Song of Songs 1 in the early church

[also Song of Solomon; Vulgate: Canticle of Canticles]

360 passages quote, allude to, or echo Song of Songs 1, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.

Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17

Song of Songs 1 as a whole

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Song 1–Song:8	Canon 60 · Anonymous	allusion, high confidence	ca. 343–381
Song 1–Song:8	Canon 47 · Anonymous	allusion, high confidence	397

Song of Songs 1:1

This is Solomon’s Song of Songs.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Song 1:1	Homilies on Judges 6.3 · Origen	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Song 1:1	Commentary on the Song of Songs 0.83 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:1	Commentary on the Song of Songs 0.87 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:1	Commentary on the Song of Songs 0.88 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:1	Oration 40.3 · Gregory of Nazianzus	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 362–383
Song 1:1	Explanation of Twelve Psalms 1.6.2 · Ambrose	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 387-397

Song of Songs 1:2

Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth! For your love is more delightful than wine.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Song 1:2	Commentary on the Song of Songs, Armenian fragment (Song 1:5-5:1) · Hippolytus of Rome	allusion, high confidence	ca. 202-235
Song 1:2	Fragments on the Song of Songs, chapter 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 220-254
Song 1:2	Homilies on Ezekiel 6.4 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Song 1:2	Commentary on the Song of Songs 0.80 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:2	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.89 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:2	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.90 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:2	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.91 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:2	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.92 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:2	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.94 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:2	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.96 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:2	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.97 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:2	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.100 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:2	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.110 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:2	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.134 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:2	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.144 · Origen	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:2	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.157 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:2	Commentary on the Song of Songs 3.217 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:2	Homily on the Song of Songs 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–250
Song 1:2 (1:1 Vulg.)	Letter 21.21 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Song 1:2 (1:1 Vulg.)	On Virgins 2.6 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 377
Song 1:2	On the Christian Faith 2.2 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 378–380
Song 1:2	Exposition of Psalm 118 1.3.2 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:2	Exposition of Psalm 118 1.4.2 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:2	Exposition of Psalm 118 1.5.2 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:2	Exposition of Psalm 118 1.16.2 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:2	Exposition of Psalm 118 6.18.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:2–4	Homily 1 · Gregory of Nyssa	quotation, high confidence	ca. 390–394
Song 1:2–3	Homily 9 · Gregory of Nyssa	quotation, high confidence	ca. 390–394
Song 1:2	Homily 11 · Gregory of Nyssa	allusion, high confidence	ca. 390–394
Song 1:2 (1:1 Vulg.)	Letters 13.19 · Paulinus of Nola	allusion, high confidence	ca. 394–413
Song 1:2 (1:1 Vulg.)	Letters 23.27 · Paulinus of Nola	quotation, high confidence	ca. 394–413
Song 1:2 (1:1 Vulg.)	Letters 23.37 · Paulinus of Nola	quotation, high confidence	ca. 394–413

