Seven Books of History against the Pagans
Historiarum adversum paganos libri VII
Read the whole work on one page
Contents
Reading pages: 1.0.1–1.2.106 · 1.3.1–1.20.6 · 1.21.1–2.10.11 · 2.11.1–3.0.3 · 3.1.1–3.13.11 · 3.14.1–3.22.15 · 3.23.1–4.5.13 · 4.6.1–4.12.13 · 4.13.1–4.19.6 · 4.20.1–5.3.7 · 5.4.1–5.14.6 · 5.15.1–5.19.24 · 5.20.1–6.1.30 · 6.2.1–6.10.21 · 6.11.1–6.17.10 · 6.18.1–7.1.11 · 7.2.1–7.8.9 · 7.9.1–7.24.4 · 7.25.1–7.32.15 · 7.33.1–7.39.18 · 7.40.1–7.43.20
- 1.0.1Orosius dedicates the work to Augustine as an act of obedience.
- 1.0.2Orosius leaves the judgment of his ability to Augustine.
- 1.0.3Orosius compares himself to a household dog that waits for its master's sign.
- 1.0.4Dogs, he says, can discern, love, and serve.
- 1.0.5A dog's watchfulness springs from love of its master.
- 1.0.6He recalls the Canaanite woman's words about the dogs and the crumbs.
- 1.0.7Citing Tobias's dog, Orosius says he has gladly obeyed.
- 1.0.8The work is Augustine's; Orosius's only contribution is his willingness.
- 1.0.9Augustine asked Orosius to answer the pagans who blame the present troubles on Christianity.
- 1.0.10His task is to collect from the histories the disasters of past ages.
- 1.0.11Augustine was then at work on the eleventh book of the City of God.
- 1.0.12Julian of Carthage also pressed for the work to be done.
- 1.0.13At first Orosius himself thought the present disasters unusually great.
- 1.0.14He found the past worse than the present, the more so the further from true religion.
- 1.0.15The exception is the tribulation of the last days foretold by Christ.
- 1.0.16In those last days the saints will be tested and the wicked destroyed.
- 1.1.1The historians begin their accounts with Ninus, king of Assyria.
- 1.1.2They hold the world eternal but date kingdoms and wars from Ninus.
- 1.1.3As if mankind had lived like cattle until then.
- 1.1.4Orosius will begin human misery with the first sin.
- 1.1.5There are 3,184 years from Adam to Ninus and Abraham.
- 1.1.6There are 2,015 years from Ninus and Abraham to the birth of Christ under Augustus.
- 1.1.7He will draw briefly on the Scriptures, whose prophecies were proved true.
- 1.1.8He does not force biblical authority on his readers but appeals to common opinion.
- 1.1.9Providence must both help and correct man, who is weak and stubborn.
- 1.1.10So the world has always known alternating good and evil.
- 1.1.11Sin and its punishment began with Adam, and the historians record only wars and disasters.
- 1.1.12Wars and evils are either open sins or hidden punishments of sin.
- 1.1.13He will show that the earlier ages suffered similar miseries.
- 1.1.14He sets out the span of his history, from creation to his own day.
- 1.1.15He will display the world set on fire by greed.
- 1.1.16First he will describe the geography of the inhabited world.
- 1.1.17Geography will help readers place the events.
- 1.2.1The world is divided into Asia, Europe, and Africa.
- 1.2.2Asia occupies the east.
- 1.2.3Asia borders Europe, Africa, and the Mediterranean.
- 1.2.4Europe begins at the river Don.
- 1.2.5The Don flows into the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea.
- 1.2.6The straits at Constantinople lead to the Mediterranean.
- 1.2.7Europe ends in the west at Spain and the Strait of Gibraltar.
- 1.2.8Africa begins at Egypt's western border.
- 1.2.9Africa's eastern boundary runs south to the Ocean.
- 1.2.10Africa ends in the west at the Strait of Gibraltar.
- 1.2.11Its farthest point is Mount Atlas and the Fortunate Isles.
- 1.2.12Now he will describe the regions of each part.
- 1.2.13Asia's eastern edge: the Ganges and Taprobane.
- 1.2.14In the north-east lie Mount Imavus and the Seric Ocean.
- 1.2.15Boundaries of India.
- 1.2.16India has forty-four peoples.
- 1.2.17Between the Indus and the Tigris lie Arachosia, Parthia, Assyria, Persis, and Media.
- 1.2.18Their borders and rivers; thirty-two peoples.
- 1.2.19The region is called Parthia, or in Scripture Media.
- 1.2.20Mesopotamia lies between the Tigris and the Euphrates.
- 1.2.21South of Mesopotamia lie Babylonia, Chaldaea, and Arabia Felix.
- 1.2.22They hold twenty-eight peoples.
- 1.2.23The extent of Syria begins to be described.
- 1.2.24Syria, with Commagene, Phoenicia, and Palestine.
- 1.2.25Boundaries of Cappadocia.
- 1.2.26Asia Minor and its seas.
- 1.2.27Boundaries of Lower Egypt.
- 1.2.28The course of the Nile.
- 1.2.29Some place the Nile's source near Mount Atlas.
- 1.2.30This theory makes it flow east and then north to Egypt.
- 1.2.31There is such a western river, called Dara or Nuhul.
- 1.2.32But that river ends in a lake.
- 1.2.33Unless it joins the Nile underground; Upper Egypt stretches east.
- 1.2.34Boundaries of Upper Egypt.
- 1.2.35He turns to northern Asia.
- 1.2.36The Caucasus range and its many names.
- 1.2.37Some take the Caucasus to be the Taurus.
- 1.2.38The Euphrates separates the Caucasus from the Taurus.
- 1.2.39Names of the range: the Caucasus proper.
- 1.2.40Names of the range: the Acroceraunian Mountains.
- 1.2.41Names of the range: Ariobarzanes.
- 1.2.42Names of the range: Memarmali and Parthau.
- 1.2.43Names of the range: Oscobares.
- 1.2.44Names of the range: the Taurus.
- 1.2.45Names of the range: the Caucasus again.
- 1.2.46Names of the range: Imavus in the far east.
- 1.2.47North-east Asia holds forty-two Hyrcanian and Scythian peoples.
- 1.2.48The Caspian Sea, thought to flow from the northern Ocean.
- 1.2.49Between the Caspian and the Don are thirty-four peoples.
- 1.2.50This area is called Albania and the land of the Amazons.
- 1.2.51Orosius turns from Asia to Europe.
- 1.2.52Northern Europe from the Don to the Rhine and Danube; Alania in the east.
- 1.2.53Dacia, Gothia, and Germany: fifty-four peoples.
- 1.2.54He turns to the lands south of the Danube.
- 1.2.55Boundaries of Moesia.
- 1.2.56Boundaries of Thrace.
- 1.2.57Boundaries of Macedonia.
- 1.2.58Boundaries of Achaia, with Corinth and Athens.
- 1.2.59Boundaries of Dalmatia.
- 1.2.60Boundaries of Pannonia, Noricum, and Raetia.
- 1.2.61Italy and the Alps.
- 1.2.62The course of the Alps.
- 1.2.63Boundaries of Gallia Belgica.
- 1.2.64Shape of Gallia Lugdunensis.
- 1.2.65Boundaries of Lugdunensis.
- 1.2.66Boundaries of Narbonensis.
- 1.2.67Aquitania and the Loire.
- 1.2.68Boundaries of Aquitania.
- 1.2.69Spain is a triangular near-island.
- 1.2.70Spain's eastern corner.
- 1.2.71Spain's north-western corner and the lighthouse of Brigantia.
- 1.2.72Spain's southern corner at Gades.
- 1.2.73Boundaries of Hither Spain.
- 1.2.74Boundaries of Farther Spain.
- 1.2.75He turns to Britain and Ireland.
- 1.2.76Britain and its harbour at Rutupiae.
- 1.2.77The size of Britain.
- 1.2.78The Orkneys.
- 1.2.79Thule, known to few.
- 1.2.80Ireland lies between Britain and Spain.
- 1.2.81Ireland, inhabited by the Scots.
- 1.2.82The Isle of Man; the end of Europe.
- 1.2.83Africa is a third part by division, not by size.
- 1.2.84The Mediterranean narrows Africa.
- 1.2.85Some therefore counted Africa as part of Europe.
- 1.2.86Africa seems smaller because its heat leaves much of it desert.
- 1.2.87Cyrenaica comes first after Egypt.
- 1.2.88Extent of Cyrenaica.
- 1.2.89Boundaries of Cyrenaica.
- 1.2.90Boundaries of Tripolitana.
- 1.2.91Byzacium, Zeugis, and Numidia.
- 1.2.92Boundaries of Byzacium, Zeugis, and Numidia.
- 1.2.93Boundaries of the two Mauretanias.
- 1.2.94Boundaries of Mauretania Tingitana.
- 1.2.95The end of Africa; next the Mediterranean islands.
- 1.2.96Cyprus.
- 1.2.97Crete.
- 1.2.98The Cyclades.
- 1.2.99The three promontories of Sicily.
- 1.2.100Size and seas of Sicily.
- 1.2.101Sardinia and Corsica.
- 1.2.102Size and seas of Sardinia.
- 1.2.103Corsica.
- 1.2.104The Balearic islands.
- 1.2.105These are the chief islands of the Mediterranean.
- 1.2.106The survey ends; now the miseries of each people.
- 1.3.1Man, made upright, sinned, and punishment followed at once.
- 1.3.2Everyone experiences God's sentence on man and the earth, whether they admit it or not.
- 1.3.3The flood destroyed mankind except the few in the ark.
- 1.3.4Pagan writers too inferred the flood from shells found on mountains.
- 1.3.5The fall and the flood suffice as the chief examples.
- 1.3.6Biblical events will be told where the pagan histories touch them.
- 1.4.1Ninus of Assyria began wars of conquest throughout Asia.
- 1.4.2Ninus taught the peaceful Scythians to make war.
- 1.4.3Ninus killed Zoroaster and was later killed by an arrow.
- 1.4.4Semiramis succeeded Ninus and continued his wars.
- 1.4.5Semiramis conquered Ethiopia and invaded India.
- 1.4.6Attacking peaceful peoples was then all the crueller.
- 1.4.7Semiramis's lust ended in incest with her son.
- 1.4.8She legalized marriage between parents and children.
- 1.5.1Tacitus records the burning of the Pentapolis by fire from heaven.
- 1.5.2Tacitus's description of the burned plains.
- 1.5.3Tacitus later betrays more knowledge.
- 1.5.4Tacitus grants that the cities burned by heavenly fire.
- 1.5.5Tacitus knew the truth but would not state it plainly.
- 1.5.6The five cities of the plain.
- 1.5.7The cities were rich, watered by the Jordan.
- 1.5.8Wealth bred luxury and homosexual vice in Sodom.
- 1.5.9God rained fire and sulphur on the region.
- 1.5.10The region is now ashes under the Dead Sea.
- 1.5.11For misusing God's gifts the land itself perished.
- 1.6.1Let the pagans compare Sodom's punishment with Rome's.
- 1.6.2He wishes the pagans would say what they really think.
- 1.6.3Few complain about Christian times; the Roman people's real mind is known.
- 1.6.4The Romans care only for their games, not the Gothic sack.
- 1.6.5Many think their small troubles worse than others' great ones.
- 1.6.6Sodom shows how God punishes sinners.
- 1.7.1The Telchines fought Phoroneus of Argos.
- 1.7.2The defeated Telchines settled Rhodes.
- 1.7.3The flood of Ogyges in Achaia.
- 1.8.1Pagan historians record Joseph's relief of the Egyptian famine.
- 1.8.2Justin's account: Joseph sold by his brothers.
- 1.8.3Justin's account: Joseph's skill in dreams.
- 1.8.4Justin's account: Joseph stored grain against famine.
- 1.8.5Justin's account: Moses, called Joseph's son, expelled with the sick.
- 1.8.6Moses' own account is more trustworthy than Justin's.
- 1.8.7The Egyptian priests suppressed the true God's part in the story.
- 1.8.8The priests, well fed by Joseph's foresight, forgot him.
- 1.8.9Egypt still pays the fifth instituted by Joseph.
- 1.8.10The famine fell under King Amosis.
- 1.8.11Joseph stored the abundance of the seven good years.
- 1.8.12Joseph bought Egypt for Pharaoh and set the fifth.
- 1.8.13Egypt quickly forgot Joseph and enslaved his people.
- 1.8.14So too pagans saved by the name of Christ now slander it.
- 1.9.1The flood of Deucalion in Thessaly.
- 1.9.2Deucalion sheltered the survivors on Parnassus.
- 1.9.3Plagues in Ethiopia.
- 1.9.4Father Liber's bloody conquest of India.
- 1.10.1Trogus and Tacitus disagree about the plagues of Egypt.
- 1.10.2Justin's version of the Exodus.
- 1.10.3Tacitus's version: Bocchoris expelled the diseased people.
- 1.10.4Tacitus's version: Moses led the exiles.
- 1.10.5Tacitus unwittingly admits that Moses delivered them.
- 1.10.6Justin also reveals part of what was hidden.
- 1.10.7Orosius will tell the Exodus from Moses' account.
- 1.10.8God demanded through Moses the release of his oppressed people.
- 1.10.9After ten plagues the Egyptians hurried Israel out.
- 1.10.10The first plagues: blood, frogs, gnats.
- 1.10.11The flies, the cattle plague, and the boils.
- 1.10.12Hail, locusts, and darkness.
- 1.10.13After the death of the firstborn Egypt yielded, then pursued Israel.
- 1.10.14Pharaoh's army pursued six hundred thousand Israelites.
- 1.10.15God divided the Red Sea.
- 1.10.16The sea returned and drowned the Egyptian army.
- 1.10.17Chariot tracks are still visible at the Red Sea.
- 1.10.18The tracks remain as a warning.
- 1.10.19A great heat of the time gave rise to the Phaethon myth.
- 1.11.1Danaus's daughters killed their husbands, and he usurped Argos.
- 1.11.2Busiris sacrificed his guests.
- 1.11.3The crimes of Tereus, Procne, and Philomela.
- 1.11.4Perseus conquered Asia and named the Persians.
- 1.12.1Orosius must pass over much to finish.
- 1.12.2Assyria's 1,160 years of wars cannot all be told.
- 1.12.3He will not recount Tantalus and Pelops.
- 1.12.4Tantalus's abduction of Ganymede caused a war.
- 1.12.5Or Tantalus procured Ganymede for Jupiter.
- 1.12.6Pelops's wars are too familiar to tell.
- 1.12.7He passes over other Greek legends.
- 1.12.8The Lemnian women, Pandion, Atreus and Thyestes.
- 1.12.9Oedipus and his sons.
- 1.12.10Medea and the horrors of that age.
- 1.13.1War between Crete and Athens.
- 1.13.2Athenian youths were fed to the Minotaur.
- 1.13.3The Lapiths fought the Thessalians.
- 1.13.4Palaephatus explains the Centaurs as horsemen.
- 1.14.1Vesozes of Egypt declared war on the Scythians.
- 1.14.2The Scythians defied him.
- 1.14.3The Scythians routed Vesozes.
- 1.14.4The Scythians held Asia fifteen years until their wives recalled them.
- 1.15.1Two exiled Scythian princes settled by the Thermodon and were killed.
- 1.15.2Their widows took up arms and avenged them.
- 1.15.3The origin of the Amazons.
- 1.15.4Their two queens.
- 1.15.5The Amazons' conquests; Marpesia killed.
- 1.15.6Sinope succeeded her.
- 1.15.7Hercules prepared a great force against the Amazons.
- 1.15.8Hercules surprised the Amazons.
- 1.15.9Theseus married Hippolyte; Hercules ransomed Melanippe.
- 1.15.10Penthesilea at Troy.
- 1.16.1No one blames the times for the Amazons' devastation.
- 1.16.2The Goths, once feared by all, now seek a Roman alliance.
- 1.16.3The Goths ask for land and offer to defend Rome.
- 1.16.4Through the Christian faith the Goths, whose women once ravaged the world, submit without battle.
- 1.17.1The Trojan War.
- 1.17.2Homer told the Trojan War; Orosius will not.
- 1.17.3Unlike Troy's enemies, today's barbarians seek peace and fight for Rome.
- 1.18.1Aeneas's wars in Italy, known from schoolbooks.
- 1.18.2Other disasters of the same period.
- 1.19.1Sardanapalus, last king of Assyria, burned himself; the kingdom passed to the Medes.
- 1.19.2Power shifted among Scythians, Chaldaeans, and Medes.
- 1.19.3Every change of kingdom meant great slaughter.
- 1.19.4Phraortes of Media.
- 1.19.5Diocles of Media.
- 1.19.6Cyrus rose against his grandfather Astyages.
- 1.19.7Astyages had once served Harpalus his own son to eat.
- 1.19.8Harpalus betrayed the army to Cyrus; Astyages renewed the war.
- 1.19.9The Persian women shamed their men back into battle.
- 1.19.10Cyrus captured Astyages; the Median empire ended.
- 1.19.11The Medes' subject cities revolted from Cyrus.
- 1.20.1Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum.
- 1.20.2Phalaris once punished someone justly.
- 1.20.3Perillus made a bronze bull for roasting victims.
- 1.20.4Phalaris roasted Perillus in his own bull.
- 1.20.5Aremulus of the Latins was struck by lightning.
- 1.20.6Christian emperors forgive even usurpers, unlike ancient tyrants.
- 1.21.1A great war between Peloponnesians and Athenians.
- 1.21.2Amazons and Cimmerians raided Asia.
- 1.21.3The Spartan war against Messenia.
- 1.21.4The Spartans' oath and their wives' complaints.
- 1.21.5They sent men home to beget children with all the women.
- 1.21.6The Messenians revolted; Sparta chose Tyrtaeus as leader.
- 1.21.7Defeated, Sparta freed slaves to fight.
- 1.21.8Tyrtaeus's poem roused the Spartans to victory.
- 1.21.9A third Messenian war; Athens prepared to attack Sparta.
- 1.21.10Sparta's allies defeated Athens at sea, then Athens renewed the war.
- 1.21.11An indecisive war between Sparta and Athens.
- 1.21.12Sparta and Lacedaemon are the same.
- 1.21.13Sparta induced Thebes to fight Athens.
- 1.21.14Sparta's fury for war.
- 1.21.15Pericles and Sophocles led Athens to success.
- 1.21.16Fifty years of war exhausted Sparta.
- 1.21.17Greece's long sufferings are ignored while small present troubles are resented.
- 1.21.18People today, used to peace, are upset by small troubles.
- 1.21.19They should pray to the God who gave them peace.
- 1.21.20He recalls his plan.
- 1.21.21Book 1 ends; Book 2 will begin with the founding of Rome.
- 2.1.1God made man, and the world is chastised for man's sin.
- 2.1.2As our Maker, God rightly governs us.
- 2.1.3All power, and so all kingdoms, come from God.
- 2.1.4God also ordains the great empires: Babylonian, Macedonian, African, Roman.
- 2.1.5The four empires stand at the four quarters of the world.
- 2.1.6Carthage and Macedon were interim guardians between Babylon and Rome.
- 2.2.1Semiramis made Babylon the Assyrian capital.
- 2.2.2Arbatus killed Sardanapalus and transferred power to the Medes.
- 2.2.3Babylon fell in the year Procas began to reign in Latium.
- 2.2.4Ancient histories begin with Ninus, Roman ones with Procas.
- 2.2.5Parallel intervals of sixty-four years link Babylon and Rome.
- 2.2.6The Chaldaeans kept Babylon.
- 2.2.7Power with the Medes, possession with the Chaldaeans.
- 2.2.8So Nebuchadnezzar and his successors are not counted among the great kings.
- 2.2.9Babylon fell to Cyrus when Rome expelled its kings.
- 2.2.10Babylon's fall and Rome's rise coincided.
- 2.2.11Orosius braves his critics, trusting in truth.
- 2.3.1The reigns of Ninus and Semiramis.
- 2.3.2Babylon was despoiled by its own prefect 1,164 years after its founding.
- 2.3.3Rome was sacked by Alaric after the same span of years.
- 2.3.4Rome, unlike Babylon, kept its rule; Attalus's usurpation failed.
- 2.3.5One God ordered both Babylon and Rome; our misery comes from our own excess.
- 2.3.6Babylon and Rome were alike, but their ends differ.
- 2.3.7Rome was spared because of Christian rulers, Goths, and martyrs.
- 2.3.8Let the pagans stop slandering religion while God is patient.
- 2.3.9Let them recall the miseries of their ancestors.
- 2.3.10Pray to the God who now spares them; the history of Rome follows.
- 2.4.1Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus.
- 2.4.2Romulus began with fratricide and the rape of the Sabines.
- 2.4.3Romulus founded Rome on bloodshed and an asylum for criminals.
- 2.4.4His first battle was in the Forum.
- 2.4.5The seizure of the Sabine women.
- 2.4.6Romulus killed his co-ruler Titus Tatius.
- 2.4.7Wars with Veii and Caenina.
- 2.4.8Rome was never at rest from war.
- 2.4.9Tullus Hostilius and the combat of the Horatii and Curiatii.
- 2.4.10The traitor Mettius Fufetius was torn apart by chariots.
- 2.4.11Wars of Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, and Servius Tullius.
- 2.4.12The reign and fall of Tarquinius Superbus.
- 2.4.13The abolition of kingship shows how much Rome suffered under kings.
- 2.4.14Otherwise only Tarquin would have been expelled.
- 2.4.15After the kings Rome created consuls.
- 2.5.1Brutus executed his own sons and in-laws.
- 2.5.2Brutus and Arruns killed each other.
- 2.5.3Porsenna besieged Rome; Mucius and Cloelia saved it.
- 2.5.4Against the Sabines Rome created a dictator.
- 2.5.5The secession of the plebs nearly destroyed Rome.
- 2.5.6Famine and plague struck Rome.
- 2.5.7A costly battle with Veii; Fabius refused a triumph.
- 2.5.8The fall of the Fabii is remembered by a river and a gate.
- 2.5.9Three hundred and six Fabii perished in ambush.
- 2.5.10Every land suffered like Rome.
- 2.6.1Cyrus's conquests in the time of Tarquin.
- 2.6.2Cyrus marched on Babylon but was stopped by the Gyndes.
- 2.6.3The river drowned one of Cyrus's horses.
- 2.6.4Cyrus punished the river by dividing it into 460 channels.
- 2.6.5He also diverted the Euphrates.
- 2.6.6Cyrus entered Babylon through the dry riverbed.
- 2.6.7Babylon was founded by the giant Nimrod.
- 2.6.8Babylon's walls were fifty cubits broad and two hundred high.
- 2.6.9Its circuit, wall, and moat.
- 2.6.10Its hundred bronze gates and lofty houses.
- 2.6.11Yet great Babylon fell quickly.
- 2.6.12Cyrus defeated and spared Croesus.
- 2.6.13Babylon's fall shows that all human works pass away.
- 2.6.14Babylon and Lydia fell in one campaign; Rome only trembles in old age.
- 2.7.1Queen Thamyris let Cyrus cross into Scythia.
- 2.7.2Cyrus left a camp full of wine as a trap.
- 2.7.3The drunken Scythians and the queen's son were slaughtered.
- 2.7.4Thamyris lured Cyrus into an ambush.
- 2.7.5She destroyed Cyrus and two hundred thousand Persians.
- 2.7.6Thamyris put Cyrus's head in a skin of blood.
- 2.8.1Darius became king of Persia.
- 2.8.2Cambyses conquered Egypt and destroyed its temples.
- 2.8.3The Magi usurped the throne and were overthrown.
- 2.8.4Darius made war on the Scythian king who refused him his daughter.
- 2.8.5Darius invaded Scythia with seven hundred thousand men.
- 2.8.6Darius fled Scythia, losing eighty thousand men, and did not care.
- 2.8.7Darius conquered Asia Minor and Macedonia and turned on Athens.
- 2.8.8Ten thousand Athenians faced six hundred thousand Persians at Marathon.
- 2.8.9Miltiades charged before the Persian archers could act.
- 2.8.10The battle was a slaughter.
- 2.8.11Two hundred thousand Persians fell at Marathon.
- 2.8.12Darius fled home.
- 2.8.13Darius died preparing a new war.
- 2.9.1Xerxes prepared war; Demaratus warned Sparta by hidden tablets.
- 2.9.2Xerxes' enormous army and fleet.
- 2.9.3Leonidas held Thermopylae with four thousand men.
- 2.9.4The first Persian attackers were slaughtered.
- 2.9.5For three days the Persians were slaughtered.
- 2.9.6Leonidas dismissed his allies and stayed with the Spartans.
- 2.9.7Leonidas planned a night attack on the Persian camp.
- 2.9.8Six hundred Spartans attacked the camp of six hundred thousand.
- 2.9.9The Spartans wrought havoc in the camp.
- 2.9.10The Spartans died exhausted; Xerxes turned to the sea.
- 2.10.1Themistocles sought to win over the Ionian fleet.
- 2.10.2He left messages on the rocks urging the Ionians to desert.
- 2.10.3Xerxes watched from shore while Queen Artemisia fought.
- 2.10.4The Ionian withdrawal caused the Persians to flee.
- 2.10.5Many Persian ships were lost or deserted.
- 2.10.6Mardonius urged Xerxes to go home.
- 2.10.7Mardonius offered to carry on the war.
- 2.10.8Xerxes fled across the Hellespont in a fishing boat.
- 2.10.9The once all-powerful king hid in a small boat.
- 2.10.10He depended on one slave, he whom nature itself had obeyed.
- 2.10.11Xerxes' land army wasted away from plague.
- 2.11.1Mardonius took Olynthus.
- 2.11.2Mardonius burned part of Athens and moved to Boeotia.
- 2.11.3At Plataea the Greeks won, and Persian gold began their corruption.
- 2.11.4On the same day the Persians fought at Mycale.
- 2.11.5News of Plataea reached Mycale the same day.
- 2.11.6The news broke Persian morale and the Greeks won.
- 2.11.7Xerxes was murdered by Artabanus.
- 2.11.8Ironically, these 'good old days' saw millions killed.
- 2.11.9Leonidas promised his allies better times to come.
- 2.11.10Every age thinks another time better.
- 2.12.1Orosius returns to Rome; he compares all ages, not one people.
- 2.12.2A great plague struck Rome, preceded by a burning sky.
- 2.12.3The plague killed both consuls and many others.
- 2.12.4A plague had struck four years earlier too.
- 2.12.5Exiles and slaves under Herbonius seized the Capitol.
- 2.12.6The consul Valerius died retaking the Capitol from slaves.
- 2.12.7Cincinnatus rescued the besieged consul Minucius.
- 2.12.8Cincinnatus, called from the plough, defeated the Aequi.
- 2.13.1Famine and plague stopped Rome's wars while envoys sought Solon's laws.
- 2.13.2The decemvirs replaced the consuls, to Rome's harm.
- 2.13.3Appius Claudius and the other decemvirs seized power.
- 2.13.4Each decemvir took twelve fasces.
- 2.13.5The decemvirs refused to lay down office.
- 2.13.6Verginius killed his daughter to save her from Appius Claudius.
- 2.13.7The people seceded and the decemvirs resigned.
- 2.13.8Earthquakes shook Italy.
- 2.13.9A drought followed.
- 2.13.10Aemilius saved Rome from Fidenae.
- 2.13.11War and plague alternated without end.
- 2.14.1Sicily was always the home of tyrants.
- 2.14.2Sicily, once always troubled, now alone is at rest.
- 2.14.3Even Etna is now harmless.
- 2.14.4Rhegium called in veterans from Himera.
- 2.14.5The veterans seized Rhegium.
- 2.14.6Rhegium would have done better to suffer anything.
- 2.14.7Athens sent a fleet to Sicily for its own ends.
- 2.14.8Athens reinforced its army in Sicily.
- 2.14.9Catana made peace with Syracuse.
- 2.14.10Catana again begged Athens for help.
- 2.14.11Athens sent a great fleet under Nicias and Lamachus.
- 2.14.12Athens besieged Syracuse.
- 2.14.13Sparta sent Gylippus to Syracuse.
- 2.14.14Gylippus killed Lamachus and broke the siege.
- 2.14.15Both sides prepared for a sea battle.
- 2.14.16Reinforcements came on both sides.
- 2.14.17The Greek war was fought out in Sicily.
- 2.14.18The Athenians lost their camp.
- 2.14.19Demosthenes urged retreat.
- 2.14.20Nicias refused.
- 2.14.21Athens lost the sea battle and abandoned its fleet.
- 2.14.22The Athenian army was destroyed; Demosthenes killed himself, Nicias was captured.
- 2.15.1Alcibiades was recalled for trial.
- 2.15.2Alcibiades went over to Sparta and urged war on Athens.
- 2.15.3All Greece joined against Athens.
- 2.15.4Persia allied with Sparta.
- 2.15.5Athens was worn out rather than conquered.
- 2.15.6Alcibiades fled from Sparta to Tissaphernes.
- 2.15.7Alcibiades persuaded Tissaphernes to hold back.
- 2.15.8Tissaphernes gave Sparta limited help.
- 2.16.1Under threat Athens gave power to the council.
- 2.16.2Alcibiades was recalled and given the fleet.
- 2.16.3The oligarchs fled and Alcibiades led the fleet.
- 2.16.4Athens won a great naval victory.
- 2.16.5Sparta, defeated on land, sought peace in vain.
- 2.16.6Alcibiades swept through Asia.
- 2.16.7Alcibiades returned to Athens in triumph.
- 2.16.8Sparta appointed Lysander.
- 2.16.9Lysander surprised and routed Alcibiades' army.
- 2.16.10Athens suspected Alcibiades of treachery.
- 2.16.11Conon replaced Alcibiades.
- 2.16.12Conon enrolled old men and boys.
- 2.16.13The untrained army was annihilated.
- 2.16.14Athens enfranchised foreigners and tried another sea battle.
- 2.16.15Anger mistook itself for courage.
- 2.16.16The Athenian fleet was destroyed; Conon fled to Cyrus.
- 2.16.17Sparta besieged Athens.
- 2.16.18Starving, Athens sued for peace.
- 2.17.1Sparta's allies wanted Athens destroyed.
- 2.17.2Sparta spared Athens on harsh terms.
- 2.17.3Lysander imposed the terms.
- 2.17.4A year of notable events.
- 2.17.5The Thirty Tyrants ruled Athens.
- 2.17.6They had Alcibiades burned alive.
- 2.17.7The Thirty plundered Athens and killed Theramenes.
- 2.17.8The exiles found refuge in Argos and Thebes.
- 2.17.9Thrasybulus and the exiles seized Phyle.
- 2.17.10The exiles defeated the tyrants.
- 2.17.11Two of the cruellest tyrants were killed.
- 2.17.12Thrasybulus appealed to the Athenians among the defeated.
- 2.17.13The tyrants were driven to Eleusis and made war again.
- 2.17.14The tyrants were killed and Athens swore to forget past quarrels.
- 2.17.15The amnesty was a wise measure.
- 2.17.16Yet soon Socrates was put to death and Athens fell to Philip.
- 2.17.17Athens taught that concord builds and discord destroys.
- 2.18.1Artaxerxes and Cyrus fought for the Persian throne.
- 2.18.2Cyrus was killed and Artaxerxes kept the throne.
- 2.18.3Asia and Europe were full of slaughter.
- 2.18.4Words cannot express the miseries of that age.
- 2.18.5Comparing the ages shows God's anger then and his mercy now.
- 2.18.6Earthquake and eruption struck Sicily.
- 2.18.7Atalante was cut off by the sea; plague struck Athens.
- 2.19.1The ten-year siege of Veii exhausted the Romans.
- 2.19.2Rome took Veii by tunnels.
- 2.19.3Camillus's exile and the Gallic sack followed.
- 2.19.4Nothing today compares with the Gallic sack.
- 2.19.5Roman envoys fought at Clusium, and the Gauls turned on Rome.
- 2.19.6The Gauls crushed the Roman army at the Allia.
- 2.19.7The Gauls killed the senators in their seats.
- 2.19.8The remnant was besieged on the Capitol.
- 2.19.9The Gauls left for a thousand pounds of gold.
- 2.19.10Rome was left an echoing ruin.
- 2.19.11The Romans thought of moving to another city.
- 2.19.12These are the times the pagans long for.
- 2.19.13The Gallic sack lasted six months, the Gothic three days and spared the churches.
- 2.19.14In 410 men were less cruel; God himself completed the chastisement.
- 2.19.15Lightning destroyed the pagan statues the Goths had not burned.
- 2.19.16Book 2 ends.
- 3.0.1Orosius cannot tell everything; he writes of the miseries of wars.
- 3.0.2Brevity risks omission or obscurity.
- 3.0.3He will balance brevity and clarity.
- 3.1.1Artaxerxes imposed peace on Greece in the year of the Gallic sack.
- 3.1.2The Greeks accepted because they longed for peace.
- 3.1.3Their eagerness showed how weary of war they were.
- 3.1.4He will explain Greece's weariness.
- 3.1.5Sparta sought to dominate Asia.
- 3.1.6The Spartan general fought one Persian satrap and made peace with the other.
- 3.1.7Conon was given command of the Persian fleet.
- 3.1.8Sparta got ships and grain from Egypt.
- 3.1.9Agesilaus and Conon fought indecisively.
- 3.1.10Conon ravaged Spartan territory.
- 3.1.11Sparta recalled Agesilaus.
- 3.1.12Pisander prepared a Spartan fleet.
- 3.1.13Conon served Persia but fought for Athens.
- 3.1.14The battle of Cnidus.
- 3.1.15Sparta declined from that battle.
- 3.1.16Thebes under Epaminondas attacked Sparta.
- 3.1.17Thebes won; Lysander was killed.
- 3.1.18Thebes marched on Sparta.
- 3.1.19Sparta's untrained levy could not resist.
- 3.1.20Agesilaus returned and defeated the Thebans.
- 3.1.21Athens sent Iphicrates to help the Boeotians.
- 3.1.22Conon ravaged Spartan land; Sparta despaired.
- 3.1.23Conon grieved over ruined Athens.
- 3.1.24Conon rebuilt Athens with Spartan spoils and Persian labour.
- 3.1.25Artaxerxes imposed peace for his own ends.
- 3.2.1Sparta broke the peace by stealth.
- 3.2.2Sparta seized an Arcadian fort; Arcadia and Thebes struck back.
- 3.2.3Sparta conceded defeat by asking for its dead.
- 3.2.4The Thebans stopped the battle.
- 3.2.5Epaminondas attempted a night attack on Sparta.
- 3.2.6Sparta's old men held the gates until the young men came.
- 3.2.7Epaminondas was wounded and both sides withdrew.
- 3.2.8Epaminondas died, and Thebes's power with him.
- 3.2.9The history is as tangled as the wars.
- 3.2.10Sparta's lust for power caused countless wars.
- 3.2.11Countless thousands died in these wars.
- 3.2.12Those peoples now grow old at games, not in war.
- 3.2.13Sparta had barely a hundred old men.
- 3.2.14Today's peaceful prosperity is still complained of.
- 3.3.1An earthquake swallowed two cities of Achaia.
- 3.3.2At Constantinople a similar disaster was averted by prayer.
- 3.3.3God preserves the humble and punishes the wicked.
- 3.3.4Camillus ended Rome's long wars with its neighbours.
- 3.3.5Rome defeated Praeneste at the Allia.
- 3.4.1A great plague struck Rome.
- 3.4.2It was not an ordinary seasonal sickness.
- 3.4.3The plague lasted two years and spared no one.
- 3.4.4He will tell how Rome tried to appease the gods.
- 3.4.5Stage plays were introduced to appease the gods.
- 3.4.6He refers the reader to Augustine's treatment.
- 3.5.1A chasm opened in the Forum.
- 3.5.2The chasm was said to demand a living man.
- 3.5.3Marcus Curtius leapt into the chasm.
- 3.6.1The Gauls again threatened Rome.
- 3.6.2Manlius Torquatus and the dictators defeated the Gauls.
- 3.6.3A battle with the Etruscans.
- 3.6.4Rome raised ten legions against the Gauls.
- 3.6.5Valerius Corvinus defeated the Gauls with a raven's help.
- 3.7.1The first treaty with Carthage began great evils.
- 3.7.2Carthage made a treaty with Rome.
- 3.7.3Carthage's entry into Italy brought endless misery.
- 3.7.4Portents of darkness and stone-hail.
- 3.7.5Alexander the Great was born.
- 3.7.6Artaxerxes Ochus deported Jews to Hyrcania.
- 3.7.7They are said to remain there and may yet break out.
- 3.7.8Ochus destroyed Sidon and subdued Egypt.
- 3.8.1The Samnite, Pyrrhic, and Punic wars followed one another.
- 3.8.2From then on evils blazed like the noonday sun.
- 3.8.3War never ceased until Augustus.
- 3.8.4A single year of peace only made things worse.
- 3.8.5Under Augustus the whole world for the first time lived in peace under Roman law.
- 3.8.6All the world then shared one will for peace.
- 3.8.7Christ was born in the reign of Augustus.
- 3.8.8The peace of Augustus came from the power of the Son of God.
- 3.9.1In the Latin war one consul died, the other killed his son.
- 3.9.2Manlius executed his victorious son.
- 3.9.3Decius devoted himself to death.
- 3.9.4Manlius was denied the customary honour.
- 3.9.5A Vestal was buried alive.
- 3.10.1Roman matrons committed a strange crime.
- 3.10.2The deaths were found to be poisonings by matrons.
- 3.10.3Three hundred and seventy were condemned.
- 3.11.1Alexander of Epirus was killed in Lucania.
- 3.11.2He turns to Philip of Macedon.
- 3.12.1Philip reigned twenty-five years.
- 3.12.2Philip was educated at Thebes under Epaminondas.
- 3.12.3Philip took the throne after his mother's crimes.
- 3.12.4Philip first fought Athens.
- 3.12.5He defeated the Illyrians and took Larissa.
- 3.12.6He invaded Thessaly for its cavalry.
- 3.12.7He built an invincible army.
- 3.12.8Philip married Olympias and dispossessed her brother.
- 3.12.9Philip lost an eye at Methone.
- 3.12.10Greece's divisions let Philip conquer it.
- 3.12.11Philip played the Greek cities off against each other.
- 3.12.12Thebes's harshness drove Sparta and Phocis to war.
- 3.12.13The Phocian war: Philomelus fell.
- 3.12.14Thebes and Thessaly called in Philip, who crushed the Phocians.
- 3.12.15Athens held Thermopylae against Philip.
- 3.12.16Philip turned on his own allies.
- 3.12.17He sacked their cities and temples, yet was never defeated.
- 3.12.18He conquered Cappadocia by treachery.
- 3.12.19He set about killing his half-brothers.
- 3.12.20He destroyed Olynthus and killed his brothers.
- 3.12.21Philip seized mines and took to piracy.
- 3.12.22Asked to arbitrate, Philip killed two Thracian kings.
- 3.12.23Athens sought peace and left Thermopylae open.
- 3.12.24The Greek cities submitted to him.
- 3.12.25Both sides courted Philip.
- 3.12.26Philip promised both sides different things.
- 3.12.27He occupied Thermopylae.
- 3.12.28Philip betrayed the Phocians and terrorized Greece.
- 3.12.29He moved peoples about like flocks.
- 3.12.30Ruin, captivity, and exile without war.
- 3.12.31People could not even weep openly.
- 3.12.32He scattered whole peoples.
- 3.12.33Greece was torn to pieces.
- 3.13.1Philip besieged Byzantium.
- 3.13.2Byzantium is now Constantinople.
- 3.13.3Philip turned pirate to pay for the siege.
- 3.13.4Philip plundered the Chersonese and Scythia.
- 3.13.5The Scythian king broke his treaty with Philip.
- 3.13.6Philip defeated the Scythians by fraud.
- 3.13.7He took captives and mares but no gold.
- 3.13.8The Triballi wounded Philip.
- 3.13.9Philip attacked Athens, which rallied Greece.
- 3.13.10Macedon defeated Athens at Chaeronea.
- 3.13.11This battle ended Greek liberty.
- 3.14.1Philip punished Thebes and Sparta.
- 3.14.2He installed exiles as rulers.
- 3.14.3He prepared an invasion of Persia.
- 3.14.4Philip arranged his daughter's marriage to Alexander of Epirus.
- 3.14.5Philip wished for a sudden death, and got it.
- 3.14.6The gods could not stop him getting the death he wanted.
- 3.14.7Pausanias assassinated Philip.
- 3.14.8Those who enjoy tales of others' calamities lament their own.
- 3.14.9Let them compare like with like, impartially.
- 3.14.10Philip's twenty-five years of destruction.
- 3.15.1Before Alexander, he turns to Rome.
- 3.15.2The Samnites encamped at the Caudine Forks.
- 3.15.3Pontius trapped the Roman army and chose to humiliate it.
- 3.15.4Rome had never before surrendered.
- 3.15.5The Romans were sent under the yoke.
- 3.15.6The consuls were sent home in disgrace.
- 3.15.7Rome survived only by breaking the treaty.
- 3.15.8Rome broke the treaty and renewed war.
- 3.15.9Rome won and put the Samnites under the yoke.
- 3.15.10Papirius was thought Rome's answer to Alexander.
- 3.16.1Alexander succeeded Philip and crushed a Greek revolt.
- 3.16.2Alexander destroyed Thebes and subdued Greece.
- 3.16.3With a small army Alexander set out against Persia.
- 3.16.4At the Granicus the Persians were routed.
- 3.16.5Alexander nearly died after bathing in the Cydnus.
- 3.16.6Darius came with four hundred thousand men.
- 3.16.7The battle of Issus began.
- 3.16.8Darius fled and the Persians were slaughtered.
- 3.16.9Darius's family was captured.
- 3.16.10Darius prepared a third war.
- 3.16.11Alexander took Syria and Tyre.
- 3.16.12Alexander visited the oracle of Ammon.
- 3.16.13Alexander arranged the oracle's answer, showing the gods are dumb.
- 3.16.14He founded Alexandria.
- 3.17.1Darius met Alexander with half a million men.
- 3.17.2Both sides fought furiously.
- 3.17.3Darius was persuaded to flee.
- 3.17.4The Persian empire fell to Macedon.
- 3.17.5Alexander took Persepolis.
- 3.17.6Alexander found Darius dying.
- 3.17.7Alexander buried Darius but kept his family captive.
- 3.17.8Fifteen hundred thousand died in three years.
- 3.17.9Many lands were laid waste besides.
- 3.18.1Wars raged at the same time in Greece, Italy, and Scythia.
- 3.18.2Agis of Sparta fell fighting Antipater.
- 3.18.3Alexander of Epirus was killed in Italy.
- 3.18.4Zopyrion's army was annihilated in Scythia.
- 3.18.5Alexander subdued the Hyrcanians; an Amazon queen visited him.
- 3.18.6He crushed the Parthians.
- 3.18.7He conquered the peoples of the Hindu Kush.
- 3.18.8Alexander killed many of his own, including Clitus.
- 3.18.9Clitus was killed at a banquet for defending Philip's memory.
- 3.18.10He thirsted for blood of friend and foe.
- 3.18.11He killed Callisthenes for refusing to worship him.
- 3.19.1Alexander invaded India.
- 3.19.2He took the rock Hercules had failed to take.
- 3.19.3Alexander defeated and captured Porus.
- 3.19.4He restored Porus and founded two cities.
- 3.19.5The weary army won another battle.
- 3.19.6He sailed down to the Ocean.
- 3.19.7Alexander leapt alone into an enemy city.
- 3.19.8Alone he fought off thousands.
- 3.19.9His army broke in to save him.
- 3.19.10Wounded, he killed his attacker.
- 3.19.11A dream-herb cured his soldiers of poisoned arrows.
- 3.20.1Alexander returned to Babylon.
- 3.20.2Envoys from the whole world awaited him.
- 3.20.3The far West feared him.
- 3.20.4Alexander died of poison at Babylon.
- 3.20.5Orosius rebukes himself for not weeping at such evils.
- 3.20.6He recalls his own escape from the barbarians.
- 3.20.7He wants others to weep at his own sufferings.
- 3.20.8Even far peoples begged Alexander's mercy, yet it is forgotten.
- 3.20.9The barbarian raids in Spain are small by comparison.
- 3.20.10If Alexander is praised, so might today's conquerors be.
- 3.20.11Rome too once seemed an enemy to others.
- 3.20.12Today's barbarians would be called great kings if they won.
- 3.20.13Either way, present troubles are smaller than Alexander's age.
- 3.21.1Four Italian peoples allied against Rome.
- 3.21.2Rome divided its enemies by guile.
- 3.21.3Rome drew off the Etruscans and Umbrians.
- 3.21.4Decius fell; Fabius won at Sentinum.
- 3.21.5Forty thousand enemies and seven thousand Romans died.
- 3.21.6Livy's figures for the enemy army.
- 3.21.7Plague spoiled the victory.
- 3.22.1The Samnites defeated Rome.
- 3.22.2The Samnites returned with silvered arms.
- 3.22.3Papirius ignored the augurs and won.
- 3.22.4Disease spoiled this victory too.
- 3.22.5Rome brought the serpent of Aesculapius to stop the plague.
- 3.22.6Fabius Gurges was defeated.
- 3.22.7His father offered to serve under him.
- 3.22.8The old Fabius rode in to save his son.
- 3.22.9Rome won and captured Pontius.
- 3.22.10The Samnite war ended after forty-nine years.
- 3.22.11Curius could not count his Sabine captives.
- 3.22.12A new coalition rose against Rome.
- 3.22.13The Gauls killed Rome's envoys and the praetor Caecilius.
- 3.22.14Thirteen thousand Romans fell.
- 3.22.15The Gauls were worse than the Goths.
- 3.23.1He turns to the wars of Alexander's successors.
- 3.23.2Their wars were like the fires of a vast camp at night.
- 3.23.3War blazed across the Macedonian empire.
- 3.23.4Fear of war spread everywhere.
- 3.23.5First he lists the successors' kingdoms.
- 3.23.6Alexander's generals tore the empire apart like cubs.
- 3.23.7Ptolemy received Egypt.
- 3.23.8Media, Susiana, and Phrygia were assigned.
- 3.23.9Lycia, Caria, Lydia, and Lesser Phrygia were assigned.
- 3.23.10Thrace, Cappadocia, and the high command were assigned.
- 3.23.11The eastern prefects remained.
- 3.23.12Python and Oxyarches were assigned.
- 3.23.13The remaining provinces were assigned.
- 3.23.14Alexander's order to restore exiles caused revolt.
- 3.23.15Athens led a Greek revolt against Antipater.
- 3.23.16Leosthenes and Leonnatus were killed.
- 3.23.17The Cappadocians burned themselves rather than yield to Perdiccas.
- 3.23.18War broke out between Antigonus and Perdiccas.
- 3.23.19Perdiccas invaded Egypt.
- 3.23.20Ptolemy prepared; Neoptolemus fought Eumenes.
- 3.23.21Eumenes outwitted his attackers.
- 3.23.22Neoptolemus died; Eumenes won.
- 3.23.23Perdiccas was killed; Eumenes was outlawed.
- 3.23.24Antigonus defeated Eumenes and besieged him.
- 3.23.25Eumenes called on the Silver Shields.
- 3.23.26The Silver Shields lost everything.
- 3.23.27Antigonus demanded Eumenes.
- 3.23.28They betrayed Eumenes.
- 3.23.29Eurydice ruled through her lover Cassander.
- 3.23.30Olympias had Arrhidaeus and Eurydice killed.
- 3.23.31Olympias fled to Pydna.
- 3.23.32Cassander killed Olympias and imprisoned Alexander's son.
- 3.23.33The wars seemed over.
- 3.23.34Antigonus made war on the pretext of freeing Alexander's son.
- 3.23.35A coalition defeated Antigonus and Demetrius.
- 3.23.36Cassander met a people driven out by frogs and mice.
- 3.23.37He settled them on Macedon's border.
- 3.23.38Cassander murdered Alexander's son and his mother.
- 3.23.39Demetrius defeated Ptolemy at sea.
- 3.23.40Antigonus took the title of king, and all followed.
- 3.23.41The others allied against Antigonus.
- 3.23.42Cassander sent Lysimachus.
- 3.23.43Seleucus joined the coalition.
- 3.23.44Seleucus took Babylon and Bactria.
- 3.23.45India had freed itself under Androcottus, who became a tyrant.
- 3.23.46Seleucus made peace with Androcottus.
- 3.23.47The great battle of Ipsus.
- 3.23.48Antigonus fell, and the victors quarrelled.
- 3.23.49Cassander's death led to new wars.
- 3.23.50Antipater murdered his mother.
- 3.23.51Demetrius killed Alexander.
- 3.23.52Lysimachus was tied down in Thrace.
- 3.23.53Demetrius planned to invade Asia.
- 3.23.54The others allied against Demetrius.
- 3.23.55Pyrrhus took Macedonia.
- 3.23.56Lysimachus killed his son-in-law and his son.
- 3.23.57An earthquake destroyed Lysimachia.
- 3.23.58His allies urged Seleucus to attack Lysimachus.
- 3.23.59Two old kings fought for each other's realms.
- 3.23.60The last war of Alexander's companions.
- 3.23.61They alone remained, and the world was too small for them.
- 3.23.62Lysimachus was killed.
- 3.23.63Seleucus too died by violence.
- 3.23.64Ptolemy had Seleucus assassinated.
- 3.23.65Such was their regard for kinship and oaths.
- 3.23.66Now Christian faith and oaths keep peace with enemies.
- 3.23.67Oaths sworn on the Gospels now bind barbarians and Romans.
- 3.23.68Book 3 ends.
- 4.0.1Virgil's line on remembering past troubles.
- 4.0.2The past seems sweet and the future better.
- 4.0.3Present troubles always feel worst.
- 4.0.4Fleas tonight feel worse than past fevers.
- 4.0.5Yet no one would call fleas worse than fever.
- 4.0.6Let them feel their troubles, but not call them worse than the past.
- 4.0.7Someone may rightly say it is cold.
- 4.0.8But not that it is colder than Hannibal's Alps.
- 4.0.9He would show such a man children playing in the frost.
- 4.0.10The fault lies in their softness, not the times.
- 4.0.11He begins with the war of Pyrrhus.
- 4.1.1Tarentum attacked a Roman fleet.
- 4.1.2Tarentum insulted Rome's envoys, and war followed.
- 4.1.3Rome even enlisted the proletarii.
- 4.1.4Rome ravaged Tarentine territory.
- 4.1.5Pyrrhus took up Tarentum's cause.
- 4.1.6Pyrrhus brought elephants into Italy.
- 4.1.7The Delphic oracle misled Pyrrhus.
- 4.1.8The battle of Heraclea.
- 4.1.9The elephants routed the Romans.
- 4.1.10A wounded elephant turned on its own side.
- 4.1.11Roman losses at Heraclea.
- 4.1.12Pyrrhus's losses were not recorded.
- 4.1.13Victors record only very small losses.
- 4.1.14Pyrrhus admitted the cost of his victory.
- 4.1.15The original Pyrrhic victory.
- 4.1.16Portents added to Rome's defeat.
- 4.1.17Lightning killed Roman foragers.
- 4.1.18The storm was itself a disaster.
- 4.1.19Rome won the second battle in Apulia.
- 4.1.20Pyrrhus was wounded and withdrew.
- 4.1.21Fire turned the elephants against Pyrrhus.
- 4.1.22Losses at Asculum.
- 4.1.23Pyrrhus went to Sicily.
- 4.2.1Rome's misery never paused.
- 4.2.2A plague killed unborn young.
- 4.2.3The third battle with Pyrrhus.
- 4.2.4Pyrrhus sent in the elephants.
- 4.2.5Rome turned the elephants with fire-darts.
- 4.2.6Pyrrhus's losses.
- 4.2.7Pyrrhus left Italy and died at Argos.
- 4.2.8A Vestal was buried alive.
- 4.3.1Tarentum sought Carthaginian help.
- 4.3.2Carthage learned it could be beaten.
- 4.3.3Rome destroyed one of its own legions.
- 4.3.4A legion massacred Rhegium.
- 4.3.5The legion was executed in the Forum.
- 4.3.6Rome counted the killing of its own legion a victory.
- 4.4.1Portents at Rome.
- 4.4.2Wolves brought a corpse into the Forum.
- 4.4.3Lightning struck Formiae.
- 4.4.4A fire burst from the earth near Cales.
- 4.4.5An earthquake struck before a battle.
- 4.4.6At last they fought.
- 4.4.7The few surviving Romans won.
- 4.5.1Blood and milk portents.
- 4.5.2Carthage perjured itself; Volsinii nearly fell through luxury.
- 4.5.3Volsinii freed its slaves freely.
- 4.5.4The freedmen plotted to take power.
- 4.5.5The freedmen seized Volsinii; Rome restored the masters.
- 4.5.6A great plague struck Rome.
- 4.5.7The plague lasted two years and was blamed on heavenly anger.
- 4.5.8Even demonic powers act only by God's permission.
- 4.5.9A Vestal hanged herself.
- 4.5.10Almost every year had its disaster, even in writers bent on praise.
- 4.5.11They did not wish to offend their readers.
- 4.5.12We know Rome's evils only from its admirers.
- 4.5.13What they suppressed must have been worse still.
- 4.6.1He turns to the history of Carthage.
- 4.6.2Carthage was always torn by discord.
- 4.6.3Carthage sacrificed children against plague.
- 4.6.4Such sacrifices only aided the plague.
- 4.6.5They killed the healthy before the plague could.
- 4.6.6Their gods turned away, or rather God was angry.
- 4.6.7Exiled general Mazeus besieged Carthage.
- 4.6.8Mazeus crucified his own son.
- 4.6.9Mazeus took Carthage and was killed.
- 4.6.10Himilco's army died of plague in Sicily.
- 4.6.11Carthage was thrown into grief.
- 4.6.12Carthage ran to the harbour for news.
- 4.6.13Mourning filled the shore.
- 4.6.14Himilco came ashore in a slave's tunic, lamenting.
- 4.6.15Himilco killed himself.
- 4.6.16Hanno plotted to poison the senate.
- 4.6.17Foiled, Hanno raised the slaves.
- 4.6.18Hanno seized a fort with twenty thousand slaves.
- 4.6.19Hanno was tortured to death.
- 4.6.20His whole family was executed.
- 4.6.21Carthage sent a spy to Alexander.
- 4.6.22Carthage killed its loyal spy.
- 4.6.23Agathocles outwitted Carthage.
- 4.6.24Agathocles invaded Africa.
- 4.6.25Agathocles burned his ships and routed Hanno.
- 4.6.26He plundered Africa.
- 4.6.27He camped within sight of Carthage.
- 4.6.28Carthage's army in Sicily was also destroyed.
- 4.6.29Africa revolted; Ophellas allied with Agathocles.
- 4.6.30Agathocles murdered Ophellas.
- 4.6.31Agathocles defeated Carthage again.
- 4.6.32Carthage crucified a general who meant to desert.
- 4.6.33After Pyrrhus, Carthage turned to war with Rome.
- 4.6.34The complainers read such things, but unfairly.
- 4.6.35They hate the times only because they are Christian.
- 4.6.36Envy sees evil in everything its enemy does.
- 4.6.37The pagans are enemies of God and truth.
- 4.6.38Their diseased sight doubles every evil.
- 4.6.39They think God's correction worse than the devil's cruelty.
- 4.6.40God's discipline, with Christian hope, should be borne gladly.
- 4.6.41Pagans of old endured much for fame.
- 4.6.42Christians should endure more for eternal life.
- 4.7.1Rome sent Appius Claudius to Sicily, beginning the First Punic War.
- 4.7.2Appius quickly defeated Hiero.
- 4.7.3Hiero made peace.
- 4.7.4Rome besieged Agrigentum.
- 4.7.5Hanno came to relieve Agrigentum.
- 4.7.6Agrigentum fell.
- 4.7.7Rome built a fleet.
- 4.7.8A fleet was built in sixty days.
- 4.7.9Cornelius was captured by treachery.
- 4.7.10Duilius won Rome's first naval victory.
- 4.7.11Scipio defeated Hanno off Sardinia.
- 4.7.12A slave conspiracy against Rome was foiled.
- 4.8.1Calatinus led his army into a trap.
- 4.8.2Calpurnius Flamma and three hundred men saved the army.
- 4.8.3All died but Calpurnius.
- 4.8.4Hannibal the elder was stoned by his men.
- 4.8.5Atilius ravaged Lipara and Malta.
- 4.8.6Rome won a sea battle on the way to Africa.
- 4.8.7Rome landed in Africa.
- 4.8.8They ravaged the land around Carthage.
- 4.8.9Manlius returned with many captives.
- 4.8.10A giant serpent attacked Regulus's army.
- 4.8.11A ballista stone broke the serpent's spine.
- 4.8.12How serpents move.
- 4.8.13The serpent moves by ribs and scales.
- 4.8.14One blow to the spine disabled it.
- 4.8.15Its 120-foot skin was shown at Rome.
- 4.8.16Regulus won a great victory.
- 4.9.1Carthage rejected Regulus's terms and hired Greeks.
- 4.9.2Xanthippus took command.
- 4.9.3Regulus was defeated and captured.
- 4.9.4Xanthippus went home.
- 4.9.5A new Roman fleet sailed to Africa.
- 4.9.6Rome won a great sea battle.
- 4.9.7The Carthaginians lost again.
- 4.9.8The fleet was wrecked on the way home.
- 4.9.9Hamilcar punished the Africans who had welcomed Regulus.
- 4.9.10Another Roman fleet raided Africa.
- 4.9.11That fleet too was wrecked.
- 4.9.12Rome limited its fleet, then broke its own decree.
- 4.9.13Cotta's campaigns in Sicily.
- 4.9.14Hasdrubal fought Metellus at Panormus.
- 4.9.15Metellus won and captured a hundred and four elephants.
- 4.10.1Regulus was sent to Rome and, on his return, tortured to death.
- 4.10.2The siege of Lilybaeum failed.
- 4.10.3Claudius was defeated at Drepana; Junius lost his fleet.
- 4.10.4Carthage raided Italy.
- 4.10.5Lutatius was wounded at Drepana.
- 4.10.6The fleets met at the Aegates islands.
- 4.10.7Rome won the decisive battle of the Aegates.
- 4.10.8Lutatius won at Eryx.
- 4.11.1Carthage sued for peace.
- 4.11.2The terms of peace.
- 4.11.3The First Punic War lasted twenty-three years.
- 4.11.4Weigh that war before judging the present.
- 4.11.5Disaster struck Rome before its triumph.
- 4.11.6A flood destroyed Rome's low-lying buildings.
- 4.11.7The flood destroyed in different ways.
- 4.11.8A great fire followed the flood.
- 4.11.9The fire burned the temple of Vesta.
- 4.11.10War with the Falisci.
- 4.12.1War with the Cisalpine Gauls.
- 4.12.2Sardinia rebelled and Rome threatened Carthage.
- 4.12.3Carthage obtained peace through Hanno.
- 4.12.4The gates of Janus were closed.
- 4.12.5Ironically, he says he must keep silent about this peace.
- 4.12.6For once Rome was at peace.
- 4.12.7That peace lasted one year in 440.
- 4.12.8That single year of peace only fed the fire.
- 4.12.9In seven hundred years Rome had peace for only one summer.
- 4.12.10One quiet day does not redeem a year of torment.
- 4.12.11The historians boasted of that year.
- 4.12.12Unbroken toil would seem like a chosen way of life.
- 4.12.13The brief peace shows how bitter the long war was.
- 4.13.1Hamilcar died in Spain; Illyrians killed Roman envoys.
- 4.13.2Rome subdued the Illyrians.
- 4.13.3Rome buried alive two Gauls and a Greek woman as a sacrifice.
- 4.13.4The sacrifice was followed by Roman disasters.
- 4.13.5Gauls threatened Rome.
- 4.13.6Rome raised eight hundred thousand men.
- 4.13.7The Roman and Campanian share of the army.
- 4.13.8Eight hundred thousand Romans fled after losing three thousand.
- 4.13.9Such a flight was shameful.
- 4.13.10Forty thousand Gauls were killed.
- 4.13.11Rome crossed the Po and defeated the Insubres.
- 4.13.12Portents of blood, fire, and three moons.
- 4.13.13An earthquake felled the Colossus of Rhodes.
- 4.13.14Flaminius ignored the auspices and won.
- 4.13.15Claudius Marcellus killed King Virdomarus and took Milan.
- 4.13.16Rome subdued the Histrians.
- 4.13.17Another Roman father killed his son.
- 4.13.18Fabius killed his son for a theft.
- 4.14.1Hannibal destroyed Saguntum.
- 4.14.2Hannibal refused to see Rome's envoys.
- 4.14.3Hannibal marched from Spain to the Alps.
- 4.14.4He crossed the Alps in five days.
- 4.14.5Hannibal's army.
- 4.14.6At the Ticinus young Scipio saved his father.
- 4.14.7Rome was defeated at the Trebia.
- 4.14.8Hannibal lost many men and elephants in the Apennine snows.
- 4.14.9Gnaeus Scipio won in Spain.
- 4.15.1Many portents terrified Rome.
- 4.15.2Hannibal took the marshy road.
- 4.15.3Hannibal lost an eye in the marshes.
- 4.15.4He provoked Flaminius.
- 4.15.5Rome was crushed at Lake Trasimene.
- 4.15.6The fighters did not notice a great earthquake.
- 4.15.7Fabius Maximus delayed Hannibal before Cannae.
- 4.16.1Rome was destroyed at Cannae.
- 4.16.2Forty-four thousand Romans died at Cannae.
- 4.16.3Rome's losses at Cannae.
- 4.16.4Rome would have fallen had Hannibal marched on it.
- 4.16.5Hannibal sent three measures of gold rings to Carthage.
- 4.16.6Young Scipio stopped the plan to abandon Italy.
- 4.16.7A dictator raised boys into legions.
- 4.16.8Rome armed slaves and stripped the temples.
- 4.16.9Criminals and debtors were enlisted.
- 4.16.10Italy revolted to Hannibal.
- 4.16.11Postumius was killed by the Gauls.
- 4.16.12Marcellus first defeated Hannibal.
- 4.16.13The Scipios defeated Hasdrubal in Spain.
- 4.16.14Rome hired Celtiberian mercenaries.
- 4.16.15Gracchus was betrayed and killed.
- 4.16.16Centenius Penula was killed with his army.
- 4.16.17Fulvius lost his army.
- 4.16.18Rome's state was a wicked misery.
- 4.16.19When Rome was utterly exhausted,
- 4.16.20it undertook three wars overseas besides Hannibal's.
- 4.16.21Not calmer times, but braver men.
- 4.17.1Marcellus took Syracuse despite Archimedes.
- 4.17.2Hannibal encamped three miles from Rome.
- 4.17.3All Rome was in terror.
- 4.17.4Hannibal rode up to the Colline Gate.
- 4.17.5A hailstorm stopped the battle.
- 4.17.6A second storm stopped it again.
- 4.17.7Hannibal saw divine opposition.
- 4.17.8Was Rome saved by its courage or by God's mercy?
- 4.17.9Rain comes only through Christ.
- 4.17.10Only Christian prayer brings rain.
- 4.17.11Christ preserved Rome then and chastises it now.
- 4.17.12The Scipios fell in Spain; Capua was taken.
- 4.17.13Young Scipio volunteered for Spain.
- 4.17.14The senators gave their gold and silver to the state.
- 4.18.1Scipio took New Carthage.
- 4.18.2Laevinus took Agrigentum.
- 4.18.3Hannibal killed Fulvius and seventeen thousand men.
- 4.18.4Marcellus fought Hannibal for three days.
- 4.18.5Fabius retook Tarentum.
- 4.18.6Marcellus was killed.
- 4.18.7Scipio defeated Hasdrubal in Spain.
- 4.18.8Hannibal ambushed both consuls.
- 4.18.9Hasdrubal was destroyed before he could join Hannibal.
- 4.18.10The elephants troubled the Roman line.
- 4.18.11The velites, newly invented.
- 4.18.12The elephants had to be killed by their own drivers.
- 4.18.13The Metaurus was Carthage's Cannae.
- 4.18.14Hasdrubal lost fifty-eight thousand men.
- 4.18.15Hannibal learned of his brother's death.
- 4.18.16Plague brought a year's pause.
- 4.18.17Scipio crossed into Africa.
- 4.18.18Scipio burned the enemy camps.
- 4.18.19Forty thousand died in the fires.
- 4.18.20Syphax and Hasdrubal were defeated again.
- 4.18.21Syphax was captured.
- 4.19.1Hannibal returned to Africa.
- 4.19.2Hannibal and Scipio met but could not make peace.
- 4.19.3Scipio defeated Hannibal at Zama.
- 4.19.4Hannibal urged Carthage to make peace.
- 4.19.5Carthage made peace and its fleet was burned.
- 4.19.6Scipio Africanus triumphed.
- 4.20.1The Second Punic War ended; the Macedonian war followed.
- 4.20.2Flamininus defeated Nabis of Sparta.
- 4.20.3Roman captives were freed.
- 4.20.4The Gauls of the Po were defeated.
- 4.20.5Flamininus defeated Philip and his allies.
- 4.20.6The historians disagree on the Macedonian dead.
- 4.20.7The historians' figures are flattery.
- 4.20.8Fewer losses would be a greater glory.
- 4.20.9The same lies shrink their own losses.
- 4.20.10Tuditanus died with his army in Spain.
- 4.20.11The Boii were nearly annihilated.
- 4.20.12Antiochus invaded Europe.
- 4.20.13Hannibal fled to Antiochus.
- 4.20.14The Oppian law was repealed.
- 4.20.15Battles with the Gauls near Milan.
- 4.20.16Mixed fortunes in Spain.
- 4.20.17Minucius narrowly escaped the Ligurians.
- 4.20.18Scipio met Hannibal at Antiochus's court.
- 4.20.19Bloody wars in Spain.
- 4.20.20Glabrio defeated Antiochus at Thermopylae.
- 4.20.21Antiochus lost forty thousand; Scipio Nasica defeated the Boii.
- 4.20.22Antiochus was defeated and sued for peace.
