Isaiah 28 in the early church
[Vulgate: Isaias]
88 passages quote, allude to, or echo Isaiah 28, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 3 · 5 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 24 · 25
Isaiah 28:1
Woe to the majestic crown of Ephraim’s drunkards, to the fading flower of his glorious splendor, set on the summit above the fertile valley, the pride of those overcome by wine.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 28:1 | Oration 42.11 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Isa 28:1 | Homilies 1.10 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 363-378 |
Isaiah 28:3
The majestic crown of Ephraim’s drunkards will be trampled underfoot.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 28:3–6 | Demonstration of the Gospel 2.3.135 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Isa 28:3–5 | Demonstration of the Gospel 2.3.136 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
Isaiah 28:5
On that day the LORD of Hosts will be a crown of glory, a diadem of splendor to the remnant of His people,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 28:5 | Oration 2.39 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Isa 28:5 | Oration 42.11 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
Isaiah 28:9
Whom is He trying to teach? To whom is He explaining His message? To infants just weaned from milk? To babies removed from the breast?
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 28:9 | Exhortation to Martyrdom 1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | 235 |
| Isa 28:9 | Letter 108.18 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Isa 28:9 | Letter 130.7 · Jerome | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Isa 28:9 | Exposition of Psalm 118 19.21.2 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
Isaiah 28:10
For they hear: “Order on order, order on order, line on line, line on line; a little here, a little there.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 28:10 | Refutation of All Heresies 5.8.4 · Hippolytus of Rome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 222–235 |
| Isa 28:10 | Exhortation to Martyrdom 1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | 235 |
| Isa 28:10 | Letters 140, 141 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 357–378 |
| Isa 28:10 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 25.4.4 · Epiphanius of Salamis | quotation, high confidence | 374-377 |
| Isa 28:10 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 25.4.5 · Epiphanius of Salamis | quotation, high confidence | 374-377 |
| Isa 28:10 | Exposition of Psalm 118 19.21.2 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
Isaiah 28:11
Indeed, with mocking lips and foreign tongues, He will speak to this people
Isaiah 28:12
to whom He has said: “This is the place of rest, let the weary rest; this is the place of repose.” But they would not listen.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 28:12 | Demonstration 4.14 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Isa 28:12 | Demonstration 13.13 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Isa 28:12 | Demonstration 20.1 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Isa 28:12 | Demonstration 20.16 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
Isaiah 28:14
Therefore hear the word of the LORD, O scoffers who rule this people in Jerusalem.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 28:14 | Epistle of Barnabas 9.3 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Isa 28:14 | Prophetic Extracts 4.13 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
Isaiah 28:15
For you said, “We have made a covenant with death; we have fashioned an agreement with Sheol. When the overwhelming scourge passes through it will not touch us, because we have made lies our refuge and falsehood our hiding place.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 28:15 | Prophetic Extracts 4.13 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
| Isa 28:15 | Catechetical Lecture 19.9 · Cyril of Jerusalem | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 350 |
| Isa 28:15 | Letter 92.1 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Isa 28:15 | Letter 147.3 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Isa 28:15 | Liber Orsiesii 47 · Orsiesius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380-390 |
| Isa 28:15 | Confessions 6.22 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 397–401 |
| Isa 28:15 | Apology against Rufinus 3.4 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 401–402 |
Isaiah 28:16
So this is what the Lord GOD says: “See, I lay a stone in Zion, a tested stone, a precious cornerstone, a sure foundation; the one who believes will never be shaken.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 28:16 | Epistle of Barnabas 6.2 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Isa 28:16 | Epistle of Barnabas 6.3 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Isa 28:16 | Sibylline Oracles 8.251ff. · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | 2nd-3rd cent. |
| Isa 28:16 | Dialogue with Trypho 126.1 · Justin Martyr | allusion, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Isa 28:16 | Acts of Peter (Vercelli) 24 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 180–200 |
