1 Kings 18 in the early church
[LXX: 3 Kingdoms; Vulgate: 3 Kings]
132 passages quote, allude to, or echo 1 Kings 18, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 3 · 4 · 9 · 10 · 13 · 15 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 26 · 28 · 31 · 33 · 34 · 36 · 38 · 40 · 41 · 42 · 43 · 44 · 45
1 Kings 18:1
After a long time, in the third year of the drought, the word of the LORD came to Elijah: “Go and present yourself to Ahab, and I will send rain upon the face of the earth.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:1 | Defence of His Flight 17 · Athanasius of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 357 |
| 1 Kgs 18:1 | To Theodosius on the Witch of Endor, part 2 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 380–394 |
| 1 Kgs 18:1 | Hexameron (Exameron) 2.16 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 387-390 |
| 1 Kgs 18:1–18 | Part 2, chapter 28 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
1 Kings 18:3
and Ahab summoned Obadiah, who was in charge of the palace. (Now Obadiah greatly feared the LORD,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:3–12 | Apostolic Constitutions 8.2.1 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 380 |
1 Kings 18:4
for when Jezebel had slaughtered the prophets of the LORD, Obadiah had taken a hundred prophets and hidden them, fifty men per cave, providing them with food and water.)
1 Kings 18:9
But Obadiah replied, “How have I sinned, that you are handing your servant over to Ahab to put me to death?
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:9 | Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 133 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century) |
1 Kings 18:10
As surely as the LORD your God lives, there is no nation or kingdom where my lord has not sent someone to search for you. When they said, ‘He is not here,’ he made that kingdom or nation swear that they had not found you.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:10 | Commentary on Matthew, Latin Series 133 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–249 (Latin translation, 4th–5th century) |
1 Kings 18:13
Was it not reported to my lord what I did when Jezebel slaughtered the prophets of the LORD? I hid a hundred prophets of the LORD, fifty men per cave, and I provided them with food and water.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:13 | Letters 29.11 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, high confidence | ca. 394–413 |
1 Kings 18:15
Then Elijah said, “As surely as the LORD of Hosts lives, before whom I stand, I will present myself to Ahab today.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:15 | Letter to Marcellinus 11 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | uncertain, after 335 |
| 1 Kgs 18:15 | Life of Antony 7 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 357–360 |
| 1 Kgs 18:15 | Sermon on the Life of Honoratus 1 · Hilary of Arles | quotation, high confidence | ca. 430 |
1 Kings 18:17
When Ahab saw Elijah, he said to him, “Is that you, O troubler of Israel?”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:17–18 | On Saint Athanasius 1.16 · Lucifer of Cagliari | quotation, high confidence | ca. 356–361 |
1 Kings 18:18
“I have not troubled Israel,” Elijah replied, “but you and your father’s house have, for you have forsaken the commandments of the LORD and have followed the Baals.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:18–46 | On Saint Athanasius 1.17 · Lucifer of Cagliari | quotation, high confidence | ca. 356–361 |
| 1 Kgs 18:18 | Homilies on Matthew 46.3 · John Chrysostom | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 390 |
| 1 Kgs 18:18 | Homilies on Matthew 56.2 · John Chrysostom | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 390 |
| 1 Kgs 18:18 | Homilies on Matthew 58.4 · John Chrysostom | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390 |
1 Kings 18:19
Now summon all Israel to meet me on Mount Carmel, along with the four hundred and fifty prophets of Baal and the four hundred prophets of Asherah who eat at Jezebel’s table.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:19 | Dialogue with Trypho 69.1 · Justin Martyr | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| 1 Kgs 18:19–20 | Letter 42 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 357–378 |
| 1 Kgs 18:19–20 | Letter 171 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, low confidence | ca. 360–390 |
| 1 Kgs 18:19 | Oration 10.1 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| 1 Kgs 18:19–20 | Oration 14.4 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| 1 Kgs 18:19 | Homilies 10.6 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| 1 Kgs 18:19–40 | Petition to the Emperors (Libellus precum) 22 · Faustinus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 383–384 |
1 Kings 18:21
Then Elijah approached all the people and said, “How long will you waver between two opinions? If the LORD is God, follow Him. But if Baal is God, follow him.” But the people did not answer a word.
1 Kings 18:22
Then Elijah said to the people, “I am the only remaining prophet of the LORD, but Baal has four hundred and fifty prophets.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:22 | Demonstration 4.12 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
1 Kings 18:23
Get two bulls for us. Let the prophets of Baal choose one bull for themselves, cut it into pieces, and place it on the wood but not light the fire. And I will prepare the other bull and place it on the wood but not light the fire.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:23–29 | On the Witch of Endor 8 · Eustathius of Antioch | allusion, high confidence | ca. 324–337 |
1 Kings 18:24
Then you may call on the name of your god, and I will call on the name of the LORD. The God who answers by fire, He is God.” And all the people answered, “What you say is good.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:24 | Against Heresies 3.6.3 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
1 Kings 18:26
And they took the bull that was given them, prepared it, and called on the name of Baal from morning until noon, shouting, “O Baal, answer us!” But there was no sound, and no one answered as they leaped around the altar they had made.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:26–38 | Demonstration 4.3 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
1 Kings 18:28
So they shouted louder and cut themselves with knives and lances, as was their custom, until the blood gushed over them.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:28–29 | On the Witch of Endor 8 · Eustathius of Antioch | quotation, high confidence | ca. 324–337 |
1 Kings 18:31
And Elijah took twelve stones, one for each tribe of the sons of Jacob, to whom the word of the LORD had come and said, “Israel shall be your name.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:31 | Against Heresies 1.18.4 · Irenaeus of Lyons | allusion, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| 1 Kgs 18:31 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 34.17.2 · Epiphanius of Salamis | allusion, high confidence | 374-377 |
1 Kings 18:33
Next, he arranged the wood, cut up the bull, placed it on the wood,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:33–34 | Commentary on John 6.125 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| 1 Kgs 18:33 | On Elijah and Fasting 83 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-390 |
1 Kings 18:34
and said, “Fill four waterpots and pour the water on the offering and on the wood.” “Do it a second time,” he said, and they did it a second time. “Do it a third time,” he said, and they did it a third time.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:34 | Oration 40.43 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| 1 Kgs 18:34 | Oration 41.4 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
| 1 Kgs 18:34 | Homilies 13.2 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| 1 Kgs 18:34 | On the Duties of the Clergy 3.18 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386–390 |
| 1 Kgs 18:34 | On Elijah and Fasting 83 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-390 |
1 Kings 18:36
At the time of the evening sacrifice, Elijah the prophet approached the altar and said, “O LORD, God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, let it be known this day that You are God in Israel and that I am Your servant and have done all these things at Your command.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:36 | Against Heresies 3.6.3 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| 1 Kgs 18:36 | Against Heresies 3.6.4 · Irenaeus of Lyons | echo, medium confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| 1 Kgs 18:36–40 | Demonstration 4.12 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| 1 Kgs 18:36–38 | Apostolic Constitutions 7.37.3 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | ca. 380 |
| 1 Kgs 18:36–40 | Part 2, chapter 28 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
1 Kings 18:38
Then the fire of the LORD fell and consumed the sacrifice, the wood, the stones, and the dust, and it licked up the water in the trench.
1 Kings 18:40
Then Elijah ordered them, “Seize the prophets of Baal! Do not let a single one escape.” So they seized them, and Elijah brought them down to the Kishon Valley and slaughtered them there.
1 Kings 18:41
And Elijah said to Ahab, “Go up, eat and drink, for there is the sound of a heavy rain.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:41–45 | Demonstration 4.12 · Aphrahat | allusion, high confidence | 337-345 |
| 1 Kgs 18:41 | Homilies on the Psalms 28.2 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360-378 |
| 1 Kgs 18:41–45 | Unfinished Literal Commentary on Genesis 14 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 393 |
| 1 Kgs 18:41–45 | Part 2, chapter 28 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 445-450 |
1 Kings 18:42
So Ahab went up to eat and drink. But Elijah climbed to the summit of Carmel, bent down on the ground, and put his face between his knees.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:42 | PG 12:1121 (Ps 3 LXX) · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| 1 Kgs 18:42 | PG 12:1123 (Ps 3 LXX) · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| 1 Kgs 18:42 | Homilies 8.4 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
1 Kings 18:43
“Go and look toward the sea,” he said to his servant. So the servant went and looked, and he said, “There is nothing there.” Seven times Elijah said, “Go back.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:43 | Oration 41.4 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362–383 |
1 Kings 18:44
On the seventh time the servant reported, “There is a cloud as small as a man’s hand rising from the sea.” And Elijah replied, “Go and tell Ahab, ‘Prepare your chariot and go down before the rain stops you.’”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Kgs 18:44 | Exhortation to the Greeks 10.92 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| 1 Kgs 18:44 | Homilies on Jeremiah 8.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 240 |
| 1 Kgs 18:44 | Letter 2.8 · Antony the Great | allusion, high confidence | before 356 |
1 Kings 18:45
Meanwhile, the sky grew dark with clouds and wind, and a heavy rain began to fall. So Ahab rode away and went to Jezreel.