Leviticus 16 in the early church
76 passages quote, allude to, or echo Leviticus 16, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 17 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 26 · 29 · 31 · 34
Leviticus 16:1
Now the LORD spoke to Moses after the death of two of Aaron’s sons when they approached the presence of the LORD.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:1 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:1–2 | Leviticus, lines 76–101 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
Leviticus 16:2
And the LORD said to Moses: “Tell your brother Aaron not to enter freely into the Most Holy Place behind the veil in front of the mercy seat on the ark, or else he will die, because I appear in the cloud above the mercy seat.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:2 | Excerpts from Theodotus 38.2 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 200 |
| Lev 16:2 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:2 | Oration 2.40 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Lev 16:2 | Against Jovinianus 2.34 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | 393 |
| Lev 16:2 | On the Twelve Stones 13 (Adamant) · Epiphanius of Salamis | echo, low confidence | 394 |
Leviticus 16:3
This is how Aaron is to enter the Holy Place: with a young bull for a sin offering and a ram for a burnt offering.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:3–22 | Leviticus, lines 102–126 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
Leviticus 16:4
He is to wear the sacred linen tunic, with linen undergarments. He must tie a linen sash around him and put on the linen turban. These are holy garments, and he must bathe himself with water before he wears them.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:4 | Miscellanies 5.6.39 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Lev 16:4 | Homilies on Joshua 1.5 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:4 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
Leviticus 16:5
And he shall take from the congregation of Israel two male goats for a sin offering and one ram for a burnt offering.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:5 | Dialogue with Trypho 40.4 · Justin Martyr | allusion, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Lev 16:5–22 | Against the Jews 14 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 197–207 |
| Lev 16:5 | Against Marcion 3.7 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Lev 16:5 | PG 12:1497 (Ps 65 LXX) · Origen | allusion, low confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Lev 16:5 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
Leviticus 16:6
Aaron is to present the bull for his sin offering and make atonement for himself and his household.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:6 | Eclogae on Exodus-Judges, column 399 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Lev 16:6 | Sermon 135.7 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Lev 16:6 | City of God 20.26 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 413–426 |
| Lev 16:6 | City of God 21.27 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 413–426 |
| Lev 16:6 | Against Two Letters of the Pelagians 3.15 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 420–421 |
Leviticus 16:7
Then he shall take the two goats and present them before the LORD at the entrance to the Tent of Meeting.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:7 | Epistle of Barnabas 7.6 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
Leviticus 16:8
After Aaron casts lots for the two goats, one for the LORD and the other for the scapegoat,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:8 | Epistle of Barnabas 7.7 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Lev 16:8 | Dialogue with Trypho 40.4 · Justin Martyr | allusion, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Lev 16:8 | Dialogue with Trypho 111.1 · Justin Martyr | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Lev 16:8 | On First Principles 3.2.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Lev 16:8 | Homilies on Joshua 23.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:8 | Homilies on Leviticus 8.10 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:8 | Homilies on Leviticus 8.11 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:8 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:8 | Homilies on Leviticus 10.2 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:8–10 | Against Celsus 6.43 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Lev 16:8 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 34.11.11 · Epiphanius of Salamis | echo, low confidence | 374-377 |
| Lev 16:8 | On Tobit 76 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380-390 |
Leviticus 16:9
he shall present the goat chosen by lot for the LORD and sacrifice it as a sin offering.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:9 | Epistle of Barnabas 7.6 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Lev 16:9 | Homilies on Joshua 23.1 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
Leviticus 16:10
But the goat chosen by lot as the scapegoat shall be presented alive before the LORD to make atonement by sending it into the wilderness as the scapegoat.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:10 | Epistle of Barnabas 7.8 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Lev 16:10 | Dialogue with Trypho 40.4 · Justin Martyr | allusion, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Lev 16:10 | Miscellanies 7.6.33 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Lev 16:10 | Homilies on Joshua 23.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:10 | Homilies on Leviticus 8.10 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:10 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 37.23.2 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
Leviticus 16:12
Then he must take a censer full of burning coals from the altar before the LORD, and two handfuls of finely ground fragrant incense, and take them inside the veil.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:12 | Excerpts from Theodotus 27.1 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 200 |
| Lev 16:12 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.7 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:12 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.8 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:12 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.9 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
Leviticus 16:13
He is to put the incense on the fire before the LORD, and the cloud of incense will cover the mercy seat above the Testimony, so that he will not die.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:13 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.9 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:13 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.10 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
Leviticus 16:14
And he is to take some of the bull’s blood and sprinkle it with his finger on the east side of the mercy seat; then he shall sprinkle some of it with his finger seven times before the mercy seat.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:14 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.10 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
Leviticus 16:17
No one may be in the Tent of Meeting from the time Aaron goes in to make atonement in the Most Holy Place until he leaves, after he has made atonement for himself, his household, and the whole assembly of Israel.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:17 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.11 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
Leviticus 16:21
Then he is to lay both hands on the head of the live goat and confess over it all the iniquities and rebellious acts of the Israelites in regard to all their sins. He is to put them on the goat’s head and send it away into the wilderness by the hand of a man appointed for the task.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:21 | Epistle of Barnabas 7.8 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Lev 16:21 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:21 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:21 | Letter 149.1 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Leviticus 16:22
The goat will carry on itself all their iniquities into a solitary place, and the man will release it into the wilderness.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:22 | Letter 149.1 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Leviticus 16:23
Then Aaron is to enter the Tent of Meeting, take off the linen garments he put on before entering the Most Holy Place, and leave them there.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:23 | Miscellanies 5.6.39 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Lev 16:23 | Miscellanies 5.6.40 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
Leviticus 16:24
He is to bathe himself with water in a holy place and put on his own clothes. Then he must go out and sacrifice his burnt offering and the people’s burnt offering to make atonement for himself and for the people.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:24 | Miscellanies 5.6.40 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
Leviticus 16:26
The man who released the goat as the scapegoat must wash his clothes and bathe himself with water; afterward he may reenter the camp.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:26 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.5 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:26 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.6 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:26 | Letter 149.1 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Leviticus 16:29
This is to be a permanent statute for you: On the tenth day of the seventh month, you shall humble yourselves and not do any work—whether the native or the foreigner who resides among you—
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:29 | Homilies on Leviticus 9.5 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:29–31 | Homilies on Numbers 23.10 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:29–31 | Homilies on Psalms 36-38 6.5 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Lev 16:29 | Homilies on Jeremiah 12.12 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 240 |
| Lev 16:29 | Against Celsus 8.23 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Lev 16:29 | Letter 100.6 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Lev 16:29 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 30.32.4 · Epiphanius of Salamis | allusion, medium confidence | 374-377 |
| Lev 16:29 | Homilies on Matthew 30.3 · John Chrysostom | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 390 |
| Lev 16:29 | On Elijah and Fasting 15 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 387-390 |
| Lev 16:29 | Against Jovinianus 2.17 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | 393 |
| Lev 16:29 | Commentary on Jeremiah 6.34 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 414-419 |
Leviticus 16:31
It is a Sabbath of complete rest for you, that you may humble yourselves; it is a permanent statute.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:31 | Homily on the Song of Songs 1 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 240–250 |
| Lev 16:31 | Letter 232 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 357–378 |
Leviticus 16:34
This is to be a permanent statute for you, to make atonement once a year for the Israelites because of all their sins.” And all this was done as the LORD had commanded Moses.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lev 16:34 | Oration 43.58 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Lev 16:34 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 29.4.3 · Epiphanius of Salamis | allusion, medium confidence | 374-377 |