Dialogue with Trypho

Contents

1. 1.1Justin, dressed as a philosopher, is greeted one morning by Trypho and his friends.
2. 1.2Trypho explains that he was taught to seek conversation with philosophers.
3. 1.3Trypho introduces himself as a Jew who fled the recent war in Judea; he says philosophy inquires about God.
4. 1.4Justin replies that most philosophers do not care whether God cares for individuals.
5. 1.5Such views, Justin says, lead to moral license: the Stoics' endless cycles and the Platonists' untouchable immortal soul.
6. 1.6Trypho asks Justin about his own philosophy.
7. 2.1Justin begins: philosophy is one and leads to God, yet it has split into many schools.
8. 2.2The schools arose because disciples followed famous teachers instead of seeking the truth.
9. 2.3Justin tried a Stoic, who knew nothing of God, and a Peripatetic, who wanted a fee.
10. 2.4A Pythagorean required him first to study music, astronomy, and geometry.
11. 2.5Sent away, Justin was unwilling to spend years on preliminary studies.
12. 2.6Among the Platonists Justin made rapid progress and hoped soon to see God.
13. 3.1Walking alone near the sea, Justin meets a dignified old man.
14. 3.2The old man is waiting for members of his household; Justin says he comes there to think.
15. 3.3Justin defends philosophy as the highest work.
16. 3.4Justin defines philosophy as knowledge of being and truth.
17. 3.5The old man asks what God is, and whether knowledge of God is like knowledge of an art.
18. 3.6Some things are known only by seeing, or from one who has seen.
19. 3.7Justin answers that God is seen by the mind alone, as Plato says.
20. 4.1The old man asks whether the mind can see God without the Holy Spirit; Justin cites Plato on the eye of the mind.
21. 4.2Justin, as a Platonist, holds that the soul is divine and that all animals have the same kind of soul.
22. 4.3Seeing God depends on virtue, not on kinship; yet animals do no wrong.
23. 4.4The old man presses Justin's Platonism with the example of animals.
24. 4.5If souls forget their vision of God when reborn, it profits them nothing.
25. 4.6The Platonist doctrine of transmigration as punishment is questioned.
26. 4.7Justin concedes that souls neither see God nor transmigrate, though they can know that God exists.
27. 5.1The old man argues that if the soul were immortal by nature it would also be uncreated.
28. 5.2The world had a beginning, and so did souls; so they are not immortal by nature.
29. 5.3Souls do not die at once: the godly and the wicked await judgment in different places.
30. 5.4Only God is uncreated and imperishable; everything else exists by his will, as Plato hints in the Timaeus.
31. 5.5Souls that sin and change cannot be uncreated.
32. 5.6There can be only one uncreated being, the cause of all.
33. 6.1The soul is not life itself but receives life from God.
34. 6.2Life belongs to God; the soul lives only as long as God gives it life.
35. 7.1The old man points Justin to the prophets, older than the philosophers, who spoke the truth by the Holy Spirit.
36. 7.2The prophets' writings still exist; fulfilled prophecy proves them true.
37. 7.3The prophets proclaimed the Father and his Son Christ; the old man urges Justin to pray for understanding.
38. 8.1Justin never saw the old man again, but a fire was kindled in him, and he found in the prophets and Christ the only sure philosophy.
39. 8.2Justin invites Trypho to know Christ and so find happiness.
40. 8.3Trypho says Justin was better off as a Platonist than trusting in a man.
41. 8.4Trypho urges Justin to keep the law; the Messiah, if he has come, remains hidden until Elijah anoints him.
42. 9.1Justin forgives Trypho's words and offers to prove his faith from the Scriptures.
43. 9.2Trypho holds Justin back; Justin asks the others to listen quietly or leave.
44. 9.3They sit down in the colonnade; two of Trypho's friends leave.
45. 10.1Justin asks whether Trypho objects only to Christians' not keeping the law, or believes the rumors of cannibalism and orgies.
46. 10.2Trypho dismisses the rumors and says he has read the Gospel, whose commands seem impossible to keep.
47. 10.3Trypho's real objection: Christians claim piety but ignore circumcision, Sabbaths, and feasts, and hope in a crucified man.
48. 10.4Trypho asks Justin to explain how Christians can hope in God without keeping the law.
49. 11.1Christians worship the same God as the Jews, the God of Abraham, but do not hope in him through the law of Moses.
50. 11.2Christ is the final and eternal law and covenant, for all people, replacing the law given at Horeb.
51. 11.3Isaiah and Jeremiah foretold a new law and a new covenant.
52. 11.4The conversion and steadfastness of the Gentiles show that Christ is the new covenant.
53. 11.5Christians, brought to God through Christ, are the true spiritual Israel.
54. 12.1Isaiah foretells an everlasting covenant to which the nations will come.
55. 12.2The Jews have rejected the new covenant, though its lawgiver has come.
56. 12.3The true Sabbath is a life of repentance; the true circumcision is of the heart.
57. 13.1The washing Isaiah speaks of is not a ritual bath but the saving washing of faith through Christ's blood.
58. 13.2Justin quotes Isa 52:10–13.
59. 13.3Isa 52:14–53:2.
60. 13.4Isa 53:2–4.
61. 13.5Isa 53:5–7.
62. 13.6Isa 53:8–10.
63. 13.7Isa 53:10–12.
64. 13.8Isa 54:1–3.
65. 13.9Isa 54:4–6.
66. 14.1Christian baptism, the washing of repentance, is the water of life; Jewish washings cleanse only the body.
67. 14.2True washing is of the soul from anger, greed, and envy; the unleavened bread signifies leaving old sins.
68. 14.3New leaven means new works.
69. 14.4Isa 55:3–5.
70. 14.5Isa 55:6–9.
71. 14.6Isa 55:10–11.
72. 14.7Isa 55:12–13.
73. 14.8The prophets speak of two comings of Christ: first in humility, then in glory.
74. 15.1Justin turns to the true fast.
75. 15.2Isa 58:1–2.
76. 15.3Isa 58:2–4.
77. 15.4Isa 58:5–6.
78. 15.5Isa 58:7–9.
79. 15.6Isa 58:9–11.
80. 15.7The true circumcision is of the heart.
81. 16.1Moses himself called for circumcision of the heart.
82. 16.2Justin argues that circumcision was given as a mark by which the Jews would be singled out for their present sufferings.
83. 16.3God foresaw what would happen and prepared what each deserves.
84. 16.4Justin charges that Christians are cursed in the synagogues.
85. 16.5Isa 57:1–4.
86. 17.1Justin accuses the Jewish leaders of spreading slanders against Christians throughout the world.
87. 17.2Isaiah's woes are applied to those who reject Christ.
88. 17.3Christ's cleansing of the temple made him troublesome to his opponents.
89. 17.4Jesus' woes against the scribes and Pharisees.
90. 18.1Justin explains why he quotes Jesus' own words.
91. 18.2Circumcision and the Sabbath were imposed on Israel because of its hardness of heart.
92. 18.3Christians who endure death for Christ would readily keep harmless rites if they were required.
93. 19.1Trypho is puzzled that Christians endure martyrdom yet ignore the law.
