Against Celsus 4.93

Summary: Moses wisely declared unclean the very animals pagans use for divination, since particular demons are linked with particular animals; it is unclean spirits, not God, that move them.

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Greek text · Koetschau 1:366–367

Ὅθεν εἴπερ ἄλλο τι Μωϋσέως τεθαύμακα, καὶ τὸ τοιοῦτον θαύματος ἀποφανοῦμαι ἄξιον εἶναι, ὅτι φύσεις κατανοήσας ζῴων διαφόρους καὶ εἴτʼ ἀπὸ τοῦ θείου μαθὼν τὰ περὶ αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν ἑκάστῳ ζῴῳ συγγενῶν δαιμόνων εἴτε καὶ αὐτὸς ἀναβαίνων τῇ σοφίᾳ εὑρὼν, ἐν τῇ περὶ ζῴων διατάξει πάντα μὲν ἀκάθαρτα ἔφησεν εἶναι τὰ νομιζόμενα παρʼ Αἰγυπτίοις καὶ τοῖς λοιποῖς τῶν ἀνθρώπων εἶναι μαντικὰ, ὡς ἐπίπαν δὲ εἶναι καθαρὰ τὰ μὴ τοιαῦτα. καὶ ἐν ἀκαθάρτοις παρὰ Μωϋσεῖ ἐστι λύκος καὶ ἀλώπηξ καὶ δράκων ἀετός (τε) καὶ ἱέραξ καὶ τὰ ὅμοια τούτοις, καὶ ὡς ἐπίπαν οὐ μόνον ἐν τῷ νόμῳ ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τοῖς προφήταις εὕροις ἂν ταῦτα τὰ ζῷα εἰς παράδειγμα τῶν κακίστων παραλαμβανόμενα, οὐδέ ποτε δὲ εἰς χρηστὸν πρᾶγμα ὀνομαζόμενον λύκον ἢ ἀλώπεκα. ἔοικεν οὖν τις εἶναι ἑκάστῳ δαιμόνων εἴδει κοινωνία πρὸς ἕκαστον εἶδος ζῴων. καὶ ὥσπερ ἐν ἀνθρώποις ἄνθρωποι ἀνθρώπων ἰσχυρότεροί τινες εἰσὶν οὐ πάντως διὰ τὸ ἦθος. τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον δαίμονες δαιμόνων εἶεν ἂν ἐν μέσοις δυνατώτεροι· καὶ οἵδε μὲν τοῖσδε τοῖς ζῴοις χρώμενοι εἰς ἀπάτην τῶν ἀνθρώπων κατὰ τὸ βούλημα τοῦ καλουμένου ἐν τοῖς λόγοις ἡμῶν ἄρχοντος „τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου, “ ἕτεροι δὲ διʼ ἄλλου εἴδους προδηλοῦντες. καὶ ὅρα ἐφʼ ὅσον εἰσὶν οἱ δαίμονες μιαροὶ. ὡς καὶ γαλᾶς ὑπό τινων παραλαμβάνεσθαι πρὸς τὸ δηλοῦν τὰ μέλλοντα. καὶ σὺ δὲ παρὰ σαυτῷ κρῖνον ὁπότερόν ἐστι βέλτιον παραδέξασθαι, ὅτι ὁ ἐπὶ πᾶσι θεὸς καὶ ὁ τούτου υἱὸς κινοῦσι τοὺς ὄρνιθας καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ζῷα εἰς μαντικὴν. ἢ οἱ κινοῦντες τὰ τοιαδὶ τῶν ζῴων καὶ οὐκ ἀνθρώπους παρόντων ἀνθρώπων δαίμονές εἰσι φαῦλοι καὶ, ὡς ὠνόμασε τὰ ἱερὰ ἡμῶν γράμματα, „ἀκάθαρτοι.“

English · Claude translation

Hence, if I have admired anything else in Moses, I will declare this too worthy of admiration: that, having understood the different natures of animals, and whether he learned from the divine about them and the demons akin to each animal, or found it out himself, rising up by wisdom, in his ordinance about animals he said that all those thought prophetic by the Egyptians and the rest of humanity are unclean, and that, in general, those that are not such are clean. And among the unclean in Moses are the wolf, the fox, the serpent, the eagle, the hawk, and those like them. And in general, not only in the law but also in the prophets, you would find these animals taken as examples of the worst things, and never a wolf or a fox named for a good thing. It seems, then, that there is some fellowship between each kind of demon and each kind of animal. And just as among human beings some are stronger than others, not at all because of their character, in the same way some demons would be more powerful than others in matters indifferent; and some use these animals to deceive human beings, according to the will of the one called in our writings "the ruler of this age," while others foretell through another kind. And see how foul the demons are, so that even weasels are used by some to show the future. And do you judge for yourself which is better to accept: that the God over all and his Son move birds and the other animals to divination, or that those who move such animals, and not human beings though human beings are present, are wicked demons, and, as our holy writings have called them, "unclean."

About this passage

Source
Koetschau 1:366–367 · Paul Koetschau, ed., Origenes Werke 1–2: Gegen Celsus, GCS 2–3 (Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1899) · Greek text: P. Koetschau, Origenes Werke 1–2 (GCS 2–3, 1899), digitized by the Perseus Digital Library and published by the First Thousand Years of Greek project (Open Greek and Latin), CC BY-SA 4.0
Text
As printed in Koetschau, GCS 2–3. Manuscript variants and the editor's apparatus are not reproduced; no textual problem is noted in this passage.
Translation
Claude translation (claude-opus-5-5), 2026-09-27 · Translated by Claude from the Greek text of Koetschau, GCS 2–3; made independently of existing English translations.
Compare
Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 4 (1885) (an older public-domain English translation, whole volume at CCEL; checked against ours only after ours was made)
Scripture

Notes

Translation notes

  • The references are to the food laws of Lev 11 and Deut 14; "the ruler of this age" combines John 12:31 and 1 Cor 2:6; "unclean" spirits as in the Gospels (e.g. Mark 1:23). The parenthetical (τε) is the editor's supplement.

Cite this passage

Origen, Cels. 4.93 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/origen-celsum/4/93/).

Plain text
Origen, Cels. 4.93 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/origen-celsum/4/93/).

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