| Isa 28:16 | Against Heresies 3.21.7 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Isa 28:16 | Against Marcion 5.5 · Tertullian | allusion, medium confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 28:16 | Against Marcion 5.6 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Isa 28:16 | On First Principles 2.11.3 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Isa 28:16 | PG 12:1599 (Ps 118 LXX) · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Isa 28:16 | Refutation of All Heresies 5.7.35 · Hippolytus of Rome | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 222–235 |
| Isa 28:16 | Lines 261–284 · Commodian | allusion, high confidence | 3rd century (disputed) |
| Isa 28:16 | Commentary on Romans 7.19 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Isa 28:16 | Commentary on Romans 7.20 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Isa 28:16 | Commentary on Romans 8.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Isa 28:16 | To Quirinus 2.16 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
| Isa 28:16 | Prophetic Extracts 3.42 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
| Isa 28:16 | Prophetic Extracts 4.13 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
| Isa 28:16 | Demonstration of the Gospel 1.7.14 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Isa 28:16 | Catechetical Lecture 10.3 · Cyril of Jerusalem | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 350 |
| Isa 28:16 | Catechetical Lecture 13.33 · Cyril of Jerusalem | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 350 |
| Isa 28:16 | Tractates on the Psalms 124.3 · Hilary of Poitiers | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Isa 28:16 | Commentary on Ephesians 2.20 · Marius Victorinus | allusion, low confidence | ca. 360–363 |
| Isa 28:16 | Against Parmenian the Donatist 2.5 · Optatus of Milevis | allusion, low confidence | ca. 366–385 |
| Isa 28:16 | Commentary on Romans 9:33 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Isa 28:16 | Commentary on Romans 10:11 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Isa 28:16 | Letter to the Africans 5 · Athanasius of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 369 |
| Isa 28:16 | Letter 108.13 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Isa 28:16 | Eleven Tractates 5.88 · Priscillian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380–385 |
| Isa 28:16 | On the Duties of the Clergy 1.29 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–390 |
| Isa 28:16 | Letter 186.8 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Isa 28:16 | Sermon 169.10 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Isa 28:16 | Sermon 204.2 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Isa 28:16 | Sermon 279.9 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Isa 28:16 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 7.23 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| Isa 28:16 | Sermon 27 · Peter Chrysologus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 425-450 |
| Isa 28:16 | Sermon 55 · Peter Chrysologus | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 425-450 |
| Isa 28:16 | Sermon 77 · Peter Chrysologus | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 425-450 |
| Isa 28:16 | Part 1, chapter 23 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Isaiah 28:17
I will make justice the measuring line and righteousness the level. Hail will sweep away your refuge of lies, and water will flood your hiding place.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 28:17 | Prophetic Extracts 4.13 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
| Isa 28:17 | Homilies on the Psalms 32.1 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-378 |
| Isa 28:17 | Oration 16.4 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
Isaiah 28:18
Your covenant with death will be dissolved, and your agreement with Sheol will not stand. When the overwhelming scourge passes through, you will be trampled by it.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 28:18 | Prophetic Extracts 4.13 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
Isaiah 28:19
As often as it passes through, it will carry you away; it will sweep through morning after morning, by day and by night.” The understanding of this message will bring sheer terror.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 28:19 | Homilies on Numbers 16.3 · Origen | allusion, low confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Isa 28:19 | Oration 40.12 · Gregory of Nazianzus | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 362–383 |
Isaiah 28:20
Indeed, the bed is too short to stretch out on, and the blanket too small to wrap around you.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 28:20 | Commentary on Jeremiah 1.90 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 414-419 |
Isaiah 28:24
Does the plowman plow for planting every day? Does he continuously loosen and harrow the soil?
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 28:24 | Letter 22.20 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Isaiah 28:25
When he has leveled its surface, does he not sow caraway and scatter cumin? He plants wheat in rows and barley in plots, and rye within its border.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa 28:25 | Theological Oration 2 (Or. 28), On the Doctrine of God 1 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, medium confidence | 380 |