94. 19.2Circumcision was not for all; Jewish washings are broken cisterns compared with the baptism of life.
95. 19.3Adam, Abel, and Enoch pleased God without circumcision.
96. 19.4Lot, Noah, and Melchizedek were uncircumcised; Christ is priest after Melchizedek's order.
97. 19.5The righteous before Moses pleased God without the Sabbath; the law came after the golden calf.
98. 19.6Sacrifices and the Sabbath were concessions to keep Israel from idolatry.
99. 20.1Food laws were given to keep an easily straying people mindful of God; Noah could eat all meat.
100. 20.2Trypho begins to cite “as the green herbs”; Justin anticipates his objection.
101. 20.3Christians avoid some foods for practical reasons, not because they are unclean.
102. 20.4The food laws were given because of Israel's idolatry.
103. 21.1Ezekiel shows that the Sabbath was given as a sign because of Israel's sins.
104. 21.2Ezek 20:19–21.
105. 21.3Ezek 20:21–24.
106. 21.4Ezek 20:25–26: God gave statutes that were not good.
107. 22.1God commanded sacrifices because of idolatry, not because he needed them.
108. 22.2Amos 5:18–21.
109. 22.3Amos 5:22–26.
110. 22.4Amos 5:27–6:2.
111. 22.5Amos 6:3–7.
112. 22.6Jer 7:21–22.
113. 22.7Ps 50:1–6 (LXX 49).
114. 22.8Ps 50:7–11.
115. 22.9Ps 50:12–17.
116. 22.10Ps 50:18–23.
117. 22.11Sacrifices and the temple were given because of Israel's sins, not because God needed them.
118. 23.1Otherwise God would have changed, or not willed the same righteousness for all.
119. 23.2God is always the same; he commanded the law for sinners' sake.
120. 23.3As there was no need of circumcision before Abraham, there is none now after Christ, born of the Virgin Mary.
121. 23.4Abraham was justified by faith before circumcision, which was a sign, not righteousness.
122. 23.5Women cannot be circumcised, yet can be righteous; so circumcision is only a sign.
123. 24.1The eighth day is more significant than the seventh; the blood of circumcision is replaced by Christ's saving blood.
124. 24.2Christ circumcises with “knives of stone,” making a righteous people.
125. 24.3Justin invites all to the new Jerusalem; Isaiah foretold that the Gentiles would find God.
126. 24.4Isa 65:1–3.
127. 25.1Isaiah foresaw that the self-righteous would seek a share with the Gentiles.
128. 25.2Isa 63:15–17.
129. 25.3Isa 63:17–64:2.
130. 25.4Isa 64:3–6.
131. 25.5Isa 64:7–12.
132. 25.6Trypho asks whether no Jew will inherit God's holy mountain.
133. 26.1Justin replies that only the unrepentant who persecute Christ are excluded; believing Gentiles will inherit with the patriarchs.
134. 26.2Isa 42:6–7.
135. 26.3Isa 62:10–63:1.
136. 26.4Isa 63:2–6.
137. 27.1Trypho objects that Justin ignores Isaiah's command to keep the Sabbath.
138. 27.2The prophets repeat Moses' commands because of Israel's hardness of heart.
139. 27.3Isaiah and the Psalms describe the people's sin.
140. 27.4Israel's persistence in sin made the prophets repeat the law.
141. 27.5Priests sacrifice and infants are circumcised on the Sabbath; so the Sabbath is not absolute.
142. 28.1Trypho concedes the point deserves attention.
143. 28.2Justin urges them to believe before Christ returns, quoting Jeremiah on circumcising the heart.
144. 28.3Jer 9:25–26: all nations and Israel are uncircumcised in heart.
145. 28.4Any Gentile who knows God and Christ has the true circumcision.
146. 28.5Mal 1:10–12: a pure sacrifice among the nations.
147. 28.6Ps 18:43–44.
148. 29.1Gentile believers, baptized with the Holy Spirit, need neither circumcision nor ritual washing.
149. 29.2These are the words of David, Isaiah, Zechariah, and Moses, which belong to Christians who obey them.
150. 29.3God governs the world on the Sabbath too, and priests offered sacrifice on it.
151. 30.1The law seems unworthy of God only to those who do not see that it called a sick people to repentance.
152. 30.2Christians find God's words sweeter than honey, and pray to be kept from evil spirits.
153. 30.3Christians pray through Christ to be kept from demons, which flee at his name.
154. 31.1If Christ's passion shows such power, his glorious second coming will show far more, as Daniel foretold.
155. 31.2Dan 7:9–10.
156. 31.3Dan 7:11–13.
157. 31.4Dan 7:14–18.
158. 31.5Dan 7:19–22.
159. 31.6Dan 7:23–25.
160. 31.7Dan 7:26–28.
161. 32.1Trypho objects that the Messiah of Daniel is glorious, while Jesus was crucified and fell under the law's curse.
162. 32.2Justin answers that the Scriptures foretell two comings: one in humiliation and one in glory.
163. 32.3Psalm 110 shows the ascension; the Antichrist of Daniel is near.
164. 32.4Justin disputes the Jewish interpretation of Daniel's “time” as a hundred years.
165. 32.5Justin urges them to stop deceiving themselves and learn from those taught by Christ's grace.
166. 32.6Ps 110 (LXX 109).
167. 33.1Psalm 110 cannot refer to Hezekiah, who was never a priest.
168. 33.2Like Melchizedek, Christ is priest of the uncircumcised, and blesses the circumcised who come to him.
169. 34.1The Jews misapply psalms to Solomon and to the law of Moses.
170. 34.2Psalm 72 speaks of Christ, whom Scripture calls King, Priest, God, Lord, Angel, Man, Captain, Stone, and Child.
171. 34.3Ps 72:1–6 (LXX 71).
172. 34.4Ps 72:7–12.
173. 34.5Ps 72:13–16.
174. 34.6Ps 72:17–20.
175. 34.7None of Psalm 72 was fulfilled in Solomon.
176. 34.8Solomon fell into idolatry; Gentile Christians die rather than eat idol offerings.
177. 35.1Trypho says many who call themselves Christians eat idol meat.
178. 35.2Justin replies that such false Christians fulfill Christ's own prophecy and strengthen true believers.
179. 35.3Jesus foretold false prophets, schisms, and heresies.
180. 35.4Heretics are named after their founders.
181. 35.5The heretics blaspheme the Creator; Christians have no fellowship with them.
182. 35.6Justin names the Marcionites, Valentinians, Basilidians, and Saturnilians.
183. 35.7Christ foretold both the heresies and the persecutions of his followers.
184. 35.8Christians pray for their enemies, that they may be saved at Christ's return.
185. 36.1Trypho grants that the Messiah must suffer, but asks proof that Jesus is he.
186. 36.2Justin will first show that Christ is called God and Lord of hosts.
187. 36.3Ps 24:1–4 (LXX 23).
188. 36.4Ps 24:5–10.
189. 36.5Psalm 24 depicts Christ's ascension through the gates of heaven.
190. 36.6The heavenly powers did not recognize the humbled Christ and asked who he was.
191. 37.1Ps 47:5–9 (LXX 46) is spoken of Christ.
192. 37.2Psalm 99 shows Christ as King and Lord of Moses, Aaron, and Samuel.
193. 37.3Ps 99:1–5 (LXX 98).
194. 37.4Ps 99:6–9.
195. 38.1Trypho protests that Justin's claims about the crucified Jesus are blasphemous.
196. 38.2Justin persists out of concern for them, urging them to set aside their teachers' tradition.
197. 38.3Ps 45:1–5 (LXX 44).
198. 38.4Ps 45:6–11: “Your throne, O God.”
199. 38.5Ps 45:12–17.
200. 39.1As in Elijah's day, a faithful remnant remains.
201. 39.2God delays judgment because people are still becoming disciples, receiving spiritual gifts.
202. 39.3Trypho says Justin is mad.
203. 39.4Psalm 68 foretells the gifts of the ascended Christ.
204. 39.5Christians honor God in deed and heart, even to death.
205. 39.6Fear of persecution may keep Jews from confessing Christ.
206. 39.7Trypho accepts that the Messiah must suffer and return, and asks proof that Jesus is he.
207. 39.8Justin promises the proof later.
208. 40.1The Passover lamb was a type of Christ; his blood marks believers, who are God's house.
209. 40.2The Passover could be sacrificed only in Jerusalem, which God knew would fall.
210. 40.3The roasted lamb on its spits took the shape of a cross.
211. 40.4The two goats of the Day of Atonement signify Christ's two comings.
212. 40.5The Atonement offering too was limited to Jerusalem.
213. 41.1The flour offering for cleansed lepers prefigured the eucharistic bread, given in remembrance of Christ's passion.
214. 41.2Mal 1:10–12.
215. 41.3Malachi's pure sacrifice in every place is the Eucharist of the Gentile church.
216. 41.4Circumcision on the eighth day prefigured Christ's resurrection on Sunday, the “eighth day.”
217. 42.1The twelve bells on the high priest's robe symbolized the twelve apostles.
218. 42.2Isa 53:1–2 is spoken in the person of the apostles.
219. 42.3The many believers become one, like members of one body.
220. 42.4All the Mosaic ordinances are types of Christ; these examples suffice.
221. 43.1The ceremonial law had to end with Christ, born of the Virgin of David's line.
222. 43.2Christians receive spiritual circumcision through baptism.
223. 43.3Isaiah says Christ's generation cannot be told.
224. 43.4Isaiah also foretold how Christ would be born.
225. 43.5Isa 7:10–15: the sign of the virgin.
226. 43.6Isa 7:16–17 with 8:4.
227. 43.7No one but Christ was ever born of a virgin in Abraham's line.
228. 43.8Trypho's teachers read “young woman” and apply the prophecy to Hezekiah; Justin will refute this.
229. 44.1Descent from Abraham does not guarantee the promised blessings.
230. 44.2Only those who share Abraham's faith will inherit; the law contains moral precepts, types of Christ, and concessions to hardness of heart.
231. 44.3Isa 66:24.
232. 44.4The only way to forgiveness is to know Christ and be baptized.
233. 45.1Trypho interrupts with a pressing question.
234. 45.2Will Jews who kept the law of Moses be saved at the resurrection?
235. 45.3Those who lived under the law will be saved by their own righteousness.
236. 45.4The righteous under the law will be saved through Christ, who existed before creation and became flesh to destroy the serpent and death.
237. 46.1Can Jewish believers in Jesus who keep the law be saved?
238. 46.2Much of the law can no longer be kept; Trypho names the Sabbath, circumcision, new moons, and washings.
239. 46.3Justin asks whether the patriarchs and matriarchs, who kept none of these laws, will be saved.
240. 46.4Trypho admits the patriarchs are saved without the Mosaic law.
241. 46.5Tassels and phylacteries were given to keep a forgetful people mindful of God.
242. 46.6Even so, Israel fell into idolatry.
243. 46.7Christians die rather than sacrifice to idols, hoping in the resurrection.
244. 47.1A Jewish believer who keeps the law will be saved, Justin thinks, so long as he does not impose it on Gentile believers.
245. 47.2Some Christians shun law-keeping Jewish believers; Justin says they should be welcomed as brothers.
246. 47.3Jewish believers who compel Gentiles to keep the law, or refuse fellowship, are not accepted.
247. 47.4Apostates to the law and unbelieving Jews who curse Christians will not be saved without repentance.
248. 47.5God judges each as he is found: the repentant as righteous, the apostate as a sinner.
249. 48.1Trypho calls the doctrine of the pre-existent, divine Christ born as man paradoxical and foolish.
250. 48.2Even if pre-existence could not be proved, Jesus would still be the Christ.
251. 48.3Justin separates the proof that Jesus is the Christ from the proof of his pre-existence.
252. 48.4Justin rejects the view of some Jewish Christians that Jesus was merely a man.
253. 49.1Trypho expects a merely human Messiah anointed by Elijah, who has not yet come.
254. 49.2Elijah is to precede the second coming, the great and terrible day.
255. 49.3The spirit of Elijah came first in John the Baptist, the forerunner of Christ's first coming.
256. 49.4Herod had John beheaded.
257. 49.5Jesus identified John with Elijah.
258. 49.6As Moses' spirit passed to Joshua, Elijah's spirit came upon John.
259. 49.7Both Christ's and the Spirit's first comings were without glory.
260. 49.8God's hidden hand fighting Amalek signifies the hidden power of the crucified Christ.
261. 50.1Trypho asks Justin to prove there is “another God” besides the Creator.
262. 50.2Justin first turns to Isaiah on the forerunner.
263. 50.3Isa 39:8; 40:1–5.
264. 50.4Isa 40:6–11.
265. 50.5Isa 40:12–17.
266. 51.1Trypho calls the prophecies ambiguous; Justin answers that prophecy ceased after John.
267. 51.2Christ's own predictions of his passion, return, and the rise of heresies have been fulfilled.
268. 51.3Jesus said the law and prophets lasted until John.
269. 52.1Jacob's blessing of Judah foretold Christ's two comings.
270. 52.2Gen 49:8–12.
271. 52.3Rulers and prophets never failed in Israel until Christ came.
272. 52.4Since Christ, Israel has had neither prophet nor king; the Gentiles await his return.
273. 53.1The unsaddled foal signifies the Gentiles, who took up Christ's yoke.
274. 53.2Christ's entry into Jerusalem on the ass fulfilled the prophecy.
275. 53.3Zech 9:9.
276. 53.4The ass and the foal signify Jewish and Gentile believers.
277. 53.5Zechariah foretold the scattering of the disciples.
278. 53.6Zech 13:7.
279. 54.1Washing the robe in wine signifies Christ cleansing believers with his blood.
280. 54.2The “blood of the grape” shows that Christ's blood comes from God's power, not from human seed: he was born of a virgin.
281. 55.1Trypho asks for proof of “another God,” not merely the use of “gods” for idols.
282. 55.2Other “gods” are idols of demons.
283. 55.3Justin will give unanswerable proofs from Scripture read daily by the Jews.
284. 56.1Moses shows that the God who appeared to Abraham at Mamre was sent by another, the unseen Father.
285. 56.2Gen 18:1–2 and 19:27–28.
286. 56.3They see no proof of another God in the passage.
287. 56.4Justin will prove there is another God and Lord, under the Creator, called Angel because he announces the Father's will.
288. 56.5Trypho holds that God appeared first, and the three men were angels.
289. 56.6The one who promised to return did return, and is called God.
290. 56.7Gen 21:9–12.
291. 56.8The one who returned is called God.
292. 56.9Trypho concedes only that not all three were angels.
293. 56.10The Jews hold that the one who appeared to Abraham was God himself.
294. 56.11The God who appeared to the patriarchs is distinct from the Father in number, but not in will.
295. 56.12Gen 19:23–25: “the Lord rained … from the Lord.”
296. 56.13One of Trypho's companions suggests the Lord in Sodom was one of the angels.
297. 56.14David too calls another “Lord” and “God” besides the Father.
298. 56.15Justin will prove that the Lord of Gen 19:24 is the one who appeared to Abraham.
299. 56.16Trypho bears with Justin because he argues from the Scriptures and affirms no God above the Creator.
300. 56.17Gen 18:13–17.
301. 56.18Gen 18:20–23.
302. 56.19Gen 18:33–19:16.
303. 56.20Gen 19:17–19.
304. 56.21Gen 19:20–25.
305. 56.22The one of the three who is God and Lord remained with Abraham while the two angels went to Sodom.
306. 56.23The Lord on earth brought judgment on Sodom “from the Lord” in heaven.
307. 57.1Trypho asks how God could have eaten Abraham's meal.
308. 57.2The eating may be figurative, as fire is said to devour.
309. 57.3Trypho asks how this God became man through the Virgin.
310. 57.4Justin will first gather more proofs.
311. 58.1Justin claims no rhetorical skill, only God's grace to understand Scripture, which he shares freely.
312. 58.2Trypho thinks Justin is being ironic.
313. 58.3Moses calls the one who appeared to the patriarchs God, Angel, and Lord.
314. 58.4Gen 31:10–11.
315. 58.5Gen 31:11–13: the angel says, “I am the God who appeared to you.”
316. 58.6Gen 32:22–26.
317. 58.7Gen 32:26–30: Jacob sees God face to face.
318. 58.8Gen 35:6–10.
319. 58.9He is called God, is God, and will be.
320. 58.10Justin turns to Jacob's vision at Bethel.
321. 58.11Gen 28:10–13: Jacob's ladder.
322. 58.12Gen 28:13–15.
323. 58.13Gen 28:16–19.
324. 59.1Justin turns to the burning bush.
325. 59.2Exod 2:23–3:16.
326. 59.3The angel in the bush declares himself the God of Abraham.
327. 60.1Trypho holds that an angel appeared and God spoke.
328. 60.2Even so, the one who spoke was not the Father, who does not leave heaven to appear in a corner of the earth.
329. 60.3Trypho concedes that the God of the bush is the one who appeared to Abraham and Jacob.
330. 60.4Exod 3:2–4: the angel of the Lord and the Lord are the same.
331. 60.5In each case the “angel” is also Lord and God, serving the Father.
332. 61.1Before all creation God begot from himself a rational Power, called Glory, Son, Wisdom, Angel, God, Lord, Word, and Captain.
333. 61.2As a word is spoken without diminishing the mind, and fire kindles fire without loss, so the Son is begotten without division of the Father.
334. 61.3Prov 8:21–25: Wisdom begotten before all things.
335. 61.4Prov 8:26–31.
336. 61.5Prov 8:32–36.
337. 62.1“Let us make man” (Gen 1:26–28) shows God speaking to another.
338. 62.2Justin rejects the explanations that God spoke to himself or to the elements.
339. 62.3Gen 3:22, “one of us,” indicates at least two; not angels, as some teach.
340. 62.4The Offspring begotten before creation is the one the Father addresses.
341. 62.5Josh 5:13–6:2: the captain of the Lord's host.
342. 63.1Trypho asks proof of the virgin birth, death, resurrection, and ascension.
343. 63.2Isaiah's “who shall declare his generation?” and Jacob's “blood of the grape” show his non-human origin.
344. 63.3Ps 110:3–4 speaks of his birth from a womb.
345. 63.4Ps 45:6–11.
346. 63.5The “daughter” of Psalm 45 is the church, named after Christ.
347. 64.1Trypho says Christ may be Lord for Gentiles, but Jews need not worship him.
348. 64.2Justin persists out of fear of God's judgment, not judging which Jews may be saved.
349. 64.3Jews who are saved are saved through Christ.
350. 64.4Ps 99:1–7.
351. 64.5Psalm 72, titled “for Solomon,” shows Christ existed before the sun.
352. 64.6Ps 72:1–5, 17–19.
353. 64.7Psalm 19 shows Christ coming from heaven and returning there.
354. 64.8Ps 19:1–6.
355. 65.1Trypho cites Isa 42:8: God gives his glory to no other.
356. 65.2Justin will never admit that Scriptures contradict each other; he would rather confess he does not understand.
357. 65.3Justin will read the verses in context.
358. 65.4Isa 42:5–7.
359. 65.5Isa 42:8–10.
360. 65.6Isa 42:11–13.
361. 65.7In context, God gives his glory to the one he appointed as light of the nations.
362. 66.1Justin returns to the virgin birth.
363. 66.2Isa 7:10–15.
364. 66.3Isa 7:16–17 with 8:4.
365. 66.4Only Christ was born of a virgin in Abraham's line.
366. 67.1Trypho reads “young woman” and applies Isa 7:14 to Hezekiah.
367. 67.2Trypho compares the virgin birth to the Greek myth of Perseus and urges Justin to call Jesus a man chosen for his righteousness.
368. 67.3Justin will not be moved by mockery.
369. 67.4Trypho contradicts earlier agreements about the law.
370. 67.5Trypho notes that Jesus kept the law.
371. 67.6Christ kept the law to fulfill the Father's plan, not to be justified by it.
372. 67.7Justin asks again whether the patriarchs are saved.
373. 67.8Trypho concedes both points.
374. 67.9The Scriptures foretold a new covenant; the old was given in fear.
375. 67.10The new covenant distinguishes eternal commandments from concessions to hardness of heart.
376. 67.11Justin notes Trypho's own inconsistency.
377. 68.1Trypho finds the incarnation incredible; Justin appeals to Scripture.
378. 68.2Trypho asks time to examine; Justin asks him not to take back agreements.
379. 68.3Justin asks whether anyone besides the Creator and Christ is called God and worshipped in Scripture.
380. 68.4Isa 53:8 shows Christ is not of human seed.
381. 68.5Trypho cites the promise that the Messiah will come from David's loins.
382. 68.6The promise to David is fulfilled through the virgin of David's house, as Isaiah explained.
383. 68.7Justin will show that the Septuagint is right and Isa 7:14 refers to Christ.
384. 68.8The Jewish teachers deny inconvenient texts or apply them to other men.