- 4.20.23Aemilius died with his army in Spain.
- 4.20.24Baebius's army was wiped out.
- 4.20.25Rome defeated the Galatians at Mount Olympus.
- 4.20.26Marcius was defeated by the Ligurians.
- 4.20.27Demetrius won pardon for his father Philip.
- 4.20.28Philip poisoned Demetrius.
- 4.20.29Scipio, Hannibal, and Philopoemen died.
- 4.20.30A volcanic island rose near Sicily.
- 4.20.31Fulvius Flaccus won in Spain.
- 4.20.32Gracchus subdued 105 towns.
- 4.20.33More Roman victories in Spain.
- 4.20.34The Bastarnae tried to cross the frozen Danube.
- 4.20.35The ice broke and drowned the Bastarnae.
- 4.20.36The Third Macedonian War.
- 4.20.37Perseus defeated the Romans.
- 4.20.38Perseus took a Roman-held town in Illyricum.
- 4.20.39Aemilius Paulus defeated and captured Perseus.
- 4.20.40Perseus's son ended as a smith; much else is passed over.
- 4.21.1Young Scipio volunteered for Spain.
- 4.21.2Scipio fought in Spain, even in single combat.
- 4.21.3Galba was defeated by the Lusitanians.
- 4.21.4Scipio Nasica stopped the building of a theatre.
- 4.21.5Theatres, not Christian times, weakened Rome.
- 4.21.6The demons who demanded games are to blame.
- 4.21.7In the theatres virtues are sacrificed to luxury.
- 4.21.8Carthage gave up human sacrifice; Rome demanded worse.
- 4.21.9Let them blame the theatre that Nasica forbade.
- 4.21.10Galba massacred surrendered Lusitanians.
- 4.22.1The Third Punic War began.
- 4.22.2Carthage surrendered its arms.
- 4.22.3Ordered to abandon their city, the Carthaginians resolved to fight.
- 4.22.4Carthage rearmed with gold and silver.
- 4.22.5The site and walls of Carthage.
- 4.22.6The citadel of Byrsa.
- 4.22.7The first assault on Carthage failed.
- 4.22.8Scipio divided Numidia; Hasdrubal was killed by his own men.
- 4.22.9Juventius was killed by the Pseudo-Philip.
- 4.23.1Scipio entered the harbour of Carthage.
- 4.23.2Carthage surrendered after six days.
- 4.23.3The survivors and Hasdrubal surrendered.
- 4.23.4Hasdrubal's wife threw herself and her sons into the fire.
- 4.23.5Carthage burned for seventeen days.
- 4.23.6Carthage was razed seven hundred years after its founding.
- 4.23.7The Third Punic War ended.
- 4.23.8Orosius finds no just cause for the Third Punic War.
- 4.23.9The cause lay in Roman weakness, not Carthaginian wrong.
- 4.23.10Rome destroyed its own whetstone long before Christ.
- 4.23.11Book 4 ends.
- 5.1.1Orosius anticipates the objection that Rome's victories made these times happy.
- 5.1.2The imagined objection: the age of triumphs was the happiest.
- 5.1.3The times must be judged for the whole world, not for Rome alone.
- 5.1.4The good fortune of one city does not outweigh the ruin of the world.
- 5.1.5Carthage would not call those times happy.
- 5.1.6Spain too suffered for two centuries under Roman wars.
- 5.1.7Italy's long resistance shows Roman success was its misery.
- 5.1.8The enslaved nations need not even be asked.
- 5.1.9Nor need the captured kings be asked.
- 5.1.10Orosius turns to the experience of his own generation.
- 5.1.11His own times are happier, enjoying the peace the ancestors finally sought.
- 5.1.12The peace begun under Augustus and the birth of Christ is now normal.
- 5.1.13Taxes are now a shared contribution, and the Goths are no worse than the old Romans.
- 5.1.14In former times the nations had no common bond.
- 5.1.15A refugee of old had nowhere safe to go.
- 5.1.16Examples of the ancient killing of guests and fugitives.
- 5.2.1For a Roman Christian every land is home.
- 5.2.2Africa now welcomes Orosius as a fellow Christian and Roman.
- 5.2.3All regions belong to the Roman Christian.
- 5.2.4No pagan host's gods threaten him.
- 5.2.5One God and one law now prevail everywhere.
- 5.2.6His true homeland is not on earth.
- 5.2.7God, who owns the earth, makes all men neighbors.
- 5.2.8The goods of the present age, which the ancients lacked.
- 5.3.1Corinth falls in the year Carthage is destroyed.
- 5.3.2Metellus defeats the Achaeans and Boeotians.
- 5.3.3The historians disagree about the Achaean battles.
- 5.3.4The historians' disagreements show their unreliability.
- 5.3.5Mummius takes Corinth.
- 5.3.6Corinth is sacked and burned.
- 5.3.7The origin of Corinthian bronze.
- 5.4.1Viriathus rises in Spain.
- 5.4.2Vetilius is defeated.
- 5.4.3Plautius and Claudius Unimanus are defeated.
- 5.4.4Viriathus displays Roman insignia as trophies.
- 5.4.5A small battle in a mountain pass.
- 5.4.6The feat of a single Lusitanian.
- 5.4.7Appius Claudius celebrates a triumph at his own cost.
- 5.4.8A portent expiated by drowning is followed by a plague.
- 5.4.9The stench of the plague.
- 5.4.10The plague ended by God's hidden judgment, not by sacrifice.
- 5.4.11The soothsayers would have claimed credit had the timing suited them.
- 5.4.12Fabius mutilates five hundred Lusitanian chiefs.
- 5.4.13Pompeius is defeated at Numantia.
- 5.4.14Viriathus is murdered by his own men.
- 5.4.15Orosius declines to narrate the eastern wars at length.
- 5.4.16The Parthian Mithridates conquers Babylon and the East.
- 5.4.17Demetrius is captured; Diodotus usurps.
- 5.4.18Diodotus murders his son.
- 5.4.19Portents under Lepidus and Mancinus.
- 5.4.20Mancinus makes a shameful treaty with Numantia.
- 5.4.21Mancinus is handed over to the Numantines and refused by them.
- 5.5.1Orosius contrasts Numantine virtue with Roman claims.
- 5.5.2The Numantines showed courage and good faith.
- 5.5.3The Numantines' just demand.
- 5.5.4The Numantines showed mercy.
- 5.5.5Mancinus had saved the army.
- 5.5.6The senate's inconsistency.
- 5.5.7Varro's rashness at Cannae.
- 5.5.8Varro returns alone to Rome.
- 5.5.9Varro is thanked by the senate.
- 5.5.10Mancinus is punished for saving his army.
- 5.5.11Roman policy bent to circumstance and bred distrust.
- 5.5.12Brutus crushes the Gallaecians.
- 5.5.13Lepidus is justly defeated by the Vaccaei.
- 5.5.14These were not happy times even for the Romans.
- 5.5.15Roman soldiers came to flee at the sight of a Spaniard.
- 5.5.16Both sides found those times wretched.
- 5.6.1Portents at Rome and in Sicily.
- 5.6.2Etna erupts; grain grows on trees.
- 5.6.3The first Sicilian slave war.
- 5.6.4Seventy thousand slaves in arms.
- 5.6.5Sicily's peculiar misery as an island.
- 5.6.6Slave revolts are rare but savage.
- 5.7.1Scipio is sent against Numantia.
- 5.7.2The location of Numantia.
- 5.7.3Numantia's long resistance.
- 5.7.4Scipio trains his army before attacking.
- 5.7.5Scipio's delay.
- 5.7.6Scipio rallies his army and routs the Numantines.
- 5.7.7Scipio resolves to avoid further battle.
- 5.7.8Scipio besieges Numantia.
- 5.7.9The siege works.
- 5.7.10The size of Numantia.
- 5.7.11An explanation of Numantia's large circuit.
- 5.7.12The starving Numantines offer surrender or battle.
- 5.7.13The Numantines' last sortie after drinking caelia.
- 5.7.14How caelia is made.
- 5.7.15The last battle and the Numantine retreat.
- 5.7.16The Numantines destroy themselves.
- 5.7.17Rome gained only safety from Numantia's fall.
- 5.7.18No captives or spoil from Numantia.
- 5.8.1A Celtic chief explains Numantia's strength and fall.
- 5.8.2With external enemies gone, discord grows at Rome.
- 5.8.3Tiberius Gracchus's land law.
- 5.8.4Gracchus proposes distributing Attalus's legacy.
- 5.9.1The nobility attacks the Gracchans.
- 5.9.2Tiberius Gracchus is killed.
- 5.9.3The dead are thrown into the Tiber.
- 5.9.4The slave revolt spreads; executions at Minturnae.
- 5.9.5Slave revolts at Athens and Delos.
- 5.9.6Piso fights the Sicilian slaves.
- 5.9.7Rupilius ends the slave war.
- 5.9.8The slave war harmed victors and vanquished alike.
- 5.10.1Crassus is sent against Aristonicus.
- 5.10.2Crassus is defeated despite royal allies.
- 5.10.3Crassus provokes his own death to avoid capture.
- 5.10.4Perpenna defeats Aristonicus.
- 5.10.5Aristonicus surrenders and is executed.
- 5.10.6Ptolemy's incestuous marriage.
- 5.10.7Ptolemy is expelled for incest and murders.
- 5.10.8Antiochus perishes against the Parthians.
- 5.10.9The mysterious death of Scipio Africanus.
- 5.10.10Rumor blames his wife Sempronia.
- 5.10.11Volcanic eruptions at Etna and Lipara.
- 5.11.1A disaster strikes Africa.
- 5.11.2A plague of locusts drowned in the sea.
- 5.11.3The rotting locusts cause a pestilence.
- 5.11.4Vast numbers die in the plague.
- 5.11.5Fifteen hundred dead in one day at one gate.
- 5.11.6Nothing so terrible has happened in Christian times.
- 5.12.1Carthage is refounded as a Roman colony.
- 5.12.2Wolves tear up the boundary stakes.
- 5.12.3Gaius Gracchus becomes tribune.
- 5.12.4Gaius Gracchus stirs sedition over the land law.
- 5.12.5Violence on the Capitol.
- 5.12.6Flaccus and Gracchus occupy the temple of Diana.
- 5.12.7Battle with the Gracchans.
- 5.12.8The deaths of the Flacci and of Gaius Gracchus.
- 5.12.9Aftermath of Gracchus's death.
- 5.12.10Opimius's cruel reprisals.
- 5.13.1Metellus subdues the Balearic Islands.
- 5.13.2Domitius defeats the Allobroges.
- 5.13.3Etna destroys Catina.
- 5.14.1Fabius faces Bituitus of the Arverni.
- 5.14.2Bituitus builds a pontoon bridge.
- 5.14.3The Gauls drown when the bridge breaks.
- 5.14.4The losses of Bituitus.
- 5.14.5An Alpine people destroy themselves.
- 5.14.6The captives also kill themselves.
- 5.15.1War is declared on Jugurtha.
- 5.15.2Orosius will be brief on Jugurtha, whom others have described.
- 5.15.3Jugurtha kills and expels Micipsa's sons.
- 5.15.4Jugurtha bribes Calpurnius.
- 5.15.5Jugurtha's saying about venal Rome.
- 5.15.6Jugurtha defeats Aulus Postumius.
- 5.15.7Metellus forces Jugurtha's surrender.
- 5.15.8Marius takes Capsa.
- 5.15.9Jugurtha allies with Bocchus.
- 5.15.10The battle near Cirta.
- 5.15.11The terrifying cavalry battle.
- 5.15.12The Romans are pressed together; night brings relief.
- 5.15.13The second day of the battle.
- 5.15.14Marius breaks out on the third day.
- 5.15.15A sudden rainstorm saves the Romans.
- 5.15.16The rain disables the Numidian javelins.
- 5.15.17The sodden shields fail; the kings flee.
- 5.15.18Bocchus betrays Jugurtha to Marius.
- 5.15.19Jugurtha's end.
- 5.15.20A knight's daughter caught in a storm.
- 5.15.21She is killed by lightning and stripped.
- 5.15.22Scandal among the Vestal virgins.
- 5.15.23Cassius is killed by the Tigurini.
- 5.15.24A shameful treaty with the Tigurini.
- 5.15.25Caepio's theft of the gold of Tolosa.
- 5.16.1Manlius and Caepio face the Cimbri.
- 5.16.2The Romans are defeated at Arausio.
- 5.16.3The losses at Arausio.
- 5.16.4Only ten survive.
- 5.16.5The victors destroy the spoils.
- 5.16.6The ritual destruction of the spoils.
- 5.16.7Fear at Rome.
- 5.16.8Fabius Maximus murders his son.
- 5.16.9Marius camps at the confluence; the enemy marches on Italy.
- 5.16.10Marius wins the fight for water.
- 5.16.11The Gauls wilt in the heat.
- 5.16.12The losses of the Teutones.
- 5.16.13The women kill their children and themselves.
- 5.16.14Marius and Catulus meet the Cimbri in Italy.
- 5.16.15Fog, sun and dust confound the Cimbri.
- 5.16.16The Cimbri are annihilated.
- 5.16.17The Cimbrian women resist and then kill themselves.
- 5.16.18The ways the women died.
- 5.16.19A mother hangs herself with her sons.
- 5.16.20The fate of the Cimbrian kings.
- 5.16.21The totals of the Cimbrian wars.
- 5.16.22A crime darkens Marius's triumph.
- 5.16.23Publicius Malleolus kills his mother.
- 5.16.24The Roman penalty for parricide.
- 5.17.1Rome is shaken in Marius's sixth consulship.
- 5.17.2Orosius will be brief on the seditions.
- 5.17.3Saturninus attacks Metellus and murders Nunius.
- 5.17.4Metellus is exiled.
- 5.17.5Saturninus has Memmius murdered.
- 5.17.6Marius changes sides; Saturninus is hailed as king.
- 5.17.7Saturninus is besieged on the Capitol.
- 5.17.8Saturninus accuses Marius.
- 5.17.9Saturninus and his allies are killed.
- 5.17.10The sedition ends.
- 5.17.11Metellus's recall is blocked.
- 5.17.12Rutilius's dignified conduct on trial.
- 5.17.13Rutilius is condemned and retires to Smyrna.
- 5.18.1The Social War begins.
- 5.18.2Livius Drusus incites the Latins.
- 5.18.3Portents at Rome.
- 5.18.4Bleeding bread at Arretium.
- 5.18.5Hail of stones and fire from the earth.
- 5.18.6A golden globe in the sky.
- 5.18.7Drusus is murdered.
- 5.18.8The allies revolt and massacre Romans at Asculum.
- 5.18.9Tame animals flee to the wild.
- 5.18.10Pompeius is defeated by the Picentes.
- 5.18.11Marius advises Rutilius to delay.
- 5.18.12Rutilius dies in an ambush.
- 5.18.13Marius avenges Rutilius.
- 5.18.14Caepio is killed; Caesar recovers.
- 5.18.15The senate resumes the toga after a victory.
- 5.18.16Sulla relieves Aesernia.
- 5.18.17Victories over the Picentes, Etruscans and Umbrians.
- 5.18.18Pompeius defeats the allies at Asculum.
- 5.18.19Four thousand fugitives freeze on a mountain.
- 5.18.20The frozen men look alive.
- 5.18.21Vidacilius poisons himself.
- 5.18.22Postumius Albinus is stoned by his soldiers.
- 5.18.23Sulla's army expiates its crime in battle.
- 5.18.24Cato is killed by the younger Marius.
- 5.18.25Further battles of the Social War.
- 5.18.26Pompeius's harsh treatment of Asculum.
- 5.18.27Sacred lands are sold to pay for grain.
- 5.18.28Rome, enriched by plunder, was yet impoverished.
- 5.18.29Rome's insatiable greed made her wretched.
- 5.18.30Sothimus raids Macedonia.
- 5.19.1The first civil war and the Mithridatic war begin.
- 5.19.2Orosius will treat the wars separately.
- 5.19.3Marius seeks the Mithridatic command.
- 5.19.4Sulla marches on Rome.
- 5.19.5Marius flees from Sulla.
- 5.19.6Sulpicius is betrayed by his slave.
- 5.19.7Marius is captured at Minturnae.
- 5.19.8Marius returns and joins Cinna.
- 5.19.9Marius and Cinna divide their forces.
- 5.19.10Pompeius Strabo fights Sertorius.
- 5.19.11An indecisive battle.
- 5.19.12A soldier finds he has killed his brother.
- 5.19.13The fratricide kills himself.
- 5.19.14The example did nothing to stop the civil wars.
- 5.19.15No one was deterred.
- 5.19.16Forty years of civil war followed.
- 5.19.17Marius sacks Ostia.
- 5.19.18Pompeius Strabo dies; plague in the armies.
- 5.19.19Marius and Cinna massacre the nobles.
- 5.19.20The slaughter of good men cannot be told.
- 5.19.21Orosius restrains his account.
- 5.19.22Reverence for ancestors limits the telling.
- 5.19.23Marius dies in his seventh consulship.
- 5.19.24Cinna massacres the slaves and is killed.
- 5.20.1The senators summon Sulla.
- 5.20.2Sulla defeats Norbanus.
- 5.20.3Fabius Hadrianus is burned at Utica.
- 5.20.4Damasippus murders senators.
- 5.20.5Sulla's generals win battles.
- 5.20.6The battle of Sacriportus.
- 5.20.7Defeats of Carbo and Norbanus.
- 5.20.8Lucullus breaks a siege.
- 5.20.9The battle of the Colline Gate.
- 5.21.1Sulla's massacres in Rome.
- 5.21.2Catulus rebukes Sulla.
- 5.21.3Sulla's first proscription list.
- 5.21.4Lollius finds his name on the list.
- 5.21.5Proscription and murder in any order.
- 5.21.6The cruelty of the killings.
- 5.21.7The torture of Marcus Marius.
- 5.21.8The younger Marius and Telesinus seek death together.
- 5.21.9The younger Marius dies by his slave's hand.
- 5.21.10Sulla kills the Marian officers.
- 5.21.11Pompey kills Carbo.
- 5.21.12Sulla becomes dictator.
- 5.21.13Pompey in Africa.
- 5.21.14Pompey defeats Hiarbas.
- 5.22.1Sulla lays down power.
- 5.22.2The cost of the Social and Sullan wars.
- 5.22.3Rome lost as many men as her whole earlier census.
- 5.22.4The roll of the dead.
- 5.22.5The pagans compare civil wars then and now.
- 5.22.6Christian times show restraint in civil war.
- 5.22.7Recent wars were made by usurpers raised in Britain and Gaul.
- 5.22.8Such wars are not properly civil.
- 5.22.9Even severe fighting against rebels would deserve less blame.
- 5.22.10Present wars are driven by necessity.
- 5.22.11Civil wars are now waged more mercifully.
- 5.22.12Nothing like the Sullan slaughter happens now.
- 5.22.13No proscriptions in Christian times.
- 5.22.14Victors and vanquished now rejoice together.
- 5.22.15Fewer soldiers die in war now than nobles then in peace.
- 5.22.16Lepidus renews civil war after Sulla's death.
- 5.22.17The end of Lepidus's revolt.
- 5.22.18The war burns out quickly.
- 5.23.1Wars on four fronts.
- 5.23.2Sertorius raises Spain.
- 5.23.3Domitius is defeated by Hirtuleius.
- 5.23.4Manlius is defeated.
- 5.23.5Metellus delays.
- 5.23.6Pompey fails at Lauro.
- 5.23.7Sertorius sacks Lauro.
- 5.23.8Sertorius boasts of defeating Pompey.
- 5.23.9The numbers of the armies.
- 5.23.10Hirtuleius is defeated at Italica.
- 5.23.11An indecisive battle of Pompey and Sertorius.
- 5.23.12Further battles.
- 5.23.13Sertorius is murdered by his own men.
- 5.23.14Uxama and Calagurris are destroyed.
- 5.23.15Sertorius's murderers seek no reward.
- 5.23.16Spain has produced good emperors and no usurpers.
- 5.23.17Claudius is sent against the Thracian peoples.
- 5.23.18The Scordisci drink from skulls.
- 5.23.19Claudius dies on campaign.
- 5.23.20Scribonius conquers Dardania.
- 5.23.21Servilius in Cilicia and Lycia.
- 5.23.22Servilius earns the name Isauricus.
- 5.23.23Cosconius takes Salonae.
- 5.24.1Spartacus's revolt begins.
- 5.24.2The rebel bands grow.
- 5.24.3The rebels force captives to fight as gladiators.
- 5.24.4The consuls are defeated by Spartacus.
- 5.24.5Crassus is sent against Spartacus.
- 5.24.6Crassus defeats Spartacus's allies.
- 5.24.7Spartacus is defeated.
- 5.24.8The survivors are hunted down.
- 5.24.9Orosius repeats his challenge.
- 5.24.10Wars came not in sequence but all at once.
- 5.24.11The Jugurthine and Cimbrian wars overlapped.
- 5.24.12The Social War followed at once.
- 5.24.13Italy remained unsafe.
- 5.24.14The Marian and Mithridatic disasters followed.
- 5.24.15One civil war kindled many.
- 5.24.16The many leaders of the civil wars.
- 5.24.17Foreign wars besides.
- 5.24.18The gladiators' war broke out meanwhile.
- 5.24.19The slave war was no small matter.
- 5.24.20Orosius ends Book 5.
- 6.1.1Every human mind is drawn toward the knowledge of God.
- 6.1.2Polytheism arose from misplaced fear and is now abandoned.
- 6.1.3Even the pagans acknowledge one supreme God.
- 6.1.4Where reason fails, faith helps.
- 6.1.5The one God founded the Roman empire through a humble shepherd.
- 6.1.6God united the empire under Augustus.
- 6.1.7Under Augustus God sent his Son.
- 6.1.8The Roman peace allowed the gospel to spread.
- 6.1.9Book 6 reaches Augustus.
- 6.1.10The pagans credit their gods with the empire.
- 6.1.11The pagans claim the gods left when the rites ceased.
- 6.1.12Orosius adds to Augustine's arguments.
- 6.1.13Who earned Romulus's safety by worship?
- 6.1.14None of those around Romulus deserved the gods' favor.
- 6.1.15The pagans' reply implies the gods foreknew.
- 6.1.16The gods raised the empire just when Christ came.
- 6.1.17Christ's power exceeded that of the gods.
- 6.1.18The known and unknown God is grasped only through Christ.
- 6.1.19The gods were worshiped devoutly when Christ came.
- 6.1.20The gods could not stop Christianity.
- 6.1.21The pagans tried to destroy Christianity.
- 6.1.22Persecution only spread the faith until it reached the throne.
- 6.1.23The pagans blame the Christian emperors.
- 6.1.24Christianity grew under persecution; idol worship ceased at a word.
- 6.1.25Creation has at last come to know its Creator.
- 6.1.26God chastises ungrateful servants.
- 6.1.27Before the church's prayers, punishments were heavier.
- 6.1.28The length of the Mithridatic war.
- 6.1.29The war ran from AUC 662 to Cicero's consulship.
- 6.1.30The forty-year reckoning is unclear.
- 6.2.1Mithridates invades Cappadocia.
- 6.2.2Mithridates orders the massacre of Romans in Asia.
- 6.2.3The massacre in Asia.
- 6.2.4Archelaus takes Greece.
- 6.2.5Sulla takes Athens and defeats Archelaus.
- 6.2.6A second defeat of Archelaus.
- 6.2.7Archelaus's army is destroyed.
- 6.2.8Asian cities revolt from Mithridates.
- 6.2.9Peace with Sulla; Fimbria murders Flaccus.
- 6.2.10Fimbria nearly captures Mithridates.
- 6.2.11Fimbria destroys Ilium and kills himself.
- 6.2.12Mithridates allies with Sertorius.
- 6.2.13Mithridates's generals defeat Rutilius.
- 6.2.14Lucullus besieges the besieger at Cyzicus.
- 6.2.15Lucullus destroys a departing detachment.
- 6.2.16Fannius and Metrophanes flee into Maeonia.
- 6.2.17The volcanic Burnt Land of Maeonia.
- 6.2.18They reach Mithridates; Deiotarus defeats his prefects.
- 6.2.19Mithridates's army perishes at Cyzicus.
- 6.2.20Lucullus defeats Marius.
- 6.2.21A naval victory of Lucullus.
- 6.2.22Marius is captured and executed.
- 6.2.23Lucullus takes Apamea and Prusa.
- 6.2.24Mithridates loses his fleet in a storm.
- 6.3.1Catiline is acquitted of unchastity with a Vestal.
- 6.3.2Sinope is plundered by its own defenders.
- 6.3.3Lucullus saves Sinope from the fire.
- 6.3.4Marcus Lucullus subdues the Bessi.
- 6.3.5Metellus clears Sicily of the pirate Pyrganio.
- 6.3.6Lucullus wins at Tigranocerta.
- 6.3.7Tigranes flees; Lucullus takes Nisibis.
- 6.4.1Pompey suppresses the pirates.
- 6.4.2Metellus conquers Crete.
- 6.4.3Pompey besieges Mithridates in Lesser Armenia.
- 6.4.4A night battle lit by the moon.
- 6.4.5The losses.
- 6.4.6Mithridates escapes alone.
- 6.4.7Pompey founds Nicopolis.
- 6.4.8Pompey's victories in the Caucasus.
- 6.4.9Pompey reaches Ecbatana.
- 6.5.1An earthquake in the Bosporus.
- 6.5.2Castor defects at Phanagoria.
- 6.5.3Mithridates kills his son and friends.
- 6.5.4Pharnaces rebels.
- 6.5.5Mithridates curses his son and poisons his family.
- 6.5.6Mithridates dies by a Gallic soldier's sword.
- 6.5.7Mithridates's death and his doubt about the gods.
- 6.5.8Mithridates doubted the gods but did not know the true God.
- 6.5.9The meaning of his prayer.
- 6.5.10Those who still worship the gods are more guilty.
- 6.5.11The East suffered under both sides.
- 6.5.12The provinces' embassies only increased their danger.
- 6.5.13Pompey's further deeds in the East.
- 6.6.1Pompey in Syria and Arabia.
- 6.6.2Pompey comes to Jerusalem.
- 6.6.3Pompey takes the temple.
- 6.6.4Pompey's settlement of Judea.
- 6.6.5The conspiracy of Catiline.
- 6.6.6Catiline's story is well known.
- 6.6.7A related rising among the Paeligni is suppressed.
- 6.7.1Caesar receives his Gallic command.
- 6.7.2Orosius names his source.
- 6.7.3Orgetorix stirs up the Helvetii.
- 6.7.4The Helvetii burn their homes and migrate.
- 6.7.5Caesar defeats the Helvetii.
- 6.7.6Caesar defeats Ariovistus.
- 6.7.7Ariovistus flees across the Rhine.
- 6.7.8The German shield formation.
- 6.7.9Roman soldiers break the German formation.
- 6.7.10The German rout.
- 6.7.11The Belgae rise.
- 6.7.12The forces of the Belgae.
- 6.7.13The Nervii.
- 6.7.14Further Belgic contingents.
- 6.7.15The Belgic total.
- 6.7.16Caesar defeats the Belgae.
- 6.8.1Galba is sent to the Alpine tribes.
- 6.8.2The Veragri occupy a hill above Galba.
- 6.8.3The tribes plan to destroy the legion.
- 6.8.4The Gauls attack Galba's camp.
- 6.8.5Galba's sortie routs the Gauls.
- 6.8.6A new war in Gaul.
- 6.8.7The Veneti revolt and seize Roman envoys.
- 6.8.8The allies of the Veneti.
- 6.8.9Caesar resolves to act.
- 6.8.10Caesar builds a fleet on the Loire.
- 6.8.11The Venetic fleet comes out.
- 6.8.12The Venetic ships are too strong to ram.
- 6.8.13Brutus's hooks.
- 6.8.14The enemy ships are crippled.
- 6.8.15Becalmed, the rest are taken.
- 6.8.16The Veneti surrender.
- 6.8.17Caesar punishes the Veneti harshly.
- 6.8.18Sabinus defeats the Aulerci and Lexovii.
- 6.8.19Crassus fights the Sontiates.
- 6.8.20The Sontiates surrender.
- 6.8.21The Aquitani gather Spanish help.
- 6.8.22Crassus destroys the Aquitani.
- 6.8.23Caesar destroys the invading Germans.
- 6.9.1Caesar crosses the Rhine.
- 6.9.2Caesar's first crossing to Britain.
- 6.9.3Caesar builds a new fleet.
- 6.9.4A storm wrecks the second fleet.
- 6.9.5Battles in Britain.
- 6.9.6The Britons hold the Thames.
- 6.9.7The Britons retreat into the woods.
- 6.9.8The Trinobantes surrender.
- 6.9.9Caesar takes Cassivellaunus's stronghold.
- 6.10.1Ambiorix destroys a legion.
- 6.10.2Ambiorix attacks Cicero's camp.
- 6.10.3The besiegers' rapid siege works.
- 6.10.4The Gauls hurl fire into the camp.
- 6.10.5The Romans hold out.
- 6.10.6Caesar hears of the danger.
- 6.10.7Caesar lures the enemy across a valley.
- 6.10.8Caesar routs the Gauls.
- 6.10.9The Gallic losses.
- 6.10.10Indutiomarus plans to attack Labienus.
- 6.10.11Labienus kills Indutiomarus.
- 6.10.12Gaul is quiet for a time.
- 6.10.13Pompey sends Caesar three legions.
- 6.10.14Caesar ravages the Nervii.
- 6.10.15Caesar subdues the Menapii.
- 6.10.16Labienus destroys the Treveri.
- 6.10.17Caesar seeks revenge on Ambiorix.
- 6.10.18The Ardennes forest.
- 6.10.19Caesar invites the Gauls to plunder the Eburones.
- 6.10.20Gauls destroy Gauls for Caesar.
- 6.10.21Caesar returns to Italy.
- 6.11.1Vercingetorix leads a general revolt.
- 6.11.2The Gauls attack Caesar.
- 6.11.3The siege of Cenabum.
- 6.11.4The slaughter at the captured town.
- 6.11.5The Arverni and Aedui fight Caesar.
- 6.11.6Caesar's defeat at Gergovia.
- 6.11.7Vercingetorix summons all Gaul to Alesia.
- 6.11.8The relief army gathers.
- 6.11.9The Romans win at Alesia with German cavalry.
- 6.11.10Vercingetorix offers himself.
- 6.11.11The Gauls surrender Vercingetorix.
- 6.11.12The Bellovaci revolt under Correus.
- 6.11.13The Bellovaci are caught in their own ambush.
- 6.11.14Correus dies fighting.
- 6.11.15Caesar ravages Ambiorix's land.
- 6.11.16Caninius is surrounded by the Pictones.
- 6.11.17Fabius comes to Caninius's aid.
- 6.11.18The Gauls are crushed between two armies.
- 6.11.19Fabius subdues the Carnutes and Armoricans.
- 6.11.20Drappes and Lucterius hold Uxellodunum.
- 6.11.21Uxellodunum's strong position.
- 6.11.22Caninius defeats the leaders, but the town holds out.
- 6.11.23Caesar resolves to cut off the water.
- 6.11.24Fighting at the spring.
- 6.11.25The siege tower.
- 6.11.26The besieged roll burning barrels down.
- 6.11.27A diversion saves the siege works.
- 6.11.28The spring is tapped and the town surrenders.
- 6.11.29Caesar cuts off the defenders' hands.
- 6.11.30A living example deters.
- 6.12.1Caesar leaves Gaul subdued.
- 6.12.2Gaul after the conquest, like a patient after fever.
- 6.12.3The Roman conquest as a plague.
- 6.12.4Gaul thirsted for liberty.
- 6.12.5Gaul's revolts only increased her ruin.
- 6.12.6Resistance made Rome harsher.
- 6.12.7Gaul would say Rome's conquest was worse than the Goths.
- 6.12.8Rome's own disasters followed.
- 6.13.1Crassus plunders the temple at Jerusalem.
- 6.13.2A Parthian envoy rebukes Crassus.
- 6.13.3The disaster at Carrhae.
- 6.13.4Crassus is killed.
- 6.13.5Cassius saves Syria.
- 6.14.1Rome's fortunes ebb and flow like the tides.
- 6.14.2After the Cimbri, Rome forgot her defeats.
- 6.14.3Ruin, then recovery and expansion.
- 6.14.4Then came Carrhae, civil war, and fire.
- 6.14.5A great fire at Rome.
- 6.15.1The senate refuses Caesar's demands.
- 6.15.2The tribunes flee to Caesar.
- 6.15.3Caesar crosses the Rubicon.
- 6.15.4Pompey and the senate cross to Greece.
- 6.15.5Caesar seizes the treasury.
- 6.15.6Caesar wins in Spain.
- 6.15.7Caesar's generals take the islands; Massilia falls.
- 6.15.8Caesar's commanders are defeated in Illyricum.
- 6.15.9Antonius surrenders; Curio dies in Africa.
- 6.15.10The deaths of Caelius, Milo and Bibulus.
- 6.15.11Appius consults the Delphic oracle.
- 6.15.12The pagans blame Christians for the end of divination.
- 6.15.13The oracle had failed long before Christ.
- 6.15.14The Pythian Apollo was the chief of oracles.
- 6.15.15Apollo was revered by kings and Romans.
- 6.15.16If Apollo deceived, haruspices are no better.
- 6.15.17Christians forbid what pagans already despised.
- 6.15.18Caesar besieges Pompey at Dyrrachium.
- 6.15.19Fighting at Dyrrachium.
- 6.15.20Caesar is caught between two forces.
- 6.15.21Caesar's defeat at Dyrrachium.
- 6.15.22The armies move to Thessaly.
- 6.15.23Pompey's battle line at Pharsalus.
- 6.15.24Caesar's battle line.
- 6.15.25Roman strength turned on itself.
- 6.15.26Pompey is defeated at Pharsalus.
- 6.15.27Pompey flees after Pharsalus.
- 6.15.28Pompey is murdered in Egypt.
- 6.15.29Caesar weeps over Pompey's head in Alexandria.
- 6.15.30Achillas turns on Caesar.
- 6.15.31Books burn at Alexandria.
- 6.15.32Orosius on the libraries he saw in Alexandria.
- 6.15.33Battle at the Pharos.
- 6.15.34Caesar swims to safety.
- 6.16.1Ptolemy's war and defeat.
- 6.16.2Ptolemy drowns; Cleopatra receives Egypt.
- 6.16.3Caesar wins at Zela and Thapsus.
- 6.16.4The deaths of Cato, Juba, Petreius and Scipio.
- 6.16.5Caesar's executions.
- 6.16.6Caesar campaigns in Spain against Pompey's sons.
- 6.16.7The battle of Munda.
- 6.16.8The end of the civil war in Spain.
- 6.16.9The younger Pompey is killed; Munda falls.
- 6.17.1Caesar is assassinated.
- 6.17.2The conspirators retreat to the Capitol.
- 6.17.3Caesar's body is burned in the forum.
- 6.17.4Rome's civil wars avenged the nations she had conquered.
- 6.17.5Civil war breeds more civil war.
- 6.17.6Many nobles are bound to the crime.
- 6.17.7The fable of the dragon's teeth.
- 6.17.8Rome's civil wars were the real dragon's teeth.
- 6.17.9Pride caused the civil wars; one ruler taught humility.
- 6.17.10Christ was born to teach humility.
- 6.18.1Octavian enters the civil wars.
- 6.18.2Octavian's five civil wars.
- 6.18.3The war of Mutina.
- 6.18.4Pansa is wounded; Hirtius defeats Antony.
- 6.18.5Antony is defeated; Hirtius dies.
- 6.18.6Dolabella kills Trebonius.
- 6.18.7More of the assassins die.
- 6.18.8Octavian is reconciled with Antony.
- 6.18.9Murders before the proscription.
- 6.18.10The triumvirs' proscription list.
- 6.18.11Cicero and kinsmen are proscribed.
- 6.18.12More proscriptions and plunder.
- 6.18.13Dolabella dies; Brutus and Cassius ravage Greece.
- 6.18.14Philippi was won by Octavian's luck.
- 6.18.15A dream saves Octavian at Philippi.
- 6.18.16Brutus and Cassius kill themselves.
- 6.18.17Fulvia's domination at Rome.
- 6.18.18Fulvia attacks Octavian and flees.
- 6.18.19Sextus Pompey starves Rome.
- 6.18.20Peace with Sextus breaks down.
- 6.18.21Mena deserts to Octavian.
- 6.18.22Octavian loses his fleet in a storm.
- 6.18.23Ventidius defeats the Parthians.
- 6.18.24Ventidius against Antigonus.
- 6.18.25Mena changes sides again.
- 6.18.26Agrippa wins at Mylae.
- 6.18.27Octavian is defeated at Tauromenium.
- 6.18.28Lepidus arrives in Sicily.
- 6.18.29Agrippa defeats Sextus at Naulochus.
- 6.18.30Lepidus defies Octavian.
- 6.18.31Lepidus's legions desert to Octavian.
- 6.18.32Lepidus submits.
- 6.18.33Octavian's settlement after Sicily.
- 6.18.34Octavian receives tribunician power; a spring of oil flows.
- 6.19.1Antony's disastrous Parthian campaign.
- 6.19.2Sextus Pompey is killed.
- 6.19.3Antony captures the king of Armenia.
- 6.19.4Antony divorces Octavia and declares war.
- 6.19.5Antony's callous saying at Actium.
- 6.19.6Agrippa's operations before Actium.
- 6.19.7Antony is defeated on land.
- 6.19.8Octavian's fleet at Actium.
- 6.19.9Antony's fleet.
- 6.19.10The battle of Actium.
- 6.19.11Cleopatra and Antony flee.
- 6.19.12The losses at Actium.
- 6.19.13Antony and Cleopatra prepare to fight again.
- 6.19.14Octavian advances on Egypt.
- 6.19.15Gallus defeats Antony.
- 6.19.16Antony's fleet deserts him.
- 6.19.17Antony's suicide.
- 6.19.18Cleopatra's suicide.
- 6.19.19Alexandria's wealth enriches Rome.
- 6.19.20Octavian's executions at Alexandria.
- 6.19.21Octavian returns west.
- 6.20.1Octavian closes the gates of Janus.
- 6.20.2Octavian receives the name Augustus.
- 6.20.3The day of Augustus's triumph is the Epiphany.
- 6.20.4Augustus's empire was prepared for Christ.
- 6.20.5A halo around the sun at Octavian's entry.
- 6.20.6The spring of oil foretold the Anointed One.
- 6.20.7Orosius's allegory of the spring of oil.
- 6.20.8The triumph of Augustus prefigured the Epiphany.
- 6.20.9The fourth sign will be told later.
- 6.21.1Augustus marches against the Cantabrians.
- 6.21.2Where the Cantabrians live.
- 6.21.3Augustus encamps at Segisama.
- 6.21.4Augustus lands troops from the sea.
- 6.21.5The Cantabrians are defeated.
- 6.21.6The conquest of farther Gallaecia.
- 6.21.7The siege of Mount Medullius.
- 6.21.8The besieged kill themselves.
- 6.21.9The Asturians are betrayed.
- 6.21.10Carisius spares Lancia.
- 6.21.11Janus is closed again.
- 6.21.12Drusus campaigns in Germany.
- 6.21.13All nations rise before the universal peace.
- 6.21.14The northern peoples are subdued.
- 6.21.15Drusus's victories.
- 6.21.16Drusus defeats the Cherusci, Suebi, and Sygambri.
- 6.21.17The German women kill their children as missiles.
- 6.21.18Cossus checks the Gaetuli in Africa.
- 6.21.19Envoys from India and Scythia come to Augustus in Spain.
- 6.21.20A parallel with Alexander.
- 6.21.21Augustus returns from Spain.
- 6.21.22Piso subdues the Vindelici.
- 6.21.23Tiberius crushes the Pannonians.
- 6.21.24Tiberius in Germany.
- 6.21.25The Pannonian war's scale.
- 6.21.26The disaster of Varus.
- 6.21.27Augustus's grief for the legions.
- 6.21.28Agrippa subdues the Bosporans.
- 6.21.29The Parthians return Crassus's standards.
- 6.22.1Augustus closes Janus a third time.
- 6.22.2Janus stays closed about twelve years.
- 6.22.3Augustus's laws.
- 6.22.4Augustus refuses to be called lord.
- 6.22.5Christ is born in the year of universal peace.
- 6.22.6Christ is enrolled in Augustus's census.
- 6.22.7The census was unique in history.
- 6.22.8Christ raised Rome and became her citizen.
- 6.22.9Orosius ends Book 6.
- 6.22.10Book 7 will treat Christian times.
- 6.22.11Book 7 will show persecutions and their punishments.
- 7.1.1Orosius sums up his proof of the one God's providence.
- 7.1.2The objection: why such delay?
- 7.1.3Humanity was made for obedient peace but fell.
- 7.1.4God's patience is just both ways.
- 7.1.5Orosius will argue from what pagans cannot deny.
- 7.1.6Christians and pagans differ in faith, not in reverence.
- 7.1.7The question turns back on the pagans.
- 7.1.8The pagan gods are caught in a dilemma.
- 7.1.9Gods worthy of the name do not depend on material.
- 7.1.10Omnipotent gods would not need to wait.
- 7.1.11The Roman peace was predestined for Christ.
- 7.2.1Recalling the Babylon–Rome parallel.
- 7.2.2The parallel between Babylon and Rome.
- 7.2.3The Jews' return coincided with Rome's freedom.
- 7.2.4The intervening empires were guardians.
- 7.2.5The four kingdoms and the four quarters.
- 7.2.6Carthage was the southern kingdom.
- 7.2.7Babylon's fall and Rome's sack.
- 7.2.8One God judges all ages.
- 7.2.9The number seven in the fate of kingdoms.
- 7.2.10Rome too met the number seven.
- 7.2.11The fire in Rome's seven hundredth year.
- 7.2.12Babylon's fourteen hundred years.
- 7.2.13Abraham was born in Ninus's forty-third year.
- 7.2.14Christ was born in Augustus's forty-second year.
- 7.2.15Christ was born on 25 December.
- 7.2.16The blessings of the year of Christ's birth.
- 7.3.1Christ, the rock and the fire.
- 7.3.2Christ's sufferings began with Herod.
- 7.3.3Peace is a grace for believers, trouble a punishment for blasphemers.
- 7.3.4Augustus sends Gaius to the East.
- 7.3.5Gaius refuses to worship at Jerusalem.
- 7.3.6A famine follows the insult to the temple.
- 7.3.7Tacitus on the opening of Janus.
- 7.3.8Titus closes Janus after taking Jerusalem.
- 7.3.9Even with Janus open, no wars came.
- 7.3.10Christ foretold wars in a time of peace.
- 7.3.11Christ's prophecy of wars and persecution.
- 7.3.12The prophecy strengthened believers.
- 7.4.1Tiberius becomes emperor.
- 7.4.2Tiberius's peaceful reign.
- 7.4.3Germanicus's triumph.
- 7.4.4Tiberius's moderation.
- 7.4.5Pilate reports to Tiberius about Christ.
- 7.4.6The senate refuses to deify Christ.
- 7.4.7Tiberius turns cruel against the senate.
- 7.4.8Tiberius's purges.
- 7.4.9Tiberius kills his family.
- 7.4.10Those who scorned Christ were punished by Tiberius.
- 7.4.11The amphitheater at Fidenae collapses.
- 7.4.12A chastisement for love of bloodshed.
- 7.4.13An earthquake at the crucifixion.
- 7.4.14The sun is darkened at the crucifixion.
- 7.4.15The darkness was no eclipse.
- 7.4.16Disasters of the Jews after the passion.
- 7.4.17Tiberius expels the Jews from Rome.
- 7.4.18Tiberius's relief for Asia and his death.
- 7.5.1Caligula becomes emperor.
- 7.5.2Caligula's cruel sayings.
- 7.5.3Christian times frustrate even Caligula's cruelty.
- 7.5.4In Christian times even a bad emperor cannot break the peace.
- 7.5.5Caligula's pointless expedition.
- 7.5.6Philo's embassy to Caligula.
- 7.5.7Caligula orders his statue in the temple.
- 7.5.8Pilate's suicide.
- 7.5.9Caligula's incest and death.
- 7.5.10Caligula's death lists and poisons.
- 7.5.11God's mercy shown by the poisoned fish.
- 7.6.1Claudius becomes emperor.
- 7.6.2Peter comes to Rome.
- 7.6.3After Caligula's death the senate plans to restore the republic.
- 7.6.4Claudius grants an amnesty.
- 7.6.5Claudius's amnesty compared with Athens.
- 7.6.6Scribonianus's revolt.
- 7.6.7The standards will not move; the revolt fails.
- 7.6.8Peter's coming checked civil war.
- 7.6.9Claudius invades Britain.
- 7.6.10Britain and the Orkneys are taken.
- 7.6.11Julius Caesar and Claudius in Britain compared.
- 7.6.12Famine in Syria; Helena of Adiabene's relief.
- 7.6.13A new volcanic island.
- 7.6.14A deadly riot in Jerusalem at Passover.
- 7.6.15Claudius expels the Jews from Rome.
- 7.6.16Whether Christians were also expelled is unclear.
- 7.6.17Famine at Rome; Claudius is mobbed.
- 7.6.18Claudius's executions and death.
- 7.7.1Nero's reign and vices.
- 7.7.2Nero's sexual crimes.
- 7.7.3Nero's extravagance.
- 7.7.4Nero watches Rome burn.
- 7.7.5Nero's men spread the fire.
- 7.7.6Nero sings while Rome burns.
- 7.7.7Nero's greed after the fire.
- 7.7.8Nero's exactions.
- 7.7.9Nero's murders.
- 7.7.10Nero's persecution; Peter and Paul are killed.
- 7.7.11Plague and revolt in Britain follow.
- 7.7.12Losses in the East; an earthquake in Asia.
- 7.7.13Nero's suicide ends the Julio-Claudians.
- 7.8.1Galba's short reign.
- 7.8.2Civil war follows the persecution.
- 7.8.3Four emperors rise.
- 7.8.4The wars of 69 ended quickly.
- 7.8.5The church prayed even for its persecutors.
- 7.8.6Otho's defeat and suicide.
- 7.8.7Vitellius burns the Capitol with Sabinus.
- 7.8.8Vitellius's shameful death.
- 7.8.9Vespasian's soldiers rage in Rome.
- 7.9.1Peace returns under Vespasian.
- 7.9.2The Jewish revolt begins.
- 7.9.3Vespasian becomes emperor during the siege.
- 7.9.4Titus breaks into Jerusalem.
- 7.9.5The temple was to be removed by God's judgment.
- 7.9.6Titus destroys the temple.
- 7.9.7The numbers of the dead.
- 7.9.8The Flavian triumph over the Jews.
- 7.9.9Janus is closed after Jerusalem's fall.
- 7.9.10New provinces under Vespasian.
- 7.9.11Earthquake in Cyprus; plague at Rome.
- 7.9.12Vespasian's death.
- 7.9.13Titus's gentle reign.
- 7.9.14Fire at Rome and the eruption of Vesuvius.
- 7.9.15Titus's death.
- 7.10.1Domitian's reign and persecution.
- 7.10.2Domitian's pride and cruelty.
- 7.10.3Domitian's failed wars.
- 7.10.4Domitian's Dacian disasters.
- 7.10.5The second persecution; John on Patmos.
- 7.10.6Domitian hunts the family of David.
- 7.10.7Domitian's murder.
- 7.11.1Nerva becomes emperor and adopts Trajan.
- 7.11.2Nerva recalls exiles; John returns to Ephesus.
- 7.12.1Trajan becomes emperor.
- 7.12.2Trajan's conquests.
- 7.12.3Trajan's persecution and Pliny's report.
- 7.12.4The Golden House burns.
- 7.12.5Earthquakes and fires under Trajan.
- 7.12.6The Jewish revolt in Libya.
- 7.12.7The revolt in Egypt and Mesopotamia.
- 7.12.8Salamis is destroyed; Trajan dies.
- 7.13.1Hadrian becomes emperor.
- 7.13.2Hadrian's rescript protecting Christians.
- 7.13.3Hadrian's honors and laws.
- 7.13.4Hadrian crushes Bar Kokhba.
- 7.13.5Jerusalem becomes Aelia.
- 7.14.1Antoninus Pius's reign.
- 7.14.2Valentinus, Cerdo, and Justin's apology.
- 7.15.1Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus as joint emperors.
- 7.15.2The Parthian war.
- 7.15.3Victory over Parthia; Verus's death.
- 7.15.4The fourth persecution, in Asia and Gaul.
- 7.15.5The Antonine plague.
- 7.15.6The army is rebuilt for the Marcomannic war.
- 7.15.7God's providence in the Marcomannic war.
- 7.15.8The army is trapped without water.
- 7.15.9The rain miracle.
- 7.15.10Victory by Christ's help.
- 7.15.11Marcus's letter on the miracle.
- 7.15.12Marcus's last acts and death.
- 7.16.1Commodus becomes emperor.
- 7.16.2Commodus's vices.
- 7.16.3Fires at Rome under Commodus.
- 7.16.4Commodus is strangled.
- 7.16.5Pertinax is murdered.
- 7.16.6Julianus is defeated by Severus.
- 7.17.1Septimius Severus becomes emperor.
- 7.17.2Severus defeats Niger and the rebels.
- 7.17.4The fifth persecution.
- 7.17.5Heaven avenges the persecution.
- 7.17.6Severus defeats Albinus at Lyons.
- 7.17.7Severus's wall in Britain.
- 7.17.8Severus dies at York.
- 7.18.1Caracalla becomes emperor.
- 7.18.2Caracalla's vices and death.
- 7.18.3Macrinus's short reign.
- 7.18.4Elagabalus becomes emperor.
- 7.18.5Elagabalus's infamy and death.
- 7.18.6Severus Alexander becomes emperor.
- 7.18.7Mamaea hears Origen; Alexander defeats the Persians.
- 7.18.8Alexander is killed at Mainz.
- 7.19.1Maximinus's persecution.
- 7.19.2Maximinus's death; his persecution aimed at clergy.
- 7.19.3Gordian III becomes emperor.
- 7.19.4Gordian opens the gates of Janus.
- 7.19.5Gordian is murdered.
- 7.20.1Philip the Arab becomes emperor.
- 7.20.2Philip, the first Christian emperor, celebrates Rome's millennium.
- 7.20.3Philip did not sacrifice at the Capitol.
- 7.20.4The Philips are killed.
- 7.21.1Decius becomes emperor.
- 7.21.2The Decian persecution.
- 7.21.3Decius dies with his son.
- 7.21.4Gallus becomes emperor.
- 7.21.5Plague follows the persecution.
- 7.21.6Gallus and Aemilianus die.
- 7.22.1Valerian and Gallienus; impiety does not learn.
- 7.22.2The pagans called the plague natural.
- 7.22.3Valerian's persecution.
- 7.22.4Valerian is captured by Sapor.
- 7.22.5One man's captivity does not avenge so much blood.
- 7.22.6God unleashes the barbarians.
- 7.22.7Invasions on every frontier.
- 7.22.8Ruined cities still show the damage.
- 7.22.9Usurpers add to the ruin, but God relents.
- 7.22.10Genuus and Postumus.
- 7.22.11The Gallic usurpers.
- 7.22.12Tetricus in Gaul; Odenathus in the East.
- 7.22.13Gallienus is killed.
- 7.23.1Claudius Gothicus defeats the Goths.
- 7.23.2Quintillus's brief reign.
- 7.23.3Aurelian becomes emperor.
- 7.23.4Aurelian defeats the Goths and Zenobia.
- 7.23.5Tetricus surrenders; Aurelian's triumph.
- 7.23.6Aurelian's persecution and death.
- 7.24.1Tacitus and Florianus.
- 7.24.2Probus frees Gaul.
- 7.24.3Probus's civil wars and death.
- 7.24.4Carus and Numerian die.
- 7.25.1Diocletian becomes emperor.
- 7.25.2Maximian suppresses the Bacaudae.
- 7.25.3Carausius usurps in Britain.
- 7.25.4Troubles on every side.
- 7.25.5The tetrarchy is formed.
- 7.25.6Britain is recovered.
- 7.25.7Constantius defeats the Alamanni.
- 7.25.8Achilleus is defeated; Egypt suffers.
- 7.25.9Galerius is defeated and humiliated.
- 7.25.10Galerius defeats Narses.
- 7.25.11Galerius's victory over Persia.
- 7.25.12Victories on the Danube.
- 7.25.13The Great Persecution.
- 7.25.14Diocletian and Maximian abdicate.
- 7.25.15The empire is divided between Galerius and Constantius.
- 7.25.16Constantius dies; Constantine succeeds.
- 7.26.1Constantine's accession.
- 7.26.2The pagans' taunt about the tenth persecution.
- 7.26.3The pagans' taunt continues.
- 7.26.4The worst persecution brought no punishment, they say.
- 7.26.5The persecutors prospered, they say.
- 7.26.6The concord of the tetrarchs.
- 7.26.7The persecutors retired in peace, they say.
- 7.26.8The taunt ends.
- 7.26.9Nine persecutions were followed by disasters.
- 7.26.10The tenth persecution's punishment is the pagans' present pain.
- 7.27.1Recalling the ten plagues of Egypt.
- 7.27.2The Exodus as a figure of the church.
- 7.27.3Israel and the church, Egypt and Rome, compared.
- 7.27.4The first plague: blood.
- 7.27.5The second plague: frogs.
- 7.27.6The third plague: gnats.
- 7.27.7The fourth plague: flies.
- 7.27.8The fifth plague: cattle.
- 7.27.9The sixth plague: boils.
- 7.27.10The seventh plague: hail.
- 7.27.11The eighth plague: locusts.
- 7.27.12The ninth plague: darkness.
- 7.27.13The tenth plague: the firstborn and the idols.
- 7.27.14Pharaoh and Constantine compared.
- 7.27.15A final persecution awaits before the judgment.
- 7.27.16Antichrist and his followers will perish in the lake of fire.
- 7.28.1Constantine, the first Christian emperor after Philip.
- 7.28.2All emperors since have been Christian except Julian.
- 7.28.3The pagans' slow punishment.
- 7.28.4Orosius will tell the persecutors' ends.
- 7.28.5Maxentius is proclaimed at Rome.
- 7.28.6Maximian resumes power.
- 7.28.7Severus is sent against Maxentius.
- 7.28.8Severus is betrayed and killed.
- 7.28.9Maximian plots against Constantine.
- 7.28.10Maximian's death at Marseilles.
- 7.28.11Licinius is made emperor.
- 7.28.12Galerius's horrible disease.
- 7.28.13Galerius ends the persecution and dies.
- 7.28.14Four rulers.
- 7.28.15Constantine gives peace to the church.
- 7.28.16Maxentius is defeated at the Milvian Bridge.
- 7.28.17Maximinus Daia dies.
- 7.28.18Licinius turns on the Christians.
- 7.28.19Constantine defeats Licinius.
- 7.28.20Licinius is executed.
- 7.28.21Licinius too was a persecutor.
- 7.28.22New Caesars.
- 7.28.23Arius's heresy.
- 7.28.24Alexander expels Arius.
- 7.28.25The Council of Nicaea condemns Arius.
- 7.28.26Constantine kills Crispus and young Licinius.
- 7.28.27Constantine founds Constantinople.
- 7.28.28Constantine closes the pagan temples.
- 7.28.29Constantine defeats the Goths.
- 7.28.30Calocaerus is crushed; Dalmatius made Caesar.
- 7.28.31Constantine dies near Nicomedia.
- 7.29.1Constantine's sons succeed him.
- 7.29.2The devil turns to heresy.
- 7.29.3Constantius is drawn into Arianism.
- 7.29.4Arian persecution of the catholics.
- 7.29.5An earthquake; Constantine II is killed.
- 7.29.6Constantius fights the Persians.
- 7.29.7Constans is killed by Magnentius.
- 7.29.8Magnentius usurps.
- 7.29.9Vetranio is made emperor.
- 7.29.10Vetranio abdicates.
- 7.29.11Nepotianus's revolt.
- 7.29.12The battle of Mursa.
- 7.29.13Magnentius and Decentius die.
- 7.29.14Gallus and Silvanus are killed.
- 7.29.15Julian restores Gaul.
- 7.29.16Julian usurps the title of Augustus.
- 7.29.17Constantius dies.
- 7.29.18Constantius, who divided the church, was harried by civil wars.
- 7.30.1Julian becomes sole emperor.
- 7.30.2Julian's subtle persecution.
- 7.30.3Julian bars Christians from teaching.
- 7.30.4Julian vows Christian blood to his gods.
- 7.30.5Julian's planned amphitheater at Jerusalem.
- 7.30.6Julian's death in Persia.
- 7.31.1Jovian makes peace with Persia.
- 7.31.2Nisibis is ceded.
- 7.31.3Jovian suffocates in Galatia.
- 7.32.1Valentinian becomes emperor.
- 7.32.2Valentinian gives up his command rather than sacrifice.
- 7.32.3Christ rewards Valentinian with the empire.
- 7.32.4Valens becomes co-emperor; Procopius is killed.
- 7.32.5A great earthquake and tsunami.
- 7.32.6Valens becomes an Arian.
- 7.32.7Valens feared Valentinian.
- 7.32.8Gratian is made emperor; wool falls from the sky.
- 7.32.9Athanaric persecutes the Gothic Christians.
- 7.32.10Valentinian crushes the Saxons.
- 7.32.11The Burgundians appear.
- 7.32.12The origin of the Burgundians' name.
- 7.32.13The Burgundians become catholic Christians.
- 7.32.14Valentinian dies of a stroke.
- 7.32.15Gratian and Valentinian II rule the West.
- 7.33.1Valens conscripts the monks.
- 7.33.2The monks of the Egyptian desert.
- 7.33.3Monks are killed in Egypt.
- 7.33.4Orosius passes over the other persecutions of Valens.
- 7.33.5Firmus's revolt in Africa.
- 7.33.6Count Theodosius defeats Firmus.
- 7.33.7Count Theodosius is baptized and executed.
- 7.33.8Gratian defeats the Alamanni.
- 7.33.9The root of present miseries sprouts.
- 7.33.10The Huns drive the Goths into the empire.
- 7.33.11The Goths revolt.
- 7.33.12Valens recalls the exiled bishops.
- 7.33.13The battle of Adrianople begins.
- 7.33.14The Roman infantry is destroyed.
- 7.33.15Valens burns to death.
- 7.33.16The pagans' only consolation.
- 7.33.17One God, one faith, one church.
- 7.33.18God is no respecter of persons.
- 7.33.19Valens made the Goths Arians and was burned by them.
- 7.34.1Gratian's sole rule.
- 7.34.2Gratian chooses Theodosius.
- 7.34.3Theodosius surpasses Trajan in faith.
- 7.34.4Theodosius's dynasty.
- 7.34.5Theodosius defeats the Goths, Alans and Huns.
- 7.34.6Theodosius's treaty with Athanaric.
- 7.34.7The Goths submit.
- 7.34.8Peace with Persia.
- 7.34.9Maximus usurps in Britain.
- 7.34.10Maximus kills Gratian.
- 7.35.1Theodosius's reign.
- 7.35.2Theodosius marches against Maximus.
- 7.35.3Andragathius abandons his defenses.
- 7.35.4Theodosius captures and kills Maximus.
- 7.35.5A bloodless victory.
- 7.35.6How civil war is fought in Christian times.
- 7.35.7A war ended by two deaths.
- 7.35.8It was not chance.
- 7.35.9Later wars too have been nearly bloodless.
- 7.35.10Valentinian II is murdered at Vienne.
- 7.35.11Arbogast sets up Eugenius.
- 7.35.12Arbogast's two wars prove God's power.
- 7.35.13Eugenius and Arbogast hold the Alpine passes.
- 7.35.14Theodosius prays on the Alps.
- 7.35.15Theodosius advances under the sign of the cross.
- 7.35.16Arbitio changes sides.
- 7.35.17The wind carries the Roman missiles.
- 7.35.18The wind turns the enemy's missiles back.
- 7.35.19Eugenius is killed; Arbogast kills himself.
- 7.35.20No pagan war compares.
- 7.35.21Claudian's verses on the battle.
- 7.35.22Heaven judged between humility and arrogance.
- 7.35.23Theodosius dies at Milan.
- 7.36.1Arcadius and Honorius succeed.
- 7.36.2Gildo's revolt in Africa.
- 7.36.3Gildo seizes Africa.
- 7.36.4Gildo kills his nephews.
- 7.36.5Mascezel takes monks with him and prays.
- 7.36.6Mascezel camps by the Ardalio.
- 7.36.7Ambrose appears to Mascezel in a dream.
- 7.36.8Mascezel advances after prayer and the sacraments.
- 7.36.9Mascezel wounds a standard-bearer.
- 7.36.10Gildo's army surrenders.
- 7.36.11Gildo's death.
- 7.36.12The victory over Gildo was a miracle.
- 7.36.13Mascezel violates a church and is punished.
- 7.37.1Rufinus and Stilicho use the barbarians for their ambition.
- 7.37.2The battle of Pollentia fought on Easter.
- 7.37.3Barbarians fight one another.
- 7.37.4Radagaisus invades Italy.
- 7.37.5Radagaisus vows Roman blood to his gods.
- 7.37.6The pagans blame the loss of the gods.
- 7.37.7Blasphemies at Rome.
- 7.37.8Two Gothic peoples, by God's judgment.
- 7.37.9Alaric the Christian and Radagaisus the pagan.
- 7.37.10A pagan victory would have revived idolatry.
- 7.37.11God destroyed the pagan and let the Christian prevail.
- 7.37.12Hunnic and Gothic allies help, but God acts.
- 7.37.13Radagaisus is trapped at Faesulae.
- 7.37.14The enemy perishes without battle.
- 7.37.15Radagaisus is captured and executed.
- 7.37.16The captives are sold cheaply and soon die.
- 7.37.17Rome is spared for a time.
- 7.38.1Stilicho plots to make his son emperor.
- 7.38.2Stilicho keeps Alaric in reserve.
- 7.38.3Stilicho incites the Vandals, Alans and Suebi.
- 7.38.4Stilicho's hopes.
- 7.38.5Stilicho is killed.
- 7.38.6Eucherius is killed; the churches are freed.
- 7.38.7Rome's punishment comes.
- 7.39.1Alaric sacks Rome but spares the churches.
- 7.39.2Pope Innocent is absent, like Lot from Sodom.
- 7.39.3A Goth finds a consecrated virgin.
- 7.39.4She shows him the sacred vessels.
- 7.39.5The virgin's words.
- 7.39.6Alaric is told.
- 7.39.7The vessels are carried to St. Peter's.
- 7.39.8The procession of the vessels.
- 7.39.9Romans and Goths sing together.
- 7.39.10Many join the procession and are saved.
- 7.39.11Orosius's exclamation on the procession.
- 7.39.12The trumpet of salvation.
- 7.39.13The procession as a sieve.
- 7.39.14Wheat and chaff.
- 7.39.15The Goths leave after three days.
- 7.39.16Nero's fire was worse.
- 7.39.17The Gallic sack was worse.
- 7.39.18Lightning strikes what the enemy spared.
- 7.40.1Rome has largely recovered from the sack.
- 7.40.2Placidia marries Athaulf.
- 7.40.3The great invasion of Gaul.
- 7.40.4Gratian and Constantine III usurp in Britain.
- 7.40.5Didymus and Verinianus resist Constantine.
- 7.40.6Their conduct shows they were not usurpers.
- 7.40.7Constans is sent to Spain.
- 7.40.8The Honoriaci are given the Pyrenees.
- 7.40.9The Honoriaci let the barbarians into Spain.
- 7.40.10The barbarians settle in Spain.
- 7.41.1Conscience speaks to each.
- 7.41.2Spain's present sufferings are nothing new.
- 7.41.3All suffer justly.
- 7.41.4The barbarians helped refugees leave.
- 7.41.5They escorted people for small payment.
- 7.41.6Those who did not flee were overtaken.
- 7.41.7The barbarians turn swords to plows.
- 7.41.8The invasions brought the nations to Christ.
- 7.41.9Death is no loss to the Christian.
- 7.41.10God's judgments are ineffable but just.
- 7.42.1Honorius sends Constantius against the usurpers.
- 7.42.2The value of a Roman general.
- 7.42.3Constantine III is killed at Arles.
- 7.42.4Constans is killed; Maximus set up.
- 7.42.5Maximus lives in exile in Spain.
- 7.42.6Jovinus and Sebastian.
- 7.42.7Attalus, Alaric's puppet emperor.
- 7.42.8Tertullus's boast.
- 7.42.9Attalus is captured and mutilated.
- 7.42.10Heraclian defends Africa.
- 7.42.11Heraclian's son-in-law Sabinus.
- 7.42.12Heraclian sails against Rome.
- 7.42.13Heraclian's enormous fleet.
- 7.42.14Heraclian's defeat and death.
- 7.42.15Honorius and Constantius overcome all usurpers.
- 7.42.16Unity is restored to the African church.
- 7.42.17Marcellinus is killed by Marinus.
- 7.43.1Constantius drives the Goths into Spain.
- 7.43.2Athaulf succeeds Alaric.
- 7.43.3Athaulf seeks peace with Rome.
- 7.43.4Orosius heard of Athaulf in Jerome's presence.
- 7.43.5Athaulf's first ambition: Gothia for Romania.
- 7.43.6Athaulf chose to restore Rome instead.
- 7.43.7Placidia's influence for peace.
- 7.43.8Athaulf is murdered at Barcelona.
- 7.43.9Segeric is killed.
- 7.43.10Wallia becomes king.
- 7.43.11Wallia is frightened by a Gothic disaster at sea.
- 7.43.12Wallia makes peace and returns Placidia.
- 7.43.13Wallia fights the other barbarians for Rome.
- 7.43.14The barbarian kings offer to fight for Rome.
- 7.43.15Barbarians fight one another in Spain.
- 7.43.16No age matches the good fortune of Christian times.
- 7.43.17The record of Christian times.
- 7.43.18The detractors should repent and believe.
- 7.43.19Orosius concludes his work for Augustine.
- 7.43.20Orosius submits the work to Augustine's judgment.