Job 31 in the early church
70 passages quote, allude to, or echo Job 31, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 11 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 24 · 25 · 26 · 27 · 28 · 29 · 32 · 33 · 34 · 35 · 36 · 37 · 40
Job 31:1
“I have made a covenant with my eyes. How then could I gaze with desire at a virgin?
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:1 | On Proverbs, fragment 13 · Hippolytus of Rome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 200–235 |
| Job 31:1 | Against the Manichees, Greek continuation of book 3, Lagarde p. 89 · Titus of Bostra | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360s |
| Job 31:1 | Homilies on Matthew 17.1 · John Chrysostom | allusion, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Job 31:1 | Homilies on Matthew 33.6 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Job 31:1 | Commonitorium 1.421–450 · Orientius of Auch | echo, low confidence | ca. 420-450 |
Job 31:5
If I have walked in falsehood or my foot has rushed to deceit,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:5–6 | Demonstration of the Gospel 1.6.16 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Job 31:5–6 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.61.2 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
Job 31:6
let God weigh me with honest scales, that He may know my integrity.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:6–7 | On Saint Athanasius 1.40 · Lucifer of Cagliari | quotation, high confidence | ca. 356–361 |
Job 31:7
If my steps have turned from the path, if my heart has followed my eyes, or if impurity has stuck to my hands,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:7 | On the Singleness of Clerics 28 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Job 31:7 | Demonstration of the Gospel 1.6.18 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Job 31:7–8 | Demonstration of the Gospel 1.6.20 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Job 31:7–11 | Tractates on Matthew 9.1 · Chromatius of Aquileia | quotation, high confidence | ca. 388–407 |
Job 31:8
then may another eat what I have sown, and may my crops be uprooted.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:8 | Oration 14.18 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
Job 31:9
If my heart has been enticed by my neighbor’s wife, or I have lurked at his door,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:9 | Demonstration of the Gospel 1.6.18 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
Job 31:11
For that would be a heinous crime, an iniquity to be judged.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:11–12 | Demonstration of the Gospel 1.6.19 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
Job 31:13
If I have rejected the cause of my manservant or maidservant when they made a complaint against me,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:13 | Demonstration of the Gospel 1.6.21 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Job 31:13 | Long recension, Philadelphians 4 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | later 4th century (probable) |
| Job 31:13 | Long recension, Antiochians 10 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | later 4th century (probable) |
Job 31:14
what will I do when God rises to judge? How will I answer when called to account?
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:14–15 | Demonstration of the Gospel 1.6.22 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Job 31:14 | Long recension, Antiochians 10 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | later 4th century (probable) |
Job 31:15
Did not He who made me in the womb also make them? Did not the same One form us in the womb?
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:15 | On Naboth 54 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 386-390 |
Job 31:16
If I have denied the desires of the poor or allowed the widow’s eyes to fail,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:16–19 | Demonstration of the Gospel 1.6.23 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Job 31:16–22 | Demonstration 20.15 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Job 31:16 | Oration I Against the Arians 63 · Athanasius of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 339–346 |
| Job 31:16 | On Naboth 57 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| Job 31:16 | Homilies on Matthew 74.4 · John Chrysostom | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 390 |
| Job 31:16–17 | Tractates 0 · Gaudentius of Brescia | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 397-410 |
Job 31:17
if I have eaten my morsel alone, not sharing it with the fatherless—
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:17 | On Naboth 57 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| Job 31:17 | On the Duties of the Clergy 1.39 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 386–390 |
Job 31:18
though from my youth I reared him as would a father, and from my mother’s womb I guided the widow—
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:18 | On Naboth 57 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
Job 31:19
if I have seen one perish for lack of clothing, or a needy man without a cloak,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:19 | On Naboth 57 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
Job 31:20
if his heart has not blessed me for warming him with the fleece of my sheep,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:20 | On Naboth 57 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| Job 31:20 | On the Duties of the Clergy 1.11 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–390 |
| Job 31:20 | The Conferences 6.10 · John Cassian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
Job 31:21
if I have lifted up my hand against the fatherless because I saw that I had support in the gate,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:21 | On Naboth 57 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
Job 31:24
If I have put my trust in gold or called pure gold my security,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:24–25 | Demonstration of the Gospel 1.6.24 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Job 31:24 | Homilies on Matthew 33.6 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
Job 31:25
if I have rejoiced in my great wealth because my hand had gained so much,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:25 | On Naboth 57 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| Job 31:25 | Homilies on Matthew 21.1 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Job 31:25 | Homilies on Matthew 33.6 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
Job 31:26
if I have beheld the sun in its radiance or the moon moving in splendor,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:26 | Demonstration of the Gospel 1.6.25 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Job 31:26–28 | Apology against Rufinus 1.19 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 401–402 |
Job 31:27
so that my heart was secretly enticed and my hand threw a kiss from my mouth,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:27 | Exhortation to Martyrdom 33 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | 235 |
Job 31:28
this would also be an iniquity to be judged, for I would have denied God on high.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:28 | Exhortation to Martyrdom 33 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | 235 |
Job 31:29
If I have rejoiced in my enemy’s ruin, or exulted when evil befell him—
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:29–30 | Demonstration of the Gospel 1.6.26 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Job 31:29 | On Naboth 57 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| Job 31:29–30 | Tractates on Matthew 12.1 · Chromatius of Aquileia | quotation, high confidence | ca. 388–407 |
| Job 31:29 | The Conferences 6.10 · John Cassian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
Job 31:32
but no stranger had to lodge on the street, for my door has been open to the traveler—
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:32 | Life of Cyprian 3 · Anonymous | allusion, low confidence | ca. 258–265 |
| Job 31:32 | Demonstration of the Gospel 1.6.27 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Job 31:32 | Demonstration 20.15 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Job 31:32 | Oration 8.10 · Gregory of Nazianzus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Job 31:32 | On Naboth 57 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| Job 31:32 | On the Duties of the Clergy 1.11 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–390 |
| Job 31:32 | On the Duties of the Clergy 1.32 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–390 |
Job 31:33
if I have covered my transgressions like Adam by hiding my guilt in my heart,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:33 | Commentary on Romans 3.6 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Job 31:33–37 | Demonstration of the Gospel 1.6.28 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Job 31:33 | On Naboth 57 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| Job 31:33 | On the Duties of the Clergy 1.39 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386–390 |
| Job 31:33–34 | Sermon 392.3 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
Job 31:34
because I greatly feared the crowds and the contempt of the clans terrified me, so that I kept silent and would not go outside—
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:34 | Commentary on Romans 3.6 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Job 31:34 | Homilies 20.7 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| Job 31:34 | On Naboth 57 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-390 |
| Job 31:34 | On the Duties of the Clergy 1.39 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386–390 |
| Job 31:34–39 | Tractates on Matthew 11.4 · Chromatius of Aquileia | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 388–407 |
Job 31:35
(Oh, that I had one to hear me! Here is my signature. Let the Almighty answer me; let my accuser compose an indictment.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:35 | On Tobit 58 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380-390 |
Job 31:36
Surely I would carry it on my shoulder and wear it like a crown.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:36 | On the Duties of the Clergy 1.32 · Ambrose | allusion, low confidence | ca. 386–390 |
Job 31:37
I would give account of all my steps; I would approach Him like a prince.)—
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:37 | On Tobit 58 · Ambrose | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 380-390 |
Job 31:40
then let briers grow instead of wheat and stinkweed instead of barley.” Thus conclude the words of Job.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Job 31:40 | Oration 14.18 · Gregory of Nazianzus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Job 31:40 | Letters 10.2 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 394–413 |