385. 68.9The Jewish teachers admit these texts refer to the Messiah but deny Jesus is he.
386. 69.1The devil's counterfeits in pagan myth only confirm Justin's faith.
387. 69.2The Dionysus myth imitates Jacob's prophecy.
388. 69.3Heracles and Asclepius imitate prophecies of Christ.
389. 69.4Justin will quote a prophecy of Christ's healings and the conversion of the nations.
390. 69.5Isa 35:1–7.
391. 69.6Christ is the spring of living water, who healed the blind, deaf, and lame and raised the dead.
392. 69.7Some called Christ a magician; his healings promise bodily wholeness at the resurrection.
393. 70.1The Mithras cult, with its rock birth and cave, imitates Daniel and Isaiah.
394. 70.2Isa 33:13–16.
395. 70.3Isa 33:16–19.
396. 70.4Isaiah's “bread” and “water” foretell the Eucharist.
397. 70.5The Perseus myth too is the serpent's imitation.
398. 71.1Justin distrusts the Jewish teachers' new translations.
399. 71.2Justin charges that Jewish teachers removed passages; he will argue only from texts they accept.
400. 71.3Justin returns to Isa 7:14.
401. 71.4Trypho asks for examples of the removed passages.
402. 72.1Justin cites a saying attributed to Ezra about the Passover as a figure of Christ.
403. 72.2Jer 11:19, which Justin says had been removed.
404. 72.3The passage survives in some synagogue copies.
405. 72.4Justin cites a saying on Christ's descent to the dead, attributed to Jeremiah.
406. 73.1Justin charges that “from the tree” was removed from Ps 96:10.
407. 73.2Only of the crucified Christ is it said that he reigned among the nations.
408. 73.3Ps 96:1–8 (LXX 95).
409. 73.4Ps 96:8–13.
410. 73.5Trypho finds the charge of tampering incredible.
411. 73.6Justin sets the disputed passages aside; the acknowledged Scriptures suffice.
412. 74.1Trypho says Psalm 96 speaks of the Father.
413. 74.2Justin begins to explain Psalm 96.
414. 74.3The psalm calls all nations to praise the Father for the saving passion of Christ; the text then breaks off.
415. 74.4The text resumes in the middle of Deut 31:16–18.
416. 75.1God's name was upon the angel who led Israel: that name was Jesus (Joshua).
417. 75.2Joshua, renamed from Hoshea, bore the name Jesus, which is God's name.
418. 75.3Prophets are called angels and apostles; Joshua was a great prophet.
419. 75.4If God appeared in so many forms, why doubt that he was born of a virgin?
420. 76.1“Like a son of man” and “a stone cut without hands” show Christ's non-human origin.
421. 76.2Isaiah and Moses point to Christ's divine origin.
422. 76.3“Angel of great counsel” (Isa 9:6 LXX): Christ taught the Father's great plan.
423. 76.4Matt 8:11–12.
424. 76.5Matt 7:22–23; 25:41.
425. 76.6Christians cast out demons in Jesus' name; the apostles understood the prophecies only when Christ explained them.
426. 76.7Christ foretold his passion; David foretold his birth and divinity.
427. 77.1Trypho asks Justin to finish his proof about Isa 7:14.
428. 77.2Hezekiah did not, as an infant, take the power of Damascus.
429. 77.3The phrase “before the child knows father or mother” fits only Christ.
430. 77.4The Magi who worshiped the infant fulfilled the prophecy; Herod is the “king of Assyria.”
431. 78.1Herod learned from the elders that the king would be born in Bethlehem (Mic 5:2).
432. 78.2The Magi worshiped and were warned not to return to Herod.
433. 78.3Joseph, thinking Mary guilty of fornication, was told by an angel that her child was of the Holy Spirit.
434. 78.4The census brought Joseph to Bethlehem; the family fled to Egypt.
435. 78.5Christ was born in a cave near Bethlehem.
436. 78.6Isaiah's “cave of a strong rock” (Isa 33:16) is the source imitated by the Mithras cult.
437. 78.7Herod ordered the killing of the children of Bethlehem.
438. 78.8Jer 31:15 foretold the lament over the children of Bethlehem.
439. 78.9The “power of Damascus” is the demon from whom the Magi were set free by worshiping Christ.
440. 78.10Damascus belongs to Arabia; the Jews should learn from Christians.
441. 78.11Isa 29:13–14.
442. 79.1Trypho objects that fallen angels are a blasphemous idea.
443. 79.2Justin cites Scripture for evil angels.
444. 79.3Isa 30:1–5 (LXX): “evil angels” in Tanis.
445. 79.4Zechariah, Job, Genesis, Exodus, and the Psalms all speak of the devil and demons.
446. 80.1Trypho asks whether Justin really believes Jerusalem will be rebuilt and the saints gathered with Christ.
447. 80.2Justin holds that Jerusalem will be rebuilt, but admits many orthodox Christians do not.
448. 80.3Justin will write up the whole discussion.
449. 80.4Those who deny the resurrection are not Christians, just as some Jewish sects are not true Jews.
450. 80.5Justin expects a resurrection of the flesh and a thousand-year reign in a rebuilt Jerusalem.
451. 81.1Isa 65:17–20, read of the thousand years.
452. 81.2Isa 65:21–25.
453. 81.3“The days of the tree” mean a thousand years: Adam died within a “day” of a thousand years.
454. 81.4John the apostle, in the Revelation, foretold the thousand years and then the general resurrection and judgment.
455. 82.1Prophetic gifts continue in the church, as do false teachers, as Christ foretold.
456. 82.2Christ foretold persecution and false prophets.
457. 82.3Christians must warn others, as Ezekiel was told to be a watchman.
458. 82.4Justin speaks out of fear of God, not for gain.
459. 83.1The Jewish teachers apply Psalm 110 to Hezekiah.
460. 83.2Ps 110:1–4.
461. 83.3None of this fits Hezekiah.
462. 83.4Christ's “rod of power” is the word of repentance sent from Jerusalem to the nations.
463. 84.1A “sign” must be something extraordinary, not an ordinary birth.
464. 84.2The virgin birth is the true sign, as wondrous as Eve's creation from Adam's rib.
465. 84.3A young woman bearing a child is no sign; and God can make even the barren bear.
466. 84.4God gave children to the barren; the prophecies must not be altered.
467. 85.1Psalm 24 fits neither Hezekiah nor Solomon, but only Christ.
468. 85.2Every demon is subdued by the name of the crucified and risen Son of God.
469. 85.3Exorcism in other names fails, except perhaps in the name of the God of Abraham.
470. 85.4Justin summarizes for newcomers who were not present the day before.
471. 85.5Repeating Scripture is no fault.
472. 85.6Ps 148:1–2; a newcomer, Mnaseas, thanks Justin.
473. 85.7Christ commanded love of enemies, which Isaiah also proclaimed.
474. 85.8Isa 66:5–7.
475. 85.9Isa 66:8–11.
476. 86.1Wood as a type of the cross: the tree of life, Moses' rod, the wood at Marah.
477. 86.2Jacob's rods, staff, ladder, and anointed stone are figures of Christ.
478. 86.3Every anointing points to Christ, the Anointed.
