Malachi 1 in the early church
[Vulgate: Malachias]
164 passages quote, allude to, or echo Malachi 1, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14
Malachi 1 as a whole
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 1–Mal:4 | Canon 60 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 343–381 |
| Mal 1–Mal:4 | Canon 47 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | 397 |
Malachi 1:1
This is the burden of the word of the LORD to Israel through Malachi:
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 1:1 | 5 Ezra 1.40 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | 2nd–3rd century |
| Mal 1:1 | Miscellanies 1.21.122 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
Malachi 1:2
“I have loved you,” says the LORD. But you ask, “How have You loved us?” “Was not Esau Jacob’s brother?” declares the LORD. “Yet Jacob I have loved,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 1:2 | Against Heresies 4.21.2 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Mal 1:2–3 | On Mount Sinai and Mount Zion 6 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Mal 1:2 | On First Principles 2.9.7 · Origen | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Mal 1:2–3 | On First Principles 3.1.22 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Mal 1:2–3 | Commentary on John 2.191 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Mal 1:2 | On Prayer 5.4 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 233–234 |
| Mal 1:2 | Homilies on Numbers 3.2 · Origen | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Mal 1:2 | Commentary on Romans 7.15 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Mal 1:2 | Commentary on Romans 7.16 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Mal 1:2 | Oration I Against the Arians 52 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 339–346 |
| Mal 1:2–3 | Commentary on Galatians 4:29 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Mal 1:2 | Commentary on Romans 9:11–13 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Mal 1:2 | Commentary on Romans 9:14 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Mal 1:2–3 | Letter 120.10 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Mal 1:2 | Letter 124.8 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Mal 1:2 | Letter 133.9 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Mal 1:2 | Letter 78.8 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Mal 1:2 | Letter 186.14 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Mal 1:2 | Letter 194.34 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Mal 1:2 | Letter 194.38 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Mal 1:2 | Letter 196.13 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Mal 1:2–3 | On Baptism, against the Donatists 1.14 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 400–401 |
| Mal 1:2–3 | Apology against Jerome 1.28 · Rufinus of Aquileia | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 401 |
| Mal 1:2 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 11.10 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| Mal 1:2–3 | Against Two Letters of the Pelagians 2.15 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 420–421 |
| Mal 1:2 | Enchiridion (Handbook on Faith, Hope, and Love) 98 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 421–423 |
| Mal 1:2 | Retractations 1.22 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 426-427 |
| Mal 1:2 | Retractations 1.25 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 426-427 |
| Mal 1:2 | On the Predestination of the Saints 3 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 428/429 |
| Mal 1:2–3 | Book 2, chapter 11 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 440-450 |
| Mal 1:2–3 | Part 1, chapter 21 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Malachi 1:3
but Esau I have hated, and I have made his mountains a wasteland and left his inheritance to the desert jackals.”
Malachi 1:4
Though Edom may say, “We have been devastated, but we will rebuild the ruins,” this is what the LORD of Hosts says: “They may build, but I will demolish. They will be called the Land of Wickedness, and a people with whom the LORD is indignant forever.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 1:4 | Letter 78.19 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Malachi 1:6
“A son honors his father, and a servant his master. But if I am a father, where is My honor? And if I am a master, where is your fear of Me?” says the LORD of Hosts to you priests who despise My name. “But you ask, ‘How have we despised Your name?’
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 1:6 | Commentary on John 1.203 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Mal 1:6 | On Prayer 22.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 233–234 |
| Mal 1:6 | Commentary on Romans 7.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Mal 1:6 | Commentary on Romans 9.30 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Mal 1:6 | Epitome of the Divine Institutes 36.3 · Lactantius | echo, medium confidence | ca. 314–320 |
| Mal 1:6 | Epitome of the Divine Institutes 54.4 · Lactantius | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 314–320 |
| Mal 1:6 | On Saint Athanasius 1.37 · Lucifer of Cagliari | quotation, high confidence | ca. 356–361 |
| Mal 1:6 | Homilies on the Psalms 28.2 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360-378 |
| Mal 1:6 | Oration 2.38 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Mal 1:6 | Commentary on Ephesians 1:17–19 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Mal 1:6 | Commentary on Philippians 4:20 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Mal 1:6 | Letter 52.7 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Mal 1:6 | Letter 148.3 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Mal 1:6 | On the Holy Spirit 18.46 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 374–375 |
| Mal 1:6 | On the Holy Spirit 20.51 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 374–375 |
| Mal 1:6 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.15.4 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Mal 1:6 | Apostolic Constitutions 7.24.2 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Mal 1:6 | Apostolic Constitutions 8.2.6 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| Mal 1:6 | Liber Orsiesii 18 · Orsiesius | echo, low confidence | ca. 380-390 |
| Mal 1:6 | Liber Orsiesii 47 · Orsiesius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380-390 |
| Mal 1:6 | Commentary on Ephesians 5:33 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 386 |
| Mal 1:6 | The Lord's Sermon on the Mount 2.4 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 393–396 |
| Mal 1:6 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 21.3 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| Mal 1:6 | The Conferences 11.9 · John Cassian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 426–429 |
| Mal 1:6 | The Conferences 11.13 · John Cassian | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 426–429 |
| Mal 1:6 | Letter to Valerian, paragraph 25 · Eucherius of Lyon | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 432 |
Malachi 1:7
By presenting defiled food on My altar. But you ask, ‘How have we defiled You?’ By saying that the table of the LORD is contemptible.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 1:7 | Life of Antony 82 · Athanasius of Alexandria | echo, low confidence | ca. 357–360 |
| Mal 1:7 | Oration 2.38 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
Malachi 1:8
When you offer blind animals for sacrifice, is it not wrong? And when you present the lame and sick ones, is it not wrong? Try offering them to your governor! Would he be pleased with you or show you favor?” asks the LORD of Hosts.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 1:8 | Demonstration 4.13 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Mal 1:8 | Oration 2.38 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Mal 1:8 | Question 5, section 2 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Mal 1:8 | Question 103, section 2 · Ambrosiaster | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Mal 1:8 | Letter 107.6 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Mal 1:8 | Homilies on Matthew 85.4 · John Chrysostom | allusion, high confidence | ca. 390 |
Malachi 1:9
“But ask now for God’s favor. Will He be gracious? Since this has come from your hands, will He show you favor?” asks the LORD of Hosts.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 1:9 | Oration 2.38 · Gregory of Nazianzus | quotation, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
Malachi 1:10
“Oh, that one of you would shut the temple doors, so that you would no longer kindle useless fires on My altar! I take no pleasure in you,” says the LORD of Hosts, “and I will accept no offering from your hands.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 1:10 | Dialogue with Trypho 28.5 · Justin Martyr | quotation, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Mal 1:10 | Dialogue with Trypho 41.2 · Justin Martyr | quotation, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Mal 1:10 | Dialogue with Trypho 117.1 · Justin Martyr | quotation, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Mal 1:10 | Against Heresies 4.17.5 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Mal 1:10 | Miscellanies 5.14.136 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Mal 1:10–11 | Against the Jews 5 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 197–207 |
| Mal 1:10 | Against Marcion 3.22 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Mal 1:10 | Against Marcion 4.1 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Mal 1:10 | Lines 333–356 · Commodian | quotation, high confidence | 3rd century (disputed) |
| Mal 1:10–11 | To Quirinus 1.16 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
| Mal 1:10 | Letter 3 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | uncertain |
| Mal 1:10 | Prophetic Extracts 3.29 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
| Mal 1:10 | Divine Institutes 4.11.8 · Lactantius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 303–311 |
| Mal 1:10 | Epitome of the Divine Institutes 43.5 · Lactantius | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–320 |
| Mal 1:10–11 | Demonstration of the Gospel 1.6.43 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Mal 1:10–12 | Demonstration of the Gospel 2.3.10 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Mal 1:10 | Demonstration 15.6 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Mal 1:10 | Demonstration 16.3 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Mal 1:10 | Catechetical Lecture 18.25 · Cyril of Jerusalem | quotation, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Mal 1:10–11 | Tractates 1.15.4 · Zeno of Verona | quotation, high confidence | ca. 362-380 |
| Mal 1:10–11 | Letter 53.8 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Mal 1:10 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 35.7 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| Mal 1:10 | City of God 18.35 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 413–426 |
Malachi 1:11
For My name will be great among the nations, from where the sun rises to where it sets. In every place, incense and pure offerings will be presented in My name, because My name will be great among the nations,” says the LORD of Hosts.
Malachi 1:12
“But you profane it when you say, ‘The table of the Lord is defiled, and as for its fruit, its food is contemptible.’
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 1:12 | Dialogue with Trypho 28.5 · Justin Martyr | quotation, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Mal 1:12 | Dialogue with Trypho 41.2 · Justin Martyr | quotation, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Mal 1:12 | Dialogue with Trypho 117.1 · Justin Martyr | quotation, high confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Mal 1:12 | Prophetic Extracts 3.29 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, medium confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
Malachi 1:13
You also say: ‘Oh, what a nuisance!’ And you turn up your nose at it,” says the LORD of Hosts. “You bring offerings that are stolen, lame, or sick! Should I accept these from your hands?” asks the LORD.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 1:13 | Question 5, section 2 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–384 |
Malachi 1:14
“But cursed is the deceiver who has an acceptable male in his flock and vows to give it, but sacrifices a defective animal to the Lord. For I am a great King,” says the LORD of Hosts, “and My name is to be feared among the nations.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mal 1:14 | Didache 14.3 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 50–150 (often ca. 100) |
| Mal 1:14 | Miscellanies 5.14.136 · Clement of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Mal 1:14 | To Quirinus 2.29 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
| Mal 1:14 | Demonstration 4.13 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Mal 1:14 | Apostolic Constitutions 7.30.2 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380 |