Hosea 12 in the early church
[Vulgate: Osee]
19 passages quote, allude to, or echo Hosea 12, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 10
Hosea 12:1
Ephraim feeds on the wind and pursues the east wind all day long; he multiplies lies and violence; he makes a covenant with Assyria and sends olive oil to Egypt.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hos 12:1 (12:2 LXX) | Liber Orsiesii 47 · Orsiesius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380-390 |
| Hos 12:1 | Confessions 4.3 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 397–401 |
Hosea 12:2
The LORD has a charge to bring against Judah. He will punish Jacob according to his ways and repay him according to his deeds.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hos 12:2 | Book of Rules 3 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
Hosea 12:3
In the womb he grasped his brother’s heel, and in his vigor he wrestled with God.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hos 12:3 | On First Principles 1.7.4 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Hos 12:3 | PG 12:1255 (Ps 21 LXX) · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Hos 12:3 | Commentary on John 2.191 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Hos 12:3 | Book of Rules 3 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
Hosea 12:4
Yes, he struggled with the angel and prevailed; he wept and sought His favor; he found Him at Bethel and spoke with Him there—
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hos 12:4 | Against Marcion 4.39 · Tertullian | quotation, medium confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Hos 12:4 | Book of Rules 3 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Hos 12:4 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 4.1.13 · Epiphanius of Salamis | allusion, medium confidence | 374-377 |
| Hos 12:4 | Against Adimantus, a Disciple of Mani 9 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 394 |
Hosea 12:6
But you must return to your God; maintain love and justice, and always wait on your God.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hos 12:6 (12:7 LXX) | To Autolycus 3.12 · Theophilus of Antioch | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 180–185 |
Hosea 12:7
A merchant loves to defraud with dishonest scales in his hands.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hos 12:7 | Eleven Tractates 5.83 · Priscillian | quotation, low confidence | ca. 380–385 |
| Hos 12:7 | Part 2, chapter 24 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Hosea 12:8
And Ephraim boasts: “How rich I have become! I have found wealth for myself. In all my labors, they can find in me no iniquity that is sinful.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hos 12:8 (12:9 LXX) | Liber Orsiesii 30 · Orsiesius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380-390 |
Hosea 12:10
I spoke through the prophets and multiplied their visions; I gave parables through the prophets.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hos 12:10 (12:11 LXX) | Against Heresies 3.12.13 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Hos 12:10 | Against Heresies 4.20.6 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Hos 12:10 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.7 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Hos 12:10 | Letter 96.12 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |