Oration to the Greeks 19
Summary: The philosophers' contempt for death is a pose; the Cynic Crescens plotted against Justin and Tatian. Oracles serve human greed; God alone should be followed.
Greek text · Otto 6:84–88
Ὑμεῖς δὲ τούτων οὐκ ἔχοντες τὴν κατάληψιν παρʼ ἡμῶν τῶν εἰδότων ἐκπαιδεύεσθε, λέγοντες θανάτου καταφρονεῖν καὶ τὴν αὐτάρκειαν ἀσκεῖν. Οἱ γὰρ παρʼ ὑμῖν φιλόσοφοι τοσοῦτον ἀποδέουσι τῆς ἀσκήσεως, ὥστε παρὰ τοῦ Ῥωμαίων βασιλέως ἐτησίους χρυσοῦς ἑξακοσίους λαμβάνειν τινὰς εἰς οὐδὲν χρήσιμον, ὅπως μηδὲ τὸ γένειον δωρεὰν καθειμένον αὐτῶν ἔχωσι. Κρίσκης οὖν, ὁ ἐννεοττεύσας τῇ μεγάλῃ πόλει, παιδεραστίᾳ μὲν πάντας ὑπερήνεγκεν, φιλαργυρίᾳ δὲ πάνυ προσεχὴς ἦν. Θανάτου δὲ ὁ καταφρονῶν οὕτως αὐτὸν ἐδεδίει τὸν θάνατον, ὡς καὶ Ἰουστῖνον, καθάπερ καὶ ἐμέ, ὡς κακῷ τῷ θανάτῳ περιβαλεῖν πραγματεύσασθαι, διότι κηρύττων τὴν ἀλήθειαν λίχνους καὶ ἀπατεῶνας τοὺς φιλοσόφους συνήλεγχεν. Τίνας δὲ ἂν καὶ διῶξαι τῶν φιλοσόφων εἰ μὴ μόνους ὑμᾶς εἴωθεν; Εἴ φατε μὴ δεῖν δεδιέναι τὸν θάνατον, κοινωνοῦντες ἡμῶν τοῖς δόγμασι, μὴ διὰ τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην δοξομανίαν, ὡς Ἀνάξαρχος, ἀποθνήσκετε, χάριν δὲ τῆς τοῦ θεοῦ γνώσεως τοῦ θανάτου καταφρονηταὶ γένεσθε. Κόσμου μὲν γὰρ ἡ κατασκευὴ καλή, τὸ δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ πολίτευμα φαῦλον· καὶ καθάπερ ἐν πανηγύρει θεατροκοπουμένους ἔνεστιν ἰδεῖν τοὺς οὐκ εἰδότας τὸν θεόν. Τί γὰρ ἐστι μαντική; Τί δὲ ὑπʼ αὐτῆς πεπλάνησθε; Τῶν ἐν κόσμῳ πλεονεξιῶν ἐστί σοι διάκονος. Πολεμεῖν θέλεις, καὶ τὸν Ἀπόλλω σύμβουλον τῶν φόνων λαμβάνεις. Κόρην ἁρπάσαι θέλεις, καὶ τὸ δαιμόνιόν σοι συναγωνίσασθαι προαιρῇ. Νοσεῖς διὰ σεαυτόν, καί, ὥσπερ Ἀγαμέμνων δέκα συμφράδμονας, εἶναι θέλεις μετὰ σεαυτοῦ θεούς. Πιοῦσά τις ὕδωρ μαίνεται, καὶ διὰ λιβάνων ἔκφρων γίνεται, καὶ σὺ τὴν τοιαύτην μαντεύεσθαι λέγεις. Προγνώστης ὑπῆρχεν ὁ Ἀπόλλων καὶ τῶν μαντευομένων διδάσκαλος· ἐπὶ τῆς Δάφνης ἑαυτὸν ἐψεύσατο. Δρῦς εἰπέ μοι μαντεύεται καὶ πάλιν ὄρνιθες προαγορεύουσι, σὺ δὲ τῶν ζώων καὶ φυτῶν ἐλάττων ὑπάρχεις; Καλὸν ἄρα σοι γενέσθαι ξύλῳ μαντικῷ καὶ τῶν ἀεροφοίτων τὴν κτῆσιν λαμβάνειν. Ὁ ποιῶν σε φιλάργυρον οὗτος καὶ περὶ τοῦ πλουτεῖν σοι μαντεύεται· στάσεις καὶ μάχας ὁ ἐγείρων καὶ περὶ τῆς ἐν πολέμῳ νίκης προαγορεύει. Τῶν παθῶν ἂν ὑπάρχῃς ἀνώτερος, τῶν ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ πάντων καταφρονήσεις. Τοιούτους ἡμᾶς ὄντας μὴ ἀποστυγήσητε, ἀλλὰ παραιτησάμενοι τοὺς δαίμονας θεῷ τῷ μόνῳ κατακολουθήσατε. Πάντα ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ καὶ χωρὶς αὐτοῦ γέγονεν οὐδὲ ἕν. Εἰ δέ ἐστιν ἐν τοῖς φυομένοις καὶ δηλητήριον, τοῦτο διὰ τὸ ἐνάμαρτον ἡμῶν ἐπισυμβέβηκεν. Ἔχω δεικνύειν τὴν τούτων εἰκόνα· μόνον ὑμεῖς κατακούσατε, καὶ ὁ πιστεύων ἐπιγνώσεται.
English · Claude translation
But you, who have no understanding of these things, are learning from us who know them, when you say that you despise death and practice self-sufficiency. For your philosophers are so far from practicing it that some of them receive six hundred gold pieces a year from the Roman emperor for nothing useful, so that they may not even wear their long beards for free. Crescens, who made his nest in the great city, surpassed everyone in pederasty and was wholly given to the love of money. He who counseled contempt of death was himself so afraid of death that he schemed to bring Justin, as he did me also, to death as to an evil, because Justin, in preaching the truth, exposed the philosophers as gluttons and cheats. Whom among the philosophers was he in the habit of persecuting, if not you alone? If you say that one should not fear death, then share our teachings: do not die out of a human craving for fame, like Anaxarchus, but become despisers of death for the sake of the knowledge of God. The structure of the world is good, but the way life is lived in it is bad; and one can see those who do not know God rioting as at a festival. What is divination? Why are you led astray by it? It is a servant of your worldly greed. You want to make war, and you take Apollo as your counselor in murder. You want to carry off a girl, and you choose the demon to help you. You are ill through your own fault, and, like Agamemnon with his ten counselors, you want to have gods on your side. A woman drinks water and goes mad, and is driven out of her senses by incense, and you say that she prophesies. Apollo was a foreknower and a teacher of prophets; in the case of Daphne he deceived himself. Tell me, does an oak prophesy, and do birds foretell the future, and are you inferior to animals and plants? Then it would be good for you to become a prophetic tree and to take on the nature of the birds of the air. The one who makes you greedy for money also prophesies to you about getting rich; the one who stirs up factions and battles also foretells victory in war. If you are above the passions, you will despise all things in the world. Do not loathe us for being such people; rather, reject the demons and follow God alone. All things were made by him, and without him not one thing was made. And if there is poison among the things that grow, this came about because of our sinfulness. I can show you the image of these things; only listen, and the one who believes will understand.
About this passage
Notes
Translation notes
- Crescens, a Cynic philosopher at Rome (“the great city”), was Justin's opponent; Justin says he expected to be denounced by him (2 Apol. 3 in the traditional numbering). This passage is early evidence that Crescens was behind Justin's martyrdom.
- “Whom among the philosophers was he in the habit of persecuting, if not you alone?” is the reading of the printed text, but it is hard to fit to the context; editors have proposed reading ἡμᾶς (“us”) for ὑμᾶς.
- Anaxarchus, a philosopher, was said to have died bravely under torture.
- Agamemnon's wish for ten counselors: Homer, Iliad 2.372.
- The woman who drinks water and prophesies is the Pythia at Delphi.
- John 1:3 is quoted with “by him” (ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ) for John's “through him.”
Notes on the original text
- Digital text corrected (missing accent): κηρύττων την ἀλήθειαν → κηρύττων τὴν ἀλήθειαν.
Cite this passage
Tatian, Or. Graec. 19 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/tatian-oration/19/).
Plain text
Tatian, Or. Graec. 19 (trans. Sophia Scriptura, https://sophiascriptura.com/fathers/tatian-oration/19/).
Download citation:BibTeX ·RIS (Zotero, EndNote)
Whole work:BibTeX ·RIS ·Markdown text