing.

  • Gen 4:15; Gen 1:31; Gen 7:2; Acts 10:14-15; Gen 15:16; Exod 13:18 (in the Greek form, "fifth generation"); Rom 4:11 and Gen 17:10-11; Gen 27. Lactantius's letters are lost.

Topics: Scripture and canon

Cite (SBL): Jerome, Ep. 35.2 (CSEL 54:266–268; trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/jerome-epistulae/33-1/#p-35-2).

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Translation: Translated by Claude from Hilberg's Latin text (CSEL 54–56, 1910–1918); compared afterwards with the NPNF² 6 translation (Fremantle, 1893) where it translates a letter in full, and otherwise re-read against the Latin.