Song of Songs 1:3

The fragrance of your perfume is pleasing; your name is like perfume poured out. No wonder the maidens adore you.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Song 1:3	On First Principles 2.6.6 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398)
Song 1:3	Fragments on the Song of Songs, chapter 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 220-254
Song 1:3	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.92 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:3	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.97 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:3	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.98 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:3	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.100 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:3	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.101 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:3	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.102 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:3	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.107 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:3	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.108 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:3	Homily on the Song of Songs 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–250
Song 1:3	Lepr. 15 · Methodius of Olympus	quotation, high confidence	late 3rd cent. (disputed)
Song 1:3	Demonstration of the Gospel 4.16.60 · Eusebius of Caesarea	quotation, high confidence	ca. 314–324
Song 1:3	Demonstration of the Gospel 4.16.61 · Eusebius of Caesarea	allusion, high confidence	ca. 314–324
Song 1:3	Demonstration of the Gospel 5.1.23 · Eusebius of Caesarea	allusion, high confidence	ca. 314–324
Song 1:3	Long recension, Ephesians 17 · Anonymous	quotation, high confidence	later 4th century (probable)
Song 1:3 (1:2 Vulg.)	On the Holy Spirit 11 · Didymus the Blind	quotation, high confidence	Greek ca. 360-390; Latin 387-391
Song 1:3 (1:2 Vulg.)	Tractates on the Psalms 132.5 · Hilary of Poitiers	quotation, high confidence	ca. 360–367
Song 1:3	Oration 5.35 · Gregory of Nazianzus	allusion, high confidence	ca. 362–383
Song 1:3	Oration 40.37 · Gregory of Nazianzus	allusion, high confidence	ca. 362–383
Song 1:3	On Virginity 24 · Gregory of Nyssa	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 370–371
Song 1:3	Ancoratus 40.3 · Epiphanius of Salamis	quotation, high confidence	374
Song 1:3	Ancoratus 40.4 · Epiphanius of Salamis	allusion, high confidence	374
Song 1:3 (1:2 Vulg.)	On Virgins 1.3 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 377
Song 1:3 (1:2 Vulg.)	On Virgins 2.6 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 377
Song 1:3	Exposition of Psalm 118 1.3.2 · Ambrose	quotation, medium confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:3	Exposition of Psalm 118 1.5.3 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:3	Exposition of Psalm 118 2.29.3 · Ambrose	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:3	On Elijah and Fasting 36 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 387-390
Song 1:3	On Elijah and Fasting 79 · Ambrose	allusion, high confidence	ca. 387-390
Song 1:3	On the Mysteries 6 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 387–391
Song 1:3	Explanation of Twelve Psalms 37.17.4 · Ambrose	allusion, high confidence	ca. 387-397
Song 1:3	Explanation of Twelve Psalms 40.15.2 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 387-397
Song 1:3	Homily 14 · Gregory of Nyssa	allusion, high confidence	ca. 390–394
Song 1:3	Sermon 273.5 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 391-430
Song 1:3	Poem 21, lines 60–96 · Paulinus of Nola	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 393–431
Song 1:3	Poem 25, lines 32–64 · Paulinus of Nola	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 393–431
Song 1:3	Letters 2.2 · Paulinus of Nola	allusion, high confidence	ca. 394–413
Song 1:3	Letters 5.2 · Paulinus of Nola	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 394–413
Song 1:3 (1:2 Vulg.)	Letters 40.9 · Paulinus of Nola	allusion, high confidence	ca. 394–413
Song 1:3 (1:2 Vulg.)	Letters 41.3 · Paulinus of Nola	quotation, high confidence	ca. 394–413
Song 1:3–4 (1:2-Song Vulg.)	Confessions 9.16 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, high confidence	ca. 397–401
Song 1:3 (1:4 Vulg.)	Tractates on the Gospel of John 26.5 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 406–420
Song 1:3 (1:2 Vulg.)	Tractates on the Gospel of John 50.7 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 406–420
Song 1:3	Tractates on the Gospel of John 99.4 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 406–420
Song 1:3	City of God 16.2 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, high confidence	413–426
Song 1:3	Formulae of Spiritual Understanding 9 · Eucherius of Lyon	quotation, high confidence	ca. 420-430
Song 1:3	Sermon 60 · Peter Chrysologus	quotation, high confidence	ca. 425-450
Song 1:3	Part 1, chapter 21 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage	echo, low confidence	ca. 445-450

Song of Songs 1:4

Take me away with you—let us hurry! May the king bring me to his chambers. We will rejoice and delight in you; we will praise your love more than wine. It is only right that they adore you.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Song 1:4	Commentary on the Song of Songs, fragment 2 (Song 1:4) · Hippolytus of Rome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 202-235
Song 1:4	On First Principles 0.0.1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398)
Song 1:4	On First Principles 2.6.6 · Origen	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398)
Song 1:4	Fragments on the Song of Songs, chapter 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 220-254
Song 1:4	Fragments on the Song of Songs, chapter 7 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 220-254
Song 1:4	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.101 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:4	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.102 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:4	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.104 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:4	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.105 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:4	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.107 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:4	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.108 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:4	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.109 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:4	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.110 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:4	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.111 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:4	Commentary on the Song of Songs 1.112 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:4	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.142 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:4	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.144 · Origen	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:4	Commentary on the Song of Songs 3.217 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:4	Commentary on the Song of Songs 3.218 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:4	Commentary on the Song of Songs 3.220 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:4	Homily on the Song of Songs 0 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–250
Song 1:4	Homily on the Song of Songs 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–250
Song 1:4	Catechetical Lecture 3.2 · Cyril of Jerusalem	quotation, high confidence	ca. 350
Song 1:4	Long recension, Ephesians 17 · Anonymous	quotation, high confidence	later 4th century (probable)
Song 1:4 (1:3 Vulg.)	Letter 22.1 · Jerome	allusion, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Song 1:4 (1:3 Vulg.)	Letter 22.7 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Song 1:4	Letter 65.19 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Song 1:4	Letter 74.4 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Song 1:4	Letter 80.1 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Song 1:4	Letter 107.7 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Song 1:4	Letter 130.2 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Song 1:4 (1:3 Vulg.)	On Virgins 2.6 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 377
Song 1:4	Exposition of Psalm 118 1.5.3 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:4	Exposition of Psalm 118 1.16.2 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:4	Exposition of Psalm 118 2.7.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:4	Exposition of Psalm 118 2.7.2 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:4	Exposition of Psalm 118 2.29.3 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:4	Exposition of Psalm 118 6.18.1 · Ambrose	allusion, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:4	On the Mysteries 6 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 387–391
Song 1:4	Explanation of Twelve Psalms 43.28.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 387-397
Song 1:4	Sermon 138.7 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 391-430
Song 1:4 (1:3 Vulg.)	Letters 14.1 · Paulinus of Nola	allusion, high confidence	ca. 394–413
Song 1:4 (1:3 Vulg.)	Letters 23.1 · Paulinus of Nola	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 394–413
Song 1:4 (1:3 Vulg.)	Letters 40.9 · Paulinus of Nola	allusion, high confidence	ca. 394–413
Song 1:4 (1:3 Vulg.)	Confessions 13.18 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 397–401
Song 1:4 (1:3 Vulg.)	On the Work of Monks 36 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 400–401
Song 1:4	Apology against Jerome 2.2 · Rufinus of Aquileia	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 401
Song 1:4	Apology against Jerome 2.14 · Rufinus of Aquileia	quotation, high confidence	ca. 401
Song 1:4	Tractates on the Gospel of John 53.7 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 406–420
Song 1:4	City of God 17.20 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	413–426
Song 1:4 (1:3 Vulg.)	Apologetic Book 16.11 · Orosius	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 415–416
Song 1:4 (1:3 Vulg.)	The Institutes 1.9 · John Cassian	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 419–426
Song 1:4 (1:3 Vulg.)	The Institutes 5.17 · John Cassian	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 419–426
Song 1:4 (1:3 Vulg.)	The Institutes 5.18 · John Cassian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 419–426

Song of Songs 1:5

I am dark, yet lovely, O daughters of Jerusalem, like the tents of Kedar, like the curtains of Solomon.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Song 1:5	Commentary on the Song of Songs, Armenian fragment (Song 1:5-5:1) · Hippolytus of Rome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 202-235
Song 1:5	Fragments on the Song of Songs, chapter 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 220-254
Song 1:5	Homilies on Jeremiah 11.5 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240
Song 1:5	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.113 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:5	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.117 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:5	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.123 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:5	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.124 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:5	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.125 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:5	Homily on the Song of Songs 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–250
Song 1:5–6	Fragment E IV (on the Song of Solomon) · Dionysius of Alexandria	quotation, high confidence	ca. 248–265
Song 1:5	Symposium 11.2 · Methodius of Olympus	allusion, medium confidence	late 3rd century
Song 1:5	Tractates on the Psalms 119.21 · Hilary of Poitiers	quotation, high confidence	ca. 360–367
Song 1:5 (1:4 Vulg.)	Letter 21.21 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Song 1:5 (1:4 Vulg.)	Letter 22.1 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Song 1:5	Book of Rules 2 · Tyconius	quotation, high confidence	ca. 380
Song 1:5	Second Apology of David 42 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 384-397
Song 1:5	Apology of the Prophet David 59 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 384-390
Song 1:5	Exposition of Psalm 118 2.8.2 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:5	Exposition of Psalm 118 2.9.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:5	Exposition of Psalm 118 2.14.2 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:5 (1:4 Vulg.)	Exposition of Psalm 118 16.21.2 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:5 (1:4 Vulg.)	Exposition of Psalm 118 18.33.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:5 (1:4 Vulg.)	Exposition of Psalm 118 18.33.2 · Ambrose	allusion, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:5 (1:4 Vulg.)	Exposition of Psalm 118 19.27.1 · Ambrose	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:5	On the Mysteries 7 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 387–391
Song 1:5–8	Homily 2 · Gregory of Nyssa	quotation, high confidence	ca. 390–394
Song 1:5–6	Homily 11 · Gregory of Nyssa	allusion, high confidence	ca. 390–394
Song 1:5 (1:4 Vulg.)	Letters 23.29 · Paulinus of Nola	allusion, high confidence	ca. 394–413
Song 1:5	On Christian Doctrine 3.32 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	Books 1–3 ca. 396–397; completed 426–427
Song 1:5	Part 2, chapter 9 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage	quotation, high confidence	ca. 445-450

Song of Songs 1:6

Do not stare because I am dark, for the sun has gazed upon me. My mother’s sons were angry with me; they made me a keeper of the vineyards, but my own vineyard I have neglected.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Song 1:6	On Mount Sinai and Mount Zion 7 · Anonymous	allusion, medium confidence	3rd cent. (disputed)
Song 1:6	On Mount Sinai and Mount Zion 14 · Anonymous	quotation, high confidence	3rd cent. (disputed)
Song 1:6	Commentary on the Song of Songs, Armenian fragment (Song 1:5-5:1) · Hippolytus of Rome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 202-235
Song 1:6	Fragments on the Song of Songs, chapter 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 220-254
Song 1:6	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.125 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:6	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.129 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:6	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.130 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:6	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.131 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:6	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.132 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:6	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.134 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:6	Commentary on the Song of Songs 3.230 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:6	Homily on the Song of Songs 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–250
Song 1:6	Symposium 6.2 · Methodius of Olympus	echo, medium confidence	late 3rd century
Song 1:6	Second Apology of David 42 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 384-397
Song 1:6	Exposition of Psalm 118 2.9.2 · Ambrose	allusion, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:6	Exposition of Psalm 118 2.9.3 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:6	Exposition of Psalm 118 2.10.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:6 (1:5 Vulg.)	Exposition of Psalm 118 12.25.3 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:6	Homily 4 · Gregory of Nyssa	allusion, high confidence	ca. 390–394

Song of Songs 1:7

Tell me, O one I love, where do you pasture your sheep? Where do you rest them at midday? Why should I be like a veiled woman beside the flocks of your companions?
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Song 1:7	Commentary on the Song of Songs, fragment 3 (Song 1:7) · Hippolytus of Rome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 202-235
Song 1:7	Commentary on the Song of Songs, fragment 5 (Song 1:8) · Hippolytus of Rome	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 202-235
Song 1:7	Commentary on the Song of Songs, Armenian fragment (Song 1:5-5:1) · Hippolytus of Rome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 202-235
Song 1:7	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.134 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:7	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.135 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:7	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.136 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:7	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.137 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:7	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.138 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:7	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.139 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:7	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.140 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:7	Homily on the Song of Songs 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–250
Song 1:7 (1:6 Vulg.)	Letter 22.17 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Song 1:7 (1:6 Vulg.)	Letter 22.25 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Song 1:7	Letter 66.10 · Jerome	allusion, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Song 1:7	Letter 78.6 · Jerome	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 370–419
Song 1:7	Letter 108.12 · Jerome	allusion, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Song 1:7	Letter 122.1 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Song 1:7 (1:6 Vulg.)	Letter 130.7 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Song 1:7	Book of Rules 7 · Tyconius	quotation, high confidence	ca. 380
Song 1:7	Ancoratus 102.1 · Epiphanius of Salamis	quotation, high confidence	374
Song 1:7	Life of Macrina, part 7 · Gregory of Nyssa	echo, low confidence	ca. 380
Song 1:7	Life of Macrina, part 8 · Gregory of Nyssa	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 380
Song 1:7	Second Apology of David 42 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 384-397
Song 1:7	Exposition of Psalm 118 2.11.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:7	Exposition of Psalm 118 2.11.2 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:7	Exposition of Psalm 118 2.12.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:7 (1:6 LXX)	Letter 93.24 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386–430
Song 1:7 (1:6 LXX)	Letter 93.25 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386–430
Song 1:7 (1:6 LXX)	Letter 93.28 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386–430
Song 1:7	Hexameron (Exameron) 4.22 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 387-390
Song 1:7	Sermon 46.35 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 391-430
Song 1:7–8	Sermon 46.36 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 391-430
Song 1:7–8	Sermon 46.37 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 391-430
Song 1:7	Sermon 138.5 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 391-430
Song 1:7	Sermon 138.7 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 391-430
Song 1:7	Sermon 138.9 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 391-430
Song 1:7	Sermon 138.10 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 391-430
Song 1:7–8 (1:6-Song Vulg.)	Sermon 295.5 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 391-430
Song 1:7	Formulae of Spiritual Understanding 2 · Eucherius of Lyon	quotation, high confidence	ca. 420-430
Song 1:7	In Praise of the Desert 38 · Eucherius of Lyon	allusion, high confidence	ca. 427-428

Song of Songs 1:8

If you do not know, O fairest of women, follow the tracks of the flock, and graze your young goats near the tents of the shepherds.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Song 1:8	Commentary on the Song of Songs, fragment 4 (Song 1:7b) · Hippolytus of Rome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 202-235
Song 1:8	Commentary on the Song of Songs, fragment 5 (Song 1:8) · Hippolytus of Rome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 202-235
Song 1:8	Commentary on the Song of Songs, Armenian fragment (Song 1:5-5:1) · Hippolytus of Rome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 202-235
Song 1:8	Fragments on the Song of Songs, chapter 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 220-254
Song 1:8	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.141 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:8	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.142 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:8	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.144 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:8	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.145 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:8	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.148 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:8	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.149 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:8	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.152 · Origen	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:8	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.153 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:8	Commentary on the Song of Songs 3.172 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:8	Homily on the Song of Songs 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–250
Song 1:8 (1:7 Vulg.)	Letter 22.25 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Song 1:8	Exposition of Psalm 118 2.13.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:8	Exposition of Psalm 118 2.14.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:8	Exposition of Psalm 118 2.14.2 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:8	Exposition of Psalm 118 2.15.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:8	Exposition of Psalm 118 10.10.2 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:8 (1:7 LXX)	Letter 93.29 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386–430
Song 1:8	Hexameron (Exameron) 6.39 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 387-390
Song 1:8	Sermon 95.4 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 391-430
Song 1:8	Sermon 138.8 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 391-430
Song 1:8	Sermon 146.2 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 391-430
Song 1:8 (1:7 Vulg.)	Sermon 285.6 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 391-430
Song 1:8	Against Faustus the Manichaean 22.38 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 398–400
Song 1:8	Tractates on the Gospel of John 65.3 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, high confidence	ca. 406–420

Song of Songs 1:9

I compare you, my darling, to a mare among Pharaoh’s chariots.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Song 1:9	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.150 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:9	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.151 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:9	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.152 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:9	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.153 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:9	Commentary on the Song of Songs 3.172 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:9	Homily on the Song of Songs 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–250
Song 1:9	Exposition of Psalm 118 2.33.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:9	Exposition of Psalm 118 2.33.2 · Ambrose	allusion, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:9–14	Homily 3 · Gregory of Nyssa	quotation, high confidence	ca. 390–394
Song 1:9	Homily 6 · Gregory of Nyssa	allusion, high confidence	ca. 390–394
Song 1:9	Homily 11 · Gregory of Nyssa	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 390–394

Song of Songs 1:10

Your cheeks are beautiful with ornaments, your neck with strings of jewels.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Song 1:10	Commentary on the Song of Songs, Armenian fragment (Song 1:5-5:1) · Hippolytus of Rome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 202-235
Song 1:10	Fragments on the Song of Songs, chapter 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 220-254
Song 1:10	Homilies on Leviticus 2.2 · Origen	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Song 1:10	Homilies on Leviticus 3.8 · Origen	quotation, medium confidence	ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
Song 1:10	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.153 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:10	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.155 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:10	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.156 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:10	Commentary on the Song of Songs 3.172 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:10	Homily on the Song of Songs 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–250
Song 1:10	Exposition of Psalm 118 3.6.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:10	Exposition of Psalm 118 3.6.2 · Ambrose	allusion, high confidence	ca. 386-397

Song of Songs 1:11

We will make you ornaments of gold, studded with beads of silver.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Song 1:11	Fragments on the Song of Songs, chapter 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 220-254
Song 1:11	Homilies on Ezekiel 8.3 · Origen	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s)
Song 1:11	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.156 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:11	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.158 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:11	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.159 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:11	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.160 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:11	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.164 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:11	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.165 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:11	Homily on the Song of Songs 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–250
Song 1:11	Exposition of Psalm 118 3.7.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:11–12	Against Jovinianus 1.30 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	393
Song 1:11	On the Trinity 1.8 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 399–419

Song of Songs 1:12

While the king was at his table, my perfume spread its fragrance.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Song 1:12	Fragments on the Song of Songs, chapter 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 220-254
Song 1:12	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.156 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:12	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.158 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:12	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.162 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:12	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.163 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:12	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.164 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:12	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.165 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:12	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.167 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:12	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.168 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:12	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.170 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:12	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.172 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:12	Homily on the Song of Songs 2 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–250
Song 1:12	Homily on the Paralytic 6 · Cyril of Jerusalem	quotation, high confidence	ca. 350-387
Song 1:12	Exposition of Psalm 118 3.7.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:12	Exposition of Psalm 118 3.7.2 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397

Song of Songs 1:13

My beloved is to me a sachet of myrrh resting between my breasts.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Song 1:13	Commentary on the Song of Songs, fragment 6 (Song 1:13) · Hippolytus of Rome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 202-235
Song 1:13	Fragments on the Song of Songs, chapter 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 220-254
Song 1:13	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.168 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:13	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.169 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:13	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.170 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:13	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.172 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:13	Homily on the Song of Songs 2 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–250
Song 1:13	Oration II Against the Arians 11 · Athanasius of Alexandria	echo, low confidence	ca. 339–346
Song 1:13 (1:12 Vulg.)	Letter 22.25 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 370–419
Song 1:13	Exposition of Psalm 118 1.16.3 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:13	Exposition of Psalm 118 3.8.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:13	Against Jovinianus 1.30 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	393
Song 1:13	Commentary on Jeremiah 6.32 · Jerome	quotation, medium confidence	ca. 414-419

Song of Songs 1:14

My beloved is to me a cluster of henna blossoms in the vineyards of En-gedi.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Song 1:14	Commentary on the Song of Songs, Armenian fragment (Song 1:5-5:1) · Hippolytus of Rome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 202-235
Song 1:14	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.170 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:14	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.171 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:14	Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.172 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:14	Homily on the Song of Songs 2 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–250
Song 1:14	Exposition of Psalm 118 3.8.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:14	Exposition of Psalm 118 3.8.2 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:14 (1:13 Vulg.)	Sermon 312.3 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 391-430
Song 1:14	Part 2, chapter 9 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage	quotation, high confidence	ca. 445-450

Song of Songs 1:15

How beautiful you are, my darling! Oh, how very beautiful! Your eyes are like doves.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Song 1:15	Commentary on the Song of Songs, fragment 7 (Song 1:15) · Hippolytus of Rome	allusion, high confidence	ca. 202-235
Song 1:15	Commentary on the Song of Songs, Armenian fragment (Song 1:5-5:1) · Hippolytus of Rome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 202-235
Song 1:15	Fragments on the Song of Songs, chapter 1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 220-254
Song 1:15	Commentary on John 10.173 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 230–248
Song 1:15	Commentary on the Song of Songs 3.172 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:15	Commentary on the Song of Songs 3.173 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:15	Commentary on the Song of Songs 3.174 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:15	Homily on the Song of Songs 2 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–250
Song 1:15	Exposition of Psalm 118 3.9.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:15	Exposition of Psalm 118 5.9.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:15–2:7	Homily 4 · Gregory of Nyssa	quotation, high confidence	ca. 390–394
Song 1:15	Homily 11 · Gregory of Nyssa	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 390–394
Song 1:15	The Lord's Sermon on the Mount 2.19 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 393–396
Song 1:15	On the Trinity 2.0 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 399–419

Song of Songs 1:16

How handsome you are, my beloved! Oh, how delightful! The soft grass is our bed.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Song 1:16	Fragments on the Song of Songs, chapter 1 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 220-254
Song 1:16	Commentary on the Song of Songs 3.174 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:16	Commentary on the Song of Songs 3.175 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:16	Homily on the Song of Songs 2 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–250
Song 1:16	Exposition of Psalm 118 4.18.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:16	Exposition of Psalm 118 4.18.2 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:16	Exposition of Psalm 118 5.9.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397

Song of Songs 1:17

The beams of our house are cedars; our rafters are fragrant firs.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
Song 1:17	Commentary on the Song of Songs 3.176 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:17	Commentary on the Song of Songs 3.177 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410)
Song 1:17	Homily on the Song of Songs 2 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 240–250
Song 1:17	Exposition of Psalm 118 4.18.2 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:17	Exposition of Psalm 118 4.20.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:17	Exposition of Psalm 118 4.21.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
Song 1:17	Hexameron (Exameron) 3.53 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 387-390
Song 1:17 (1:16 Vulg.)	The Institutes 9.3 · John Cassian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 419–426