479. 86.4Aaron's rod, the rod of Jesse, the tree of Psalm 1, the palm.
480. 86.5The oak of Mamre, the willows of Elim, David's rod and staff.
481. 86.6Elisha's floating axe-head prefigures baptism and the cross; Judah's staff marked Tamar's children.
482. 87.1Trypho says he asks in order to learn.
483. 87.2Trypho asks how a pre-existent God could need the gifts of the Spirit listed in Isa 11:1–3.
484. 87.3The gifts “rested” on Christ, meaning they ceased in Israel after him.
485. 87.4Each prophet had one or two of the Spirit's powers.
486. 87.5The gifts, having ceased in Israel, are now given by Christ to believers.
487. 87.6Psalm 68 and Joel 2 foretold the outpouring of gifts.
488. 88.1Women and men in the church have spiritual gifts; Christ did not lack power, as the Magi's worship shows.
489. 88.2Christ grew up as other men until John came.
490. 88.3At Jesus' baptism fire was kindled in the Jordan and the Spirit came like a dove.
491. 88.4Christ did not need baptism; he acted for fallen humanity.
492. 88.5God made angels and men free; he rewards and punishes accordingly.
493. 88.6The signs showed who the Christ was; they did not make him Christ.
494. 88.7John denied that he was the Christ.
495. 88.8Jesus the carpenter made plows and yokes; at his baptism the voice said “Today I have begotten you” (Ps 2:7).
496. 89.1Trypho grants that the Scriptures speak of the Messiah and is impressed by the name Jesus.
497. 89.2Trypho balks at a crucified Messiah, cursed by the law.
498. 89.3The suffering foretold by the prophets marks Jesus out as the Christ.
499. 90.1Trypho asks proof that the Messiah was to be crucified.
500. 90.2The prophets hid the truth in parables and types.
501. 90.3Moses first revealed the “curse” of the cross in signs.
502. 90.4Moses' outstretched hands in the battle against Amalek formed the sign of the cross.
503. 90.5It was the sign of the cross and the name of Jesus, not the posture of prayer, that won the battle.
504. 91.1Moses' blessing of Joseph (Deut 33:13–17).
505. 91.2The unicorn's horns picture the cross, including the seat on which the crucified rest.
506. 91.3The cross converts the nations and condemns unbelievers, as at the battle with Amalek.
507. 91.4The bronze serpent prefigures the cross, which brings death to the serpent and salvation to believers.
508. 92.1Grace is needed to understand the prophets.
509. 92.2Why did God add circumcision and the law if the patriarchs pleased him without them?
510. 92.3Abraham was justified by faith before circumcision.
511. 92.4Christians have the circumcision of the heart; the law was given to keep Israel from idolatry.
512. 92.5Otherwise God would seem unjust.
513. 92.6God wills that the Jews be saved with Christ.
514. 93.1All peoples know naturally that adultery, fornication, and murder are wrong.
515. 93.2All righteousness is summed up in the two great commandments.
516. 93.3Righteousness is twofold: toward God and toward neighbor.
517. 93.4Justin charges that the Jews have not loved God or neighbor.
518. 93.5Moses' signs point to Christ.
519. 94.1God forbade images, yet commanded the bronze serpent.
520. 94.2The bronze serpent proclaimed the defeat of the devil through the cross.
521. 94.3Otherwise the bronze serpent contradicts the law.
522. 94.4A newcomer admits their teachers could not explain the bronze serpent.
523. 94.5The law's curse on the crucified does not fall on Christ, who saves the accursed.
524. 95.1All humanity is under the law's curse.
525. 95.2Christ took on the curses of all by the Father's will; those who killed him are not thereby excused.
526. 95.3Repentance brings forgiveness even to those who killed Christ.
527. 95.4Those who persist in cursing Christ will be held accountable.
528. 96.1Deut 21:23 foretold what the Jews would do to Christ; it does not mean God cursed him.
529. 96.2Christians are cursed in synagogues and killed by Gentiles; they call their persecutors brothers and die rather than deny Christ.
530. 96.3Christians pray for their enemies, as Christ taught.
531. 97.1Moses' hands raised until evening prefigure Christ on the cross until evening; Psalm 3 foretells the resurrection.
532. 97.2Isaiah foretold the outstretched hands and the resurrection.
533. 97.3Psalm 22 (LXX 21) foretold the piercing of hands and feet and the dividing of garments.
534. 97.4Psalm 22 fits no king but the crucified Jesus.
535. 98.1Justin will recite Psalm 22 in full.
536. 98.2Ps 22:1–5.
537. 98.3Ps 22:6–11.
538. 98.4Ps 22:12–17.
539. 98.5Ps 22:18–23.
540. 99.1Christ spoke the first words of Psalm 22 on the cross.
541. 99.2Christ's prayer in the garden fulfills the psalm and shows his true humanity.
542. 99.3Christ knew he would suffer; the “lack of understanding” is that of his enemies.
543. 100.1Christ's resurrection is his “praise”; the Gospel records his words on knowing the Father.
544. 100.2Christ is firstborn of God and son of the patriarchs through the Virgin.
545. 100.3Christ called himself Son of Man because of his birth from Mary, of Abraham's and Adam's race.
546. 100.4Peter confessed Christ; Christ became man through the Virgin to undo the serpent's disobedience by the same way.
547. 100.5Eve the virgin conceived disobedience; Mary the virgin received faith and bore the Son of God.
548. 100.6Through Mary's Son God destroys the serpent and delivers from death.
549. 101.1Christ acknowledges the patriarchs as his fathers and trusts in God, not his own strength.
550. 101.2Christ refers goodness to the Father; he is despised by the people.
551. 101.3The mockery at the cross fulfilled Ps 22:7–8.
552. 102.1Ps 22:9–15 foretold the events of the passion.
553. 102.2God protected the infant Christ from Herod because his death was appointed for later.
554. 102.3Why did God not simply kill Herod? For the same reason he did not destroy the serpent at once.
555. 102.4God made angels and men free and judges them while preserving their freedom, as at Babel.
556. 102.5Christ's silence before Pilate fulfilled the psalm and Isaiah.
557. 102.6Christ teaches trust in God alone, not in race, wealth, or strength.
558. 102.7If even the sinless Son relies on God, how can others hope to be saved without him?
559. 103.1The “calves” of Psalm 22 are those who arrested Christ on the Mount of Olives.
560. 103.2The “bulls” are the teachers who sent the arresting party; no one helped him.
561. 103.3The roaring lion is Herod Antipas, successor of the Herod who killed the infants.
562. 103.4Pilate sent Jesus bound to Herod, as Hosea foretold.
563. 103.5The lion may also be the devil; Justin explains the name Satan.
564. 103.6After the baptism the devil tempted Christ, who rebuked him.
565. 103.7Ps 22:14 foretold Christ's agony on the Mount of Olives.
566. 103.8The Gospels record Christ's bloody sweat, proving he truly suffered.
567. 103.9Christ's silence fulfilled Ps 22:15.
568. 104.1Ps 22:15–18 foretold his condemnation and crucifixion.
569. 104.2The soldiers divided his garments.
570. 105.1“My only one” in Ps 22:20 points to Christ as the Only-begotten.
571. 105.2The unicorns' horns point to the cross.
572. 105.3Christ's prayer teaches us to pray at death that no evil angel seize our soul.
573. 105.4Samuel's appearance through the medium shows that souls survive.
574. 105.5Christ commended his spirit to the Father at death.
575. 105.6Matt 5:20.
576. 106.1The end of Psalm 22 foretold the resurrection and Christ praising God among the apostles.
577. 106.2Ps 22:22–23.
578. 106.3Christ's renaming of Peter and the sons of Zebedee shows he is the one who renamed Jacob and Joshua.
579. 106.4Balaam's star and the star of the Magi.
580. 107.1The sign of Jonah foretold the resurrection on the third day.
581. 107.2Nineveh repented at Jonah's preaching.
582. 107.3The gourd and Jonah's grief.
583. 107.4Jonah 4:10–11.
584. 108.1Christ offered the sign of Jonah so that Israel might repent.
585. 108.2Justin says Jewish leaders spread the story that the disciples stole Jesus' body.
586. 108.3Christians do not hate the Jews but pray for their repentance.
587. 109.1Micah foretold the conversion of the nations.
588. 109.2Mic 4:1–3.
589. 109.3Mic 4:4–7.
590. 110.1Jewish teachers apply Micah 4 to the Messiah, who has not yet come or is hidden.
591. 110.2Micah's prophecy is fulfilled in Christ's first coming and will be completed at his second, when the Antichrist will persecute Christians.
592. 110.3Christians have beaten swords into plowshares; each sits under his own vine, that is, is faithful to his own wife.
593. 110.4Persecution only multiplies Christians, as pruning makes a vine more fruitful.
594. 110.5Christians are the afflicted and driven out, whom God will gather at Christ's return.
595. 110.6Christians are taken from the earth with the righteous Christ.
596. 111.1Moses' outstretched hands and Joshua's name together figure the cross and the name of Jesus.
597. 111.2Only Christ unites the cross and the name; he was not cursed by the law.
598. 111.3The Passover blood prefigured Christ's saving blood.
599. 111.4Rahab's scarlet cord signified Christ's blood, which saves former sinners.
600. 112.1Read literally, Moses' bronze serpent would break his own law.
601. 112.2The bronze serpent must be a symbol of the crucified Jesus.
602. 112.3Understood as types, the prophets' deeds are blameless.
603. 112.4The teachers explain trivia and neglect the great mysteries.
604. 112.5Only those willing to suffer like the prophets can profit from them.
605. 113.1The renaming of Hoshea as Joshua (Jesus) was significant.
606. 113.2Rabbis discuss the letters added to Abraham's and Sarah's names but ignore Joshua's new name.
607. 113.3As Joshua brought Israel into the land, Jesus will give the good land to his people.
608. 113.4Joshua gave a temporary inheritance; Jesus, who appeared to the patriarchs, gives an eternal one.
609. 113.5Christ will renew heaven and earth and shine in Jerusalem; he is king and priest after Melchizedek.
610. 113.6Joshua's second circumcision with stone knives prefigured Christ's circumcision of the heart by his words.
611. 113.7The stone knives are Christ's words, which circumcise the heart.
612. 114.1The Spirit speaks through types and through future events described as past.
613. 114.2Examples of prophecies spoken as already past.
614. 114.3The Jewish teachers take God's “fingers” literally and think the Father himself appeared to the patriarchs.
615. 114.4Christians' hearts, circumcised by the apostles' words, rejoice to die for Christ, the Rock that gives living water.
616. 114.5Jer 2:13 and a free quotation on Zion's divorce.
617. 115.1Zech 2:10–11.
618. 115.2Zech 2:12–3:2.
619. 115.3Zechariah saw Joshua the priest in a vision, in ecstasy.
620. 115.4The vision of Joshua the high priest foretells Christ's work.
621. 115.5Justin notes that Trypho's companions fasten on small slips like flies on sores.
622. 115.6Those who judge harshly will be judged the same way.
623. 116.1Zechariah's vision applies to Christians, cleansed of their sins by Christ and defended against the devil.
624. 116.2Christians are brands plucked from the fire and promised new garments and an eternal kingdom.
625. 116.3Christians, cleansed through Christ's name, are the true high-priestly race offering pure sacrifices.
626. 117.1The Eucharist of bread and cup is the pleasing sacrifice of Malachi.
627. 117.2Prayers and thanksgivings from the worthy are the only perfect sacrifices.
628. 117.3The Christian thanksgiving over bread and cup remembers Christ's passion; at the resurrection God will vindicate Christians.
629. 117.4The Jewish dispersion does not reach “from the rising to the setting of the sun.”
630. 117.5Prayers in Jesus' name are offered among every people on earth.
631. 118.1Justin urges repentance before the judgment; Christ is judge of living and dead.
632. 118.2Nathan's oracle and Ezekiel's prince refer to Christ; at his return the sacrifices will be spiritual praises.
633. 118.3God's providence made the Gentiles more understanding than Israel.
634. 118.4Isa 52:15–53:1; Justin repeats for the newcomers.
635. 118.5Trypho welcomes the repetition.
636. 119.1Understanding Scripture is a gift of grace.
637. 119.2Deut 32:16–23: God will provoke Israel with a nation that is no nation.
638. 119.3Christians are the new holy people foretold by the prophets.
639. 119.4Christians are the nation promised to Abraham.
640. 119.5As Abraham was called out of his land, Christians have been called out of their former life.
641. 119.6Christians, like Abraham, believed God's voice; they are his nation of like faith.
642. 120.1The promise passed through Isaac and Jacob, from whom Christ was to come.
643. 120.2Some Jews are true children of Abraham in Christ; others are like barren sand.
644. 120.3Gen 49:10 speaks of Christ, the expectation of the nations.
645. 120.4Justin notes the variant reading of Gen 49:10.
646. 120.5Justin argues only from acknowledged texts; Isaiah's martyrdom by a wooden saw is a figure of Christ dividing Israel.
647. 120.6Justin speaks the truth regardless of consequences; he denounced Simon Magus to the emperor though a Samaritan himself.
648. 121.1The nations are blessed in Christ himself (Ps 72:17).
649. 121.2No one dies for the sun, but many die for Christ's name, which shines brighter than the sun.
650. 121.3If Christ's humble first coming was so powerful, his glorious return will be far more so.
651. 121.4Isa 49:6.
652. 122.1The prophecies of light for the nations refer to Christians, not proselytes.
653. 122.2Proselytes to Judaism are even more hostile to Christians.
654. 122.3Isa 42:6–7 refers to Christ and the illuminated nations.
655. 122.4Some of the listeners protest.
656. 122.5If the law could illuminate, no new covenant would be needed; Christ gives light to the nations.
657. 122.6The nations are Christ's inheritance; Christ is God's covenant.
658. 123.1Proselytes join Israel under the same law; Christians are the new people from the nations.
659. 123.2It would be absurd for proselytes to see while Israel remains blind.
660. 123.3Deut 32:20 and Isa 42:19–20.
661. 123.4God will take away the wisdom of the wise (Isa 29:14).
662. 123.5Jer 31:27 and Isa 19:24–25: another Israel among the nations.
663. 123.6God calls the new people Israel (Ezek 36:12).
664. 123.7Trypho asks whether Christians are Israel.
665. 123.8Isa 42:1–4 LXX calls Christ Jacob and Israel.
666. 123.9As Israel was named from Jacob, Christians, begotten to God by Christ, are true children of God.
667. 124.1Justin will show that Scripture calls God's people “sons of the Most High.”
668. 124.2Ps 82 (LXX 81).
669. 124.3The LXX reading refers to the fall of Adam and Eve and of the serpent.
670. 124.4Humans were made capable of becoming “gods” and sons of the Most High, but fall like Adam and Eve.
671. 125.1Justin will explain the name Israel, sowing like the sower of the parable.
672. 125.2Like the faithful servant in the parable of the talents, Justin must invest what he has received.
673. 125.3“Israel” means “a man who conquers power”; Jacob's wrestling foretold Christ's struggle.
674. 125.4Christ defeated the devil in the temptation.
675. 125.5The numbing of Jacob's thigh foretold Christ's suffering; Israel is Christ's name, given to all who come to the Father through him.
676. 126.1A summary of Christ's titles in the prophets.
677. 126.2Exod 6:2–4.
678. 126.3The man who wrestled with Jacob was God.
679. 126.4The appearance at Mamre.
680. 126.5The one who appeared to the patriarchs serves the Father's will.
681. 126.6Num 11:23 and Deut 31:2–3: the Lord who spoke to Moses was the Son.
682. 127.1The unbegotten God does not literally come down or go up.
683. 127.2The Father is everywhere present by power, uncontained by any place.
684. 127.3Not even the glory of the one sent could be endured; how much less the Father?
685. 127.4No one saw the Father; the patriarchs saw his Son.
686. 127.5Otherwise the Father would not have been in heaven during these events.
687. 128.1Christ appeared as man, angel, and fire before his incarnation.
688. 128.2Some teach that the power that appeared is only a name for the Father's activity.
689. 128.3They compare the Son to sunlight, drawn back when the Father wills.
690. 128.4The Son is distinct in number from the Father, begotten without division, as fire from fire.
691. 129.1Gen 19:24 indicates two in number: the Lord on earth and the Father in heaven, the cause of his being.
692. 129.2Gen 3:22 indicates plurality.
693. 129.3Prov 8:21–25.
694. 129.4The begotten is distinct in number from the one who begets.
695. 130.1Deut 32:43 (LXX): the nations rejoice with his people.
696. 130.2The nations rejoice with the righteous of Israel, not with all Israel.
697. 130.3From all races God chose Israel, and now those from all races who obey him through Christ are Jacob and Israel.
698. 130.4The nations share Israel's inheritance and name.
699. 131.1Deut 32:7–9, with the LXX variant “angels of God.”
700. 131.2Christians, called through the despised cross, endure death rather than deny Christ,
701. 131.3than Israel, who received the exodus, the pillar of light, the manna, and the sweetened water,
702. 131.4and the signs of the bronze serpent and of Moses' hands at the battle with Amalek,
703. 131.5Christ, not Joshua, destroys the memory of Amalek, that is, the demons.
704. 131.6Israel received quails, water from the rock, the cloud, and clothes that did not wear out.
705. 132.1Israel sinned despite the miracles, including the sun standing still for Joshua.
706. 132.2The Philistines sent the ark back on a cart drawn by heifers.
707. 132.3The heifers stopped at the field of a man named Hoshea, a sign of the power of the name.
708. 133.1Despite God's wonders, Israel sacrificed children and rejected Christ; Justin prays for their salvation.
709. 133.2Isa 3:9–12.
710. 133.3Isa 3:12–15.
711. 133.4Isa 5:18–21.
712. 133.5Isa 5:22–25.
713. 133.6Christians pray for their persecutors, as Christ commanded.
714. 134.1Justin criticizes rabbis who permit polygamy by appealing to the patriarchs.
715. 134.2The patriarchs' marriages were mysteries, not examples of lust.
716. 134.3Jacob's two wives prefigure the synagogue (Leah) and the church (Rachel), for whom Christ serves.
717. 134.4Christ came to restore both free and slave, as Jacob's sons by free women and servants were equal.
718. 134.5Jacob's service, Leah's weak eyes, and Rachel's theft of the idols are all figures.
719. 134.6As Jacob was hated by his brother, so Christ and Christians are hated.
720. 135.1The King called Israel is Christ, for Jacob was never king.
721. 135.2Isa 42:1–4.
722. 135.3Christians, “hewn out” of Christ, are the true Israelite race.
723. 135.4Isa 65:9–12.
724. 135.5The promised seed of Jacob must be another people.
725. 135.6There are two houses of Jacob: one of flesh, one of faith and Spirit.
726. 136.1Isa 65:8–9: God will spare a remnant and bring forth another seed.
727. 136.2Isa 3:9–10 (LXX): “Let us take away the righteous one.”
728. 136.3Rejecting Christ is rejecting the Father who sent him.
729. 137.1Justin appeals to them not to mock the crucified, by whose stripes all can be healed.
730. 137.2Do not scoff at the King of Israel, as the synagogue rulers teach after the prayer.
731. 137.3Justin had quoted Isa 3:10 two ways to test his hearers.
732. 137.4Evening approaches; Justin adds one more point.
733. 138.1The eight saved in the flood symbolize the eighth day of Christ's resurrection.
734. 138.2Christ is the beginning of a new race regenerated through water, faith, and the wood of the cross, as Noah was saved on wood.
735. 138.3Through water, faith, and wood, the repentant escape the coming judgment.
736. 139.1Noah cursed Canaan, not Ham, because the penalty would fall on Ham's whole race.
737. 139.2Noah foretold that Shem would take Canaan's land, and Japheth would take it from Shem.
738. 139.3Gen 9:24–27: Japheth (the Romans) now dwells in the tents of Shem.
739. 139.4Christ calls all peoples to share the land promised to the saints.
740. 139.5Believers, slave or free, will inherit with Christ.
741. 140.1Jacob's sons by the servants show that Christ receives all equally as fellow heirs.
742. 140.2Descent from Abraham does not guarantee the kingdom.
743. 140.3Isaiah and Ezekiel show that each is judged by his own righteousness.
744. 140.4No one is evil by God's fault, but by his own.
745. 141.1God made angels and men free; sin is their own responsibility.
746. 141.2God foresees but does not cause sin; forgiveness comes through repentance, not mere knowledge of God.
747. 141.3Even David was forgiven only after repentance.
748. 141.4David's fall shows that the patriarchs' marriages were not license; Justin criticizes polygamy.
749. 141.5Justin addresses the dedicatee, Marcus Pompeius.
750. 142.1Trypho thanks Justin for the discussion and asks to be remembered as a friend.
751. 142.2Justin urges them to prefer Christ to their teachers.
752. 142.3They part as friends, praying for each other; Justin prays that they may come to believe Jesus is the Christ.