Ecclesiastes 4 in the early church
53 passages quote, allude to, or echo Ecclesiastes 4, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16
Ecclesiastes 4:1
Again I looked, and I considered all the oppression taking place under the sun. I saw the tears of the oppressed, and they had no comforter; the power lay in the hands of their oppressors, and there was no comforter.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eccl 4:1 | Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgus | allusion, high confidence | 3rd century |
Ecclesiastes 4:2
So I admired the dead, who had already died, above the living, who are still alive.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eccl 4:2 | Exhortation to Martyrdom 22 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | 235 |
| Eccl 4:2 | Homilies on Numbers 7.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Eccl 4:2–3 | Homilies on Psalms 36-38 8.10 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Eccl 4:2 | Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgus | allusion, high confidence | 3rd century |
| Eccl 4:2 | Commentary on Romans 3.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Eccl 4:2 | Res. 1.12 · Methodius of Olympus | quotation, high confidence | late 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Eccl 4:2 | Tractates on the Psalms 119.18 · Hilary of Poitiers | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Eccl 4:2 | Exposition of Psalm 118 18.3.3 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Eccl 4:2 | Formulae of Spiritual Understanding 5 · Eucherius of Lyon | quotation, high confidence | ca. 420-430 |
Ecclesiastes 4:3
But better than both is he who has not yet existed, who has not seen the evil that is done under the sun.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eccl 4:3 | Homilies on Numbers 7.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Eccl 4:3 | Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgus | allusion, high confidence | 3rd century |
| Eccl 4:3 | Commentary on Romans 3.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Eccl 4:3 | Res. 1.12 · Methodius of Olympus | quotation, high confidence | late 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Eccl 4:3 | Exposition of Psalm 118 18.3.3 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
Ecclesiastes 4:4
I saw that all labor and success spring from a man’s envy of his neighbor. This too is futile and a pursuit of the wind.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eccl 4:4 | Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgus | allusion, high confidence | 3rd century |
| Eccl 4:4 | Homilies 11.4 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
Ecclesiastes 4:5
The fool folds his hands and consumes his own flesh.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eccl 4:5 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.4.5 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Eccl 4:5 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.63.5 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
Ecclesiastes 4:6
Better one handful with tranquility than two handfuls with toil and pursuit of the wind.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eccl 4:6 | Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgus | allusion, high confidence | 3rd century |
| Eccl 4:6 | The Conferences 24.13 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
Ecclesiastes 4:8
There is a man all alone, without even a son or brother. And though there is no end to his labor, his eyes are still not content with his wealth: “For whom do I toil and bereave my soul of enjoyment?” This too is futile—a miserable task.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eccl 4:8 | Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgus | allusion, high confidence | 3rd century |
| Eccl 4:8–10 | Tractates on Matthew 8.3 · Chromatius of Aquileia | quotation, high confidence | ca. 388–407 |
Ecclesiastes 4:9
Two are better than one, because they have a good return for their labor.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eccl 4:9 | Fragments on Luke, column 351 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Eccl 4:9 | Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgus | allusion, high confidence | 3rd century |
| Eccl 4:9–10 | Fragment E III (on Ecclesiastes) · Dionysius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–265 |
| Eccl 4:9 | Three Letters to Sympronianus 3.27 · Pacian of Barcelona | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Eccl 4:9 | On Virginity 23 · Gregory of Nyssa | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–371 |
| Eccl 4:9 | Letter 76.1 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Eccl 4:9 | Ancoratus 18.4 · Epiphanius of Salamis | quotation, high confidence | 374 |
Ecclesiastes 4:10
For if one falls down, his companion can lift him up; but pity the one who falls without another to help him up!
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eccl 4:10 | Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgus | allusion, high confidence | 3rd century |
| Eccl 4:10 | On Virginity 23 · Gregory of Nyssa | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–371 |
| Eccl 4:10 | Letter 76.1 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Eccl 4:10 | Sermon 170 · Peter Chrysologus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 425-450 |
Ecclesiastes 4:11
Again, if two lie down together, they will keep warm; but how can one keep warm alone?
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eccl 4:11 | Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgus | allusion, high confidence | 3rd century |
Ecclesiastes 4:12
And though one may be overpowered, two can resist. Moreover, a cord of three strands is not quickly broken.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eccl 4:12 | Homilies on Exodus 9.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Eccl 4:12 | Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgus | allusion, high confidence | 3rd century |
| Eccl 4:12 | Three Letters to Sympronianus 3.27 · Pacian of Barcelona | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-390 |
| Eccl 4:12 | Oration 34.8 · Gregory of Nazianzus | echo, low confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Eccl 4:12 | Letter 76.1 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Eccl 4:12 | Letter 82.11 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Eccl 4:12 | Book of Heresies 153.4 · Philastrius of Brescia | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380s |
| Eccl 4:12 | On Fleeing the World 54 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-391 |
| Eccl 4:12 | Letters 23.30 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, high confidence | ca. 394–413 |
Ecclesiastes 4:13
Better is a poor but wise youth than an old but foolish king who no longer knows how to take a warning.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eccl 4:13 | Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgus | allusion, high confidence | 3rd century |
| Eccl 4:13 | Prophetic Extracts 3.4 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
| Eccl 4:13 | Prophetic Extracts 3.5 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
| Eccl 4:13 | Ancoratus 18.4 · Epiphanius of Salamis | quotation, high confidence | 374 |
Ecclesiastes 4:14
For the youth has come from the prison to the kingship, though he was born poor in his own kingdom.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eccl 4:14 | Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgus | allusion, high confidence | 3rd century |
| Eccl 4:14 | Prophetic Extracts 3.4 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
Ecclesiastes 4:15
I saw that all who lived and walked under the sun followed this second one, the youth who succeeded the king.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eccl 4:15 | Prophetic Extracts 3.4 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
Ecclesiastes 4:16
There is no limit to all the people who were before them. Yet the successor will not be celebrated by those who come even later. This too is futile and a pursuit of the wind.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eccl 4:16 | Metaphrase of Ecclesiastes 4 · Gregory Thaumaturgus | allusion, high confidence | 3rd century |
| Eccl 4:16 | Prophetic Extracts 3.4 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |