Numbers 21 in the early church
142 passages quote, allude to, or echo Numbers 21, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 26 · 27 · 28 · 33 · 35
Numbers 21:1
When the Canaanite king of Arad, who lived in the Negev, heard that Israel was coming along the road to Atharim, he attacked Israel and captured some prisoners.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:1 | Letter 78.36 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Num 21:1–9 | Numbers, lines 523–546 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
Numbers 21:3
And the LORD heard Israel’s plea and delivered up the Canaanites. Israel devoted them and their cities to destruction; so they named the place Hormah.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:3 | Letter 78.36 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Numbers 21:4
Then they set out from Mount Hor along the route to the Red Sea, in order to bypass the land of Edom. But the people grew impatient on the journey
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:4 | Letter 78.37 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Num 21:4–9 | On the Life of Moses 413 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Num 21:4–9 | Part 2, chapter 11 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Numbers 21:5
and spoke against God and against Moses: “Why have you led us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? There is no bread or water, and we detest this wretched food!”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:5–6 | Demonstration 14.23 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Num 21:5 | Demonstration 20.7 · Aphrahat | quotation, medium confidence | 337-345 |
| Num 21:5–6 | Commentary on 1 Corinthians 10:8 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 366–384 |
| Num 21:5 | Letter 78.37 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Numbers 21:6
So the LORD sent venomous snakes among the people, and many of the Israelites were bitten and died.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:6 | Epistle of Barnabas 12.5 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Num 21:6 | First Apology 60 · Justin Martyr | allusion, high confidence | ca. 150–155 |
| Num 21:6 | Prophetic Extracts 49.2 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 200 |
| Num 21:6 | Refutation of All Heresies 5.16.6 · Hippolytus of Rome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 222–235 |
| Num 21:6–9 | Fragment 37 on John 3:14 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 226-254 |
| Num 21:6 | Homilies on Exodus 7.4 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:6 | Homilies on Joshua 4.2 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:6 | Question 99, section 1 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Num 21:6 | Question 99, section 2 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Num 21:6 | Letter 78.37 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Num 21:6 | Letter 124.15 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Num 21:6 | Book of Heresies 21.1 · Philastrius of Brescia | allusion, high confidence | ca. 380s |
| Num 21:6 | Apology of the Prophet David 11 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 384-390 |
| Num 21:6 | On Elijah and Fasting 68 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-390 |
| Num 21:6–9 | Sermon 6.7 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Num 21:6–9 | Sermon 353.2 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Num 21:6 | Tractates on the Gospel of John 12.11 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 406–420 |
| Num 21:6 | On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins 1.61 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 411–412 |
Numbers 21:7
Then the people came to Moses and said, “We have sinned by speaking against the LORD and against you. Intercede with the LORD so He will take the snakes away from us.” So Moses interceded for the people.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:7 | Epistle of Barnabas 12.7 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 70–135 (often ca. 130) |
| Num 21:7 | On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins 1.61 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 411–412 |
| Num 21:7 | Enchiridion (Handbook on Faith, Hope, and Love) 44 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | ca. 421–423 |
Numbers 21:8
Then the LORD said to Moses, “Make a fiery serpent and mount it on a pole. When anyone who is bitten looks at it, he will live.”
Numbers 21:9
So Moses made a bronze snake and mounted it on a pole. If anyone who was bitten looked at the bronze snake, he would live.
Numbers 21:10
Then the Israelites set out and camped at Oboth.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:10–21 | Numbers, lines 547–570 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
Numbers 21:11
They journeyed from Oboth and camped at Iye-abarim in the wilderness opposite Moab to the east.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:11 | Letter 78.39 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Numbers 21:12
From there they set out and camped in the Valley of Zered.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:12 | Commentary on the Song of Songs 0.81 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410) |
| Num 21:12 | Letter 78.40 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Numbers 21:13
From there they moved on and camped on the other side of the Arnon, in the wilderness that extends into the Amorite territory. Now the Arnon is the border between the Moabites and the Amorites.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:13 | Letter 78.40 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Numbers 21:16
From there they went on to Beer, the well where the LORD said to Moses, “Gather the people so that I may give them water.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:16 | Homilies on Numbers 12.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:16 | Homilies on Numbers 12.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:16 | Commentary on the Song of Songs 0.81 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410) |
| Num 21:16 | Letter 78.40 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Numbers 21:17
Then Israel sang this song: “Spring up, O well, all of you sing to it!
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:17 | Homilies on Judges 6.3 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:17 | Homilies on Numbers 12.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:17 | Commentary on the Song of Songs 0.81 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410) |
| Num 21:17 | Letter 78.40 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Numbers 21:18
The princes dug the well; the nobles of the people hollowed it out with their scepters and with their staffs.” From the wilderness the Israelites went on to Mattanah,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:18 | Homilies on Numbers 12.2 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:18 | Homilies on Numbers 12.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:18 | Commentary on the Song of Songs 0.81 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410) |
| Num 21:18 | Homily on the Song of Songs 1 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 240–250 |
| Num 21:18 | Letter 78.40 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Numbers 21:19
and from Mattanah to Nahaliel, and from Nahaliel to Bamoth,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:19 | Homilies on Numbers 12.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:19 | Letter 78.40 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Numbers 21:20
and from Bamoth to the valley in Moab where the top of Pisgah overlooks the wasteland.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:20 | Homilies on Numbers 12.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:20 | Letter 78.40 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Numbers 21:21
Then Israel sent messengers to Sihon king of the Amorites, saying,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:21 | Homilies on Numbers 12.4 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:21–35 | Homilies on Numbers 26.3 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:21–35 | Homilies on Numbers 26.4 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:21–35 | Demonstration 4.7 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Num 21:21 | Oration 4.1 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Num 21:21–32 | Numbers, lines 571–596 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
Numbers 21:22
“Let us pass through your land. We will not turn aside into any field or vineyard, or drink water from any well. We will stay on the King’s Highway until we have passed through your territory.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:22 | Homilies on Numbers 12.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:22 | Catechetical Lecture 16.5 · Cyril of Jerusalem | echo, low confidence | ca. 350 |
| Num 21:22 | On the Life of Moses 417 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Num 21:22 | Exposition of Psalm 118 15.7.1 · Ambrose | echo, medium confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Num 21:22 | Letters 12.4 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 394–413 |
| Num 21:22 | The Conferences 2.2 · John Cassian | echo, low confidence | ca. 426–429 |
| Num 21:22 | The Conferences 4.12 · John Cassian | echo, low confidence | ca. 426–429 |
| Num 21:22 | Part 8 · Eutherius of Tyana | echo, low confidence | ca. 431-440 |
Numbers 21:23
But Sihon would not let Israel pass through his territory. Instead, he gathered his whole army and went out to confront Israel in the wilderness. When he came to Jahaz, he fought against Israel.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:23 | Homilies on Numbers 12.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
Numbers 21:24
And Israel put him to the sword and took possession of his land, from the Arnon to the Jabbok—but only up to the border of the Ammonites, because it was fortified.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:24 | Miscellanies 1.24.162 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Num 21:24 | Arabic Pentateuch fragment XIX (on Num 25. 26) · Hippolytus of Rome | allusion, medium confidence | unknown (transmitted in a medieval Arabic catena) |
| Num 21:24 | Homilies on Joshua 3.2 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:24 | Homilies on Numbers 12.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:24 | Homilies on Numbers 13.1 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:24 | Letter 78.40 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Numbers 21:25
Israel captured all the cities of the Amorites and occupied them, including Heshbon and all its villages.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:25 | Homilies on Numbers 13.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
Numbers 21:26
Heshbon was the city of Sihon king of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab and taken all his land as far as the Arnon.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:26 | Homilies on Numbers 13.1 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:26 | Pilgrimage (Itinerarium) 12.8 · Egeria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 381-395 |
Numbers 21:27
That is why the poets say: “Come to Heshbon, let it be rebuilt; let the city of Sihon be restored.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:27 | Homilies on Numbers 13.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
Numbers 21:28
For a fire went out from Heshbon, a blaze from the city of Sihon. It consumed Ar of Moab, the rulers of Arnon’s heights.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:28 | Homilies on Numbers 13.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
Numbers 21:33
Then they turned and went up the road to Bashan, and Og king of Bashan and his whole army came out to meet them in battle at Edrei.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:33 | Homilies on Joshua 3.2 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:33 | Homilies on Numbers 13.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Num 21:33 | Tractates on the Psalms 67.25 · Hilary of Poitiers | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Num 21:33 | Oration 4.1 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| Num 21:33 | Letter 78.40 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Num 21:33 | Pilgrimage (Itinerarium) 12.8 · Egeria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 381-395 |
Numbers 21:35
So they struck down Og, along with his sons and his whole army, until no remnant was left. And they took possession of his land.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Num 21:35 | Arabic Pentateuch fragment XIX (on Num 25. 26) · Hippolytus of Rome | allusion, medium confidence | unknown (transmitted in a medieval Arabic catena) |
| Num 21:35 | Homilies on Numbers 13.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |