Ezekiel 28 in the early church
[Vulgate: Ezechiel]
135 passages quote, allude to, or echo Ezekiel 28, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 21 · 22 · 24 · 25 · 26
Ezekiel 28:1
And the word of the LORD came to me, saying,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:1–19 | On First Principles 4.3.9 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Ezek 28:1–19 | Part 2, chapter 36 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Ezekiel 28:2
“Son of man, tell the ruler of Tyre that this is what the Lord GOD says: Your heart is proud, and you have said, ‘I am a god; I sit in the seat of gods in the heart of the sea.’ Yet you are a man and not a god, though you have regarded your heart as that of a god.
Ezekiel 28:3
Behold, you are wiser than Daniel; no secret is hidden from you!
Ezekiel 28:4
By your wisdom and understanding you have gained your wealth and amassed gold and silver for your treasuries.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:4 | On Christ and Antichrist 18 · Hippolytus of Rome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 200–215 |
| Ezek 28:4 | Book of Rules 7 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Ezek 28:4 | On the Governance of God 7.59 · Salvian of Marseilles | quotation, high confidence | ca. 439-451 |
| Ezek 28:4 | On the Governance of God 7.60 · Salvian of Marseilles | quotation, high confidence | ca. 439-451 |
Ezekiel 28:5
By your great skill in trading you have increased your wealth, but your heart has grown proud because of it.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:5 | On Christ and Antichrist 18 · Hippolytus of Rome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 200–215 |
| Ezek 28:5 | Book of Rules 7 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Ezek 28:5 | On the Governance of God 7.59 · Salvian of Marseilles | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 439-451 |
Ezekiel 28:6
Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says: Because you regard your heart as the heart of a god,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:6 | On Christ and Antichrist 18 · Hippolytus of Rome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 200–215 |
| Ezek 28:6 | Book of Rules 7 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
Ezekiel 28:7
behold, I will bring foreigners against you, the most ruthless of nations. They will draw their swords against the beauty of your wisdom and will defile your splendor.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:7 | On Christ and Antichrist 18 · Hippolytus of Rome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 200–215 |
| Ezek 28:7 | Book of Rules 7 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
Ezekiel 28:8
They will bring you down to the Pit, and you will die a violent death in the heart of the seas.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:8 | On Christ and Antichrist 18 · Hippolytus of Rome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 200–215 |
| Ezek 28:8 | Against Parmenian the Donatist 3.3 · Optatus of Milevis | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 366–385 |
| Ezek 28:8 | Book of Rules 7 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
Ezekiel 28:9
Will you still say, ‘I am a god,’ in the presence of those who slay you? You will be only a man, not a god, in the hands of those who wound you.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:9 | On Christ and Antichrist 18 · Hippolytus of Rome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 200–215 |
| Ezek 28:9 | On Christ and Antichrist 53 · Hippolytus of Rome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 200–215 |
| Ezek 28:9 | Commentary on Daniel 4.12-13 · Hippolytus of Rome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 202-204 |
| Ezek 28:9 | Book of Rules 7 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
Ezekiel 28:10
You will die the death of the uncircumcised at the hands of foreigners. For I have spoken, declares the Lord GOD.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:10 | On Christ and Antichrist 18 · Hippolytus of Rome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 200–215 |
| Ezek 28:10 | Book of Rules 7 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
Ezekiel 28:12
“Son of man, take up a lament for the king of Tyre and tell him that this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘You were the seal of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:12 | Against Marcion 2.10 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Ezek 28:12 | On First Principles 1.5.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Ezek 28:12 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 28:12 | Homilies on Ezekiel 13.1 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 28:12 | Homilies on Ezekiel 13.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 28:12–19 | Against Celsus 6.44 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Ezek 28:12 | Preparation for the Gospel 7.16.5 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Ezek 28:12–13 | Catechetical Lecture 2.4 · Cyril of Jerusalem | quotation, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Ezek 28:12 | Letter 21.24 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 28:12 | Book of Rules 7 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Ezek 28:12–13 | On Paradise 9 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 375-378 |
| Ezek 28:12–15 | Literal Commentary on Genesis 11.25 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 401–415 |
| Ezek 28:12 | The Conferences 8.8 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
| Ezek 28:12 | On the Governance of God 7.59 · Salvian of Marseilles | quotation, high confidence | ca. 439-451 |
| Ezek 28:12–15 | Part 4, chapter 1 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Ezekiel 28:13
You were in Eden, the garden of God. Every kind of precious stone adorned you: ruby, topaz, and diamond, beryl, onyx, and jasper, sapphire, turquoise, and emerald. Your mountings and settings were crafted in gold, prepared on the day of your creation.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:13 | Against Marcion 2.10 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Ezek 28:13 | On First Principles 1.5.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Ezek 28:13 | On First Principles 1.8.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Ezek 28:13 | Homilies on Ezekiel 13.1 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 28:13 | Homilies on Ezekiel 13.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 28:13 | Homilies on Ezekiel 13.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 28:13 | Preparation for the Gospel 7.16.5 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Ezek 28:13–17 | Commentary on 1 Corinthians 13:2 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Ezek 28:13–17 | Question 2, section 2 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Ezek 28:13 | Letter 21.24 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 28:13 | Letter 22.4 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 28:13 | Letter 64.16 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 28:13 | Book of Rules 7 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Ezek 28:13–16 | Against Jovinianus 2.4 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | 393 |
| Ezek 28:13 | City of God 11.15 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 413–426 |
| Ezek 28:13 | The Conferences 8.8 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
| Ezek 28:13 | On the Governance of God 7.59 · Salvian of Marseilles | quotation, high confidence | ca. 439-451 |
Ezekiel 28:14
You were anointed as a guardian cherub, for I had ordained you. You were on the holy mountain of God; you walked among the fiery stones.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:14 | Against Marcion 2.10 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Ezek 28:14 | On First Principles 1.5.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Ezek 28:14 | On First Principles 1.8.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Ezek 28:14 | Homilies on Ezekiel 13.1 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 28:14 | Commentary on Romans 5.10 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Ezek 28:14 | Preparation for the Gospel 7.16.6 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Ezek 28:14 | Letters to Serapion 1.25 · Athanasius of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 357–360 |
| Ezek 28:14 | Commentary on Ephesians 3.10 · Marius Victorinus | allusion, low confidence | ca. 360–363 |
| Ezek 28:14 | Question 27, section 2 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, low confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Ezek 28:14 | Book of Rules 7 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Ezek 28:14 | The Conferences 8.8 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
Ezekiel 28:15
From the day you were created you were blameless in your ways—until wickedness was found in you.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:15 | Against Marcion 2.10 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Ezek 28:15 | On First Principles 1.5.4 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Ezek 28:15 | PG 12:1161 (Ps 4 LXX) · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Ezek 28:15 | Homilies on Ezekiel 1.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Ezek 28:15 | Commentary on Matthew 15.27 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Ezek 28:15 | Commentary on Romans 5.1 · Origen | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Ezek 28:15 | Commentary on Romans 5.10 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Ezek 28:15 | Preparation for the Gospel 7.16.6 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Ezek 28:15 | Catechetical Lecture 2.4 · Cyril of Jerusalem | quotation, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Ezek 28:15 | Book of Rules 7 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Ezek 28:15 | City of God 11.15 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 413–426 |
| Ezek 28:15 | The Conferences 8.8 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
Ezekiel 28:16
By the vastness of your trade, you were filled with violence, and you sinned. So I drove you in disgrace from the mountain of God, and I banished you, O guardian cherub, from among the fiery stones.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:16 | Against Marcion 2.10 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Ezek 28:16 | On First Principles 1.5.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Ezek 28:16 | Letter 78.22 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Ezek 28:16 | Book of Rules 7 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Ezek 28:16 | Liber Orsiesii 31 · Orsiesius | allusion, low confidence | ca. 380-390 |
| Ezek 28:16 | The Conferences 8.8 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
| Ezek 28:16–18 | Part 4, chapter 3 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Ezekiel 28:17
Your heart grew proud of your beauty; you corrupted your wisdom because of your splendor; so I cast you to the earth; I made you a spectacle before kings.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:17 | On First Principles 1.5.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Ezek 28:17 | Commentary on Romans 5.1 · Origen | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Ezek 28:17 | Preparation for the Gospel 7.16.6 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Ezek 28:17 | Catechetical Lecture 2.4 · Cyril of Jerusalem | quotation, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Ezek 28:17 | Book of Rules 7 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Ezek 28:17 | The Conferences 8.8 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
| Ezek 28:17 | On the Governance of God 7.60 · Salvian of Marseilles | quotation, high confidence | ca. 439-451 |
| Ezek 28:17 | Part 4, chapter 2 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Ezekiel 28:18
By the multitude of your iniquities and the dishonesty of your trading you have profaned your sanctuaries. So I made fire come from within you, and it consumed you. I reduced you to ashes on the ground in the eyes of all who saw you.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:18 | On First Principles 1.5.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Ezek 28:18 | Book of Rules 7 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Ezek 28:18 | The Conferences 8.8 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
| Ezek 28:18 | On the Governance of God 7.61 · Salvian of Marseilles | quotation, high confidence | ca. 439-451 |
Ezekiel 28:19
All the nations who know you are appalled over you. You have come to a horrible end and will be no more.’”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:19 | On First Principles 1.5.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Ezek 28:19 | Commentary on John 20.174 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Ezek 28:19 | Homilies on Leviticus 4.5 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Ezek 28:19 | Commentary on Romans 5.6 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Ezek 28:19 | Book of Rules 7 · Tyconius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Ezek 28:19 | Apology against Rufinus 2.7 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 401–402 |
| Ezek 28:19 | On the Governance of God 7.61 · Salvian of Marseilles | quotation, high confidence | ca. 439-451 |
Ezekiel 28:21
“Son of man, set your face against Sidon and prophesy against her.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:21 | Homilies on Ezekiel 13.4 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
Ezekiel 28:22
And you are to declare that this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘Behold, I am against you, O Sidon, and I will be glorified within you. They will know that I am the LORD when I execute judgments against her and demonstrate My holiness through her.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:22 | Homilies on Ezekiel 13.4 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
Ezekiel 28:24
For the people of Israel will no longer face a pricking brier or a painful thorn from all around them who treat them with contempt. Then they will know that I am the Lord GOD.’
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:24 | Liber Orsiesii 47 · Orsiesius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380-390 |
Ezekiel 28:25
This is what the Lord GOD says: ‘When I gather the house of Israel from the peoples among whom they have been scattered, I will show Myself holy among them in the sight of the nations. Then they will dwell in their own land, which I have given to My servant Jacob.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:25 | Against Heresies 5.34.1 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
Ezekiel 28:26
And there they will dwell securely, build houses, and plant vineyards. They will dwell securely when I execute judgments against all those around them who treat them with contempt. Then they will know that I am the LORD their God.’”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ezek 28:26 | Against Heresies 5.34.1 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |