Exodus 10 in the early church
66 passages quote, allude to, or echo Exodus 10, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 3 · 7 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 26 · 27
Exodus 10:1
Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his officials, that I may perform these miraculous signs of Mine among them,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 10:1 | Against Heresies 4.29.1 · Irenaeus of Lyons | allusion, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Exod 10:1 | Homilies on Exodus 4.4 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 10:1–23 | Exodus, lines 319–347 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
Exodus 10:3
So Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and told him, “This is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says: ‘How long will you refuse to humble yourself before Me? Let My people go, so that they may worship Me.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 10:3 | Eclogae on Exodus-Judges, column 281 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
Exodus 10:7
Pharaoh’s officials asked him, “How long will this man be a snare to us? Let the people go, so that they may worship the LORD their God. Do you not yet realize that Egypt lies in ruins?”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 10:7 | Demonstration 14.42 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
Exodus 10:12
Then the LORD said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand over the land of Egypt, so that the locusts may swarm over it and devour every plant in the land—everything that the hail has left behind.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 10:12–15 | Refutation of All Heresies 8.14.8 · Hippolytus of Rome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 222–235 |
| Exod 10:12 | Homilies on Exodus 4.7 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 10:12–23 | Oration 16.10 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Exod 10:12–15 | On the Life of Moses 349 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Exod 10:12–15 | Hexameron (Exameron) 5.82 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-390 |
| Exod 10:12–15 | Sermon 8.8 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Exod 10:12–15 | City of God 16.4 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | 413–426 |
| Exod 10:12–15 | Seven Books of History against the Pagans 7.27.11 · Orosius | allusion, high confidence | ca. 417–418 |
| Exod 10:12–15 | Sermon 167 · Peter Chrysologus | allusion, low confidence | ca. 425-450 |
Exodus 10:13
So Moses stretched out his staff over the land of Egypt, and throughout that day and night the LORD sent an east wind across the land. By morning the east wind had brought the locusts.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 10:13 | Homilies on Exodus 4.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 10:13 | Preparation for the Gospel 9.27.32 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Exod 10:13–15 | Demonstration 14.36 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Exod 10:13 | City of God 12.4 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, low confidence | 413–426 |
| Exod 10:13–15 | Part 1, chapter 36 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Exodus 10:14
The locusts swarmed across the land and settled over the entire territory of Egypt. Never before had there been so many locusts, and never again will there be.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 10:14 | Preparation for the Gospel 9.29.12 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
Exodus 10:15
They covered the face of all the land until it was black, and they consumed all the plants on the ground and all the fruit on the trees that the hail had left behind. Nothing green was left on any tree or plant in all the land of Egypt.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 10:15 | Seven Books of History against the Pagans 1.10.12 · Orosius | allusion, high confidence | ca. 417–418 |
Exodus 10:16
Pharaoh quickly summoned Moses and Aaron and said, “I have sinned against the LORD your God and against you.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 10:16 | Homilies on Exodus 4.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 10:16–17 | Against Novatian 12 · Anonymous | quotation, medium confidence | after 251 (disputed) |
Exodus 10:17
Now please forgive my sin once more and appeal to the LORD your God, that He may remove this death from me.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 10:17 | On Prayer 3.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 233–234 |
| Exod 10:17 | Homilies on Exodus 4.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
Exodus 10:18
So Moses left Pharaoh’s presence and appealed to the LORD.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 10:18 | On Prayer 3.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 233–234 |
Exodus 10:19
And the LORD changed the wind to a very strong west wind that carried off the locusts and blew them into the Red Sea. Not a single locust remained anywhere in Egypt.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 10:19 | On the Trinity 7.10 · Hilary of Poitiers | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 356–360 |
Exodus 10:20
But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he would not let the Israelites go.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 10:20 | Homilies on Exodus 4.1 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
Exodus 10:21
Then the LORD said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand toward heaven, so that darkness may spread over the land of Egypt—a palpable darkness.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 10:21 | On Pascha 20 · text not on this site · Melito of Sardis | allusion, high confidence | ca. 160-180 |
| Exod 10:21–22 | On Pascha 22 · text not on this site · Melito of Sardis | allusion, high confidence | ca. 160-180 |
| Exod 10:21 | Homilies on Exodus 4.4 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 10:21 | Homilies on Exodus 4.7 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 10:21 | Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 133 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century) |
| Exod 10:21–22 | Demonstration 14.36 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Exod 10:21 | Letter 98.21 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 10:21–23 | On the Life of Moses 343 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Exod 10:21–23 | On the Life of Moses 349 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Exod 10:21–23 | Homilies on Matthew 88.1 · John Chrysostom | allusion, high confidence | ca. 390 |
| Exod 10:21–23 | Homily 3 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 390–394 |
| Exod 10:21–23 | Sermon 8.9 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Exod 10:21–23 | Against Jovinianus 2.18 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | 393 |
| Exod 10:21 | Seven Books of History against the Pagans 1.10.13 · Orosius | allusion, high confidence | ca. 417–418 |
| Exod 10:21–23 | Seven Books of History against the Pagans 7.27.12 · Orosius | allusion, high confidence | ca. 417–418 |
| Exod 10:21–23 | Part 1, chapter 36 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Exodus 10:22
So Moses stretched out his hand toward heaven, and total darkness covered all the land of Egypt for three days.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 10:22 | Homilies on Exodus 4.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 10:22 | Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 133 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century) |
| Exod 10:22 | Preparation for the Gospel 9.29.12 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Exod 10:22 | Oration 38.1 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Exod 10:22–23 | Tractates 2.22.3 · Zeno of Verona | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362-380 |
| Exod 10:22 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 64.69.2 · Epiphanius of Salamis | allusion, high confidence | 374-377 |
| Exod 10:22 | On the Duties of the Clergy 3.15 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386–390 |
| Exod 10:22 | Seven Books of History against the Pagans 1.10.12 · Orosius | allusion, high confidence | ca. 417–418 |
| Exod 10:22 | Theodotus, ACO I.1.2, homily 73.7 · Theodotus of Ancyra | allusion, high confidence | 431 |
Exodus 10:23
No one could see anyone else, and for three days no one left his place. Yet all the Israelites had light in their dwellings.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 10:23 | On Pascha 30 · text not on this site · Melito of Sardis | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 160-180 |
| Exod 10:23 | Heads against Gaius, fragment I (on Rev 8:8) · Hippolytus of Rome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 200-235 |
| Exod 10:23 | Commentary on John 13.133 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Exod 10:23 | Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 133 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century) |
| Exod 10:23 | Tractates on the Psalms 51.6 · Hilary of Poitiers | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Exod 10:23 | Book of Rules 5 · Tyconius | allusion, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Exod 10:23 | Poem 17, lines 29–56 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, high confidence | ca. 393–431 |
| Exod 10:23 | Theodotus, ACO I.1.2, homily 73.8 · Theodotus of Ancyra | allusion, high confidence | 431 |
Exodus 10:24
Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and said, “Go, worship the LORD. Even your little ones may go with you; only your flocks and herds must stay behind.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 10:24 | On First Principles 3.1.11 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Exod 10:24 | Homilies on Exodus 4.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 10:24–29 | Exodus, lines 348–371 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
Exodus 10:26
Even our livestock must go with us; not a hoof will be left behind, for we will need some of them to worship the LORD our God, and we will not know how we are to worship the LORD until we arrive.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 10:26 | Letter 69.1 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Exodus 10:27
But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he was unwilling to let them go.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 10:27 | Homilies on Exodus 4.1 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |