1 John 5 in the early church

184 passages quote, allude to, or echo 1 John 5, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.

Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 14 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21

1 John 5:1

Everyone who believes that Jesus is the Christ has been born of God, and everyone who loves the Father also loves those born of Him.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
1 John 5:1	Against Heresies 3.16.8 · Irenaeus of Lyons	quotation, high confidence	ca. 180–190
1 John 5:1	Against Praxeas 28 · Tertullian	allusion, high confidence	ca. 213 or later
1 John 5:1	Fragment 8 on John 1:13 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 226-254
1 John 5:1	Commentary on John 19.154 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 230–248
1 John 5:1	Commentary on John 20.285 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 230–248
1 John 5:1	Commentary on Romans 4.1 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406)
1 John 5:1	Letter 1.8 · Alexander of Alexandria	quotation, medium confidence	ca. 319–324
1 John 5:1	Catechetical Lecture 11.6 · Cyril of Jerusalem	quotation, high confidence	ca. 350
1 John 5:1	On the Trinity 6.42 · Hilary of Poitiers	quotation, high confidence	ca. 356–360
1 John 5:1	On the Trinity 12.11 · Hilary of Poitiers	quotation, high confidence	ca. 356–360
1 John 5:1	On the Trinity 2 · Faustinus	quotation, high confidence	ca. 380–384
1 John 5:1	Homilies on the First Epistle of John 10.1 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 407
1 John 5:1	Homilies on the First Epistle of John 10.2 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 407
1 John 5:1–2	Homilies on the First Epistle of John 10.3 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 407

1 John 5:2

By this we know that we love the children of God: when we love God and keep His commandments.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
1 John 5:2–3	On Saint Athanasius 2.16 · Lucifer of Cagliari	quotation, high confidence	ca. 356–361
1 John 5:2–3	On Saint Athanasius 2.17 · Lucifer of Cagliari	quotation, high confidence	ca. 356–361
1 John 5:2	Homilies on the First Epistle of John 10.4 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 407
1 John 5:2	On Grace and Free Will 17 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 426

1 John 5:3

For this is the love of God, that we keep His commandments. And His commandments are not burdensome,
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
1 John 5:3	Shepherd of Hermas, Mandate 12.4.5 (47.5) · Hermas	echo, medium confidence	ca. 100–150
1 John 5:3	The Instructor 3.11.82 · Clement of Alexandria	quotation, high confidence	ca. 190–200
1 John 5:3	Miscellanies 4.16.100 · Clement of Alexandria	quotation, high confidence	ca. 198–203
1 John 5:3	Acts of Thomas 83 · Anonymous	echo, low confidence	ca. 200–250
1 John 5:3	Question 117, section 7 · Ambrosiaster	echo, low confidence	ca. 370–384
1 John 5:3	Homilies on the First Epistle of John 10.7 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 407
1 John 5:3	On Nature and Grace 83 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	415
1 John 5:3	On Man's Perfection in Righteousness 21 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, high confidence	ca. 415
1 John 5:3	On Man's Perfection in Righteousness 22 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 415
1 John 5:3	On Grace and Free Will 17 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 426

1 John 5:4

because everyone born of God overcomes the world. And this is the victory that has overcome the world: our faith.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
1 John 5:4	Tractates on the Psalms 125.8 · Hilary of Poitiers	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 360–367
1 John 5:4	Question 115, section 53 · Ambrosiaster	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 370–384
1 John 5:4	Sermon 385.8 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 391-430
1 John 5:4	Celestine, ACO I.2, letter 26.0 · Celestine I, bishop of Rome	allusion, high confidence	430-432
1 John 5:4	Book 1, chapter 24 · Anonymous	quotation, high confidence	ca. 440-450

1 John 5:5

Who then overcomes the world? Only he who believes that Jesus is the Son of God.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
1 John 5:5	Question 126, section 2 · Ambrosiaster	echo, low confidence	ca. 370–384

1 John 5:6

This is the One who came by water and blood, Jesus Christ—not by water alone, but by water and blood. And it is the Spirit who testifies to this, because the Spirit is the truth.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
1 John 5:6–8	Apollinaris of Hierapolis, Fr. 4 (On the Passover) · Claudius Apollinaris of Hierapolis	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 165-180
1 John 5:6–8	Adumbrations on 1 John, paragraph 11 · Clement of Alexandria	quotation, high confidence	original ca. 200; Latin translation 6th century
1 John 5:6	Against Heresies 3.24.1 · Irenaeus of Lyons	quotation, high confidence	ca. 180–190
1 John 5:6	On Baptism 16 · Tertullian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 198–206
1 John 5:6–8	On Rebaptism 15 · Anonymous	quotation, high confidence	ca. 250–258 (disputed)

1 John 5:7

For there are three that testify:
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
1 John 5:7–8	On the Unity of the Catholic Church 6 · Cyprian of Carthage	quotation, medium confidence	251
1 John 5:7	Against the Arians 22 · Phoebadius of Agen	allusion, low confidence	ca. 357-358
1 John 5:7	Eleven Tractates 1.4 · Priscillian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 380–385
1 John 5:7	On the Trinity 4.20 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 399–419

1 John 5:8

the Spirit, the water, and the blood—and these three are in agreement.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
1 John 5:8	Commentary on John 6.224 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 230–248
1 John 5:8	Homilies on Leviticus 8.10 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
1 John 5:8	Letter 73.12 · Cyprian of Carthage	echo, low confidence	249/250–258
1 John 5:8	On Rebaptism 19 · Anonymous	quotation, high confidence	ca. 250–258 (disputed)
1 John 5:8	Theological Oration 5 (Or. 31), On the Holy Spirit 19 · Gregory of Nazianzus	quotation, high confidence	380
1 John 5:8	Eleven Tractates 1.4 · Priscillian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 380–385
1 John 5:8	On the Mysteries 4 · Ambrose	allusion, high confidence	ca. 387–391
1 John 5:8	Sermon 5.3 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 391-430
1 John 5:8	Formulae of Spiritual Understanding 10 · Eucherius of Lyon	quotation, high confidence	ca. 420-430
1 John 5:8	Instructions 1.2 · Eucherius of Lyon	quotation, high confidence	ca. 428-434
1 John 5:8–9	Part 3, chapter 25 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage	quotation, high confidence	ca. 445-450

1 John 5:9

Even if we accept human testimony, the testimony of God is greater. For this is the testimony that God has given about His Son.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
1 John 5:9	Against Praxeas 31 · Tertullian	allusion, high confidence	ca. 213 or later
1 John 5:9	On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins 1.42 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	411–412

1 John 5:10

Whoever believes in the Son of God has this testimony within him; whoever does not believe God has made Him out to be a liar, because he has not believed in the testimony that God has given about His Son.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
1 John 5:10	Question 110, section 16 · Ambrosiaster	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 370–384
1 John 5:10	On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins 1.42 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	411–412

1 John 5:11

And this is that testimony: God has given us eternal life, and this life is in His Son.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
1 John 5:11	Against the Arians 13 · Phoebadius of Agen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 357-358
1 John 5:11	On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins 1.42 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	411–412
1 John 5:11	Commonitorium 14 · Marius Mercator	quotation, high confidence	429-431

1 John 5:12

Whoever has the Son has life; whoever does not have the Son of God does not have life.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
1 John 5:12	Against Praxeas 31 · Tertullian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 213 or later
1 John 5:12	Eleven Tractates 1.5 · Priscillian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 380–385
1 John 5:12	On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins 1.42 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	411–412
1 John 5:12	Commonitorium 14 · Marius Mercator	quotation, high confidence	429-431

1 John 5:14

And this is the confidence that we have before Him: If we ask anything according to His will, He hears us.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
1 John 5:14	Adumbrations on 1 John, paragraph 11 · Clement of Alexandria	quotation, high confidence	original ca. 200; Latin translation 6th century
1 John 5:14	The Conferences 9.34 · John Cassian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 426–429

1 John 5:16

If anyone sees his brother committing a sin not leading to death, he should ask God, who will give life to those who commit this kind of sin. There is a sin that leads to death; I am not saying he should ask regarding that sin.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
1 John 5:16	Miscellanies 2.15.66 · Clement of Alexandria	quotation, high confidence	ca. 198–203
1 John 5:16	On Modesty 2 · Tertullian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 210–220
1 John 5:16	On Modesty 19 · Tertullian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 210–220
1 John 5:16	Eclogae on Exodus-Judges, column 397 · Origen	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 220-254
1 John 5:16	PG 12:1061 · Origen	allusion, low confidence	ca. 220-254
1 John 5:16	PG 12:1189 (Ps 9 LXX) · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 220-254
1 John 5:16	Refutation of All Heresies 9.12.21 · Hippolytus of Rome	echo, medium confidence	ca. 222–235
1 John 5:16	Commentary on John 19.79 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 230–248
1 John 5:16	Commentary on John 19.80 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 230–248
1 John 5:16	Commentary on John 19.84 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 230–248
1 John 5:16	Commentary on John 19.153 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 230–248
1 John 5:16	On Prayer 28.10 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 233–234
1 John 5:16	Homilies on Exodus 10.3 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
1 John 5:16	Homilies on Leviticus 4.5 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
1 John 5:16	Homilies on Leviticus 5.4 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
1 John 5:16	Homilies on Leviticus 8.7 · Origen	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
1 John 5:16	Homilies on Leviticus 11.2 · Origen	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
1 John 5:16	Homilies on Leviticus 12.6 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
1 John 5:16	Homilies on Jeremiah 2.2 · Origen	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 240
1 John 5:16	Commentary on Matthew 13.30 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 246–248
1 John 5:16	Letters 198, 199 · Basil of Caesarea	allusion, high confidence	ca. 357–378
1 John 5:16	Homilies on the Psalms 114.2 · Basil of Caesarea	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 360-378
1 John 5:16	Tractates on the Psalms 140.8 · Hilary of Poitiers	quotation, high confidence	ca. 360–367
1 John 5:16	Three Letters to Sympronianus 3.16 · Pacian of Barcelona	quotation, high confidence	ca. 360-390
1 John 5:16	Homilies 13.4 · Basil of Caesarea	allusion, high confidence	ca. 363-378
1 John 5:16	Commentary on Ephesians 6:18–20 · Ambrosiaster	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 366–384
1 John 5:16	Letter 119.7 · Jerome	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 370–419
1 John 5:16	The Lord's Sermon on the Mount 1.22 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 393–396
1 John 5:16	Against Jovinianus 2.30 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	393
1 John 5:16	Letter 17, chapter 7 · Innocent I, bishop of Rome	echo, low confidence	401–417
1 John 5:16–17	Commentary on Jeremiah 3.33 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 414-419
1 John 5:16	Retractations 1.18 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	426-427
1 John 5:16	The Conferences 11.9 · John Cassian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 426–429
1 John 5:16	The Conferences 20.8 · John Cassian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 426–429
1 John 5:16	On Rebuke and Grace 12 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 427
1 John 5:16	Instructions 1.3 · Eucherius of Lyon	allusion, high confidence	ca. 428-434

1 John 5:17

All unrighteousness is sin, yet there is sin that does not lead to death.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
1 John 5:17	Miscellanies 2.15.66 · Clement of Alexandria	quotation, high confidence	ca. 198–203
1 John 5:17	Miscellanies 2.15.67 · Clement of Alexandria	quotation, high confidence	ca. 198–203
1 John 5:17	On Modesty 19 · Tertullian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 210–220
1 John 5:17	Homilies on Exodus 10.3 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
1 John 5:17	Explanation of Twelve Psalms 35.6.1 · Ambrose	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 387-397

1 John 5:18

We know that anyone born of God does not keep on sinning; the One who was born of God protects him, and the evil one cannot touch him.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
1 John 5:18	On Modesty 19 · Tertullian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 210–220
1 John 5:18	Commentary on John 20.121 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 230–248
1 John 5:18	Commentary on John 20.122 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 230–248
1 John 5:18	Commentary on John 20.337 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 230–248
1 John 5:18	Tractates on Matthew 14.1 · Chromatius of Aquileia	quotation, high confidence	ca. 388–407
1 John 5:18	Against Jovinianus 2.1 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	393
1 John 5:18	On Man's Perfection in Righteousness 39 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 415
1 John 5:18	Sermon 156 · Peter Chrysologus	quotation, high confidence	ca. 425-450
1 John 5:18	The Conferences 11.9 · John Cassian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 426–429

1 John 5:19

We know that we are of God, and that the whole world is under the power of the evil one.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
1 John 5:19–20	Adumbrations on 1 John, paragraph 11 · Clement of Alexandria	quotation, high confidence	original ca. 200; Latin translation 6th century
1 John 5:19	On First Principles 1.5.5 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398)
1 John 5:19	On First Principles 2.3.6 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398)
1 John 5:19	Fragments on Genesis, column 89 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 220-254
1 John 5:19	Homilies on Joshua 6.4 · Origen	allusion, high confidence	ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
1 John 5:19	Homilies on Numbers 12.4 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410)
1 John 5:19	Commentary on Romans 3.1 · Origen	quotation, high confidence	ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406)
1 John 5:19	Fragment E V (on Luke 22:42 ff.) · Dionysius of Alexandria	quotation, high confidence	ca. 248–265
1 John 5:19	Res. 2.15 · Methodius of Olympus	quotation, high confidence	late 3rd cent. (disputed)
1 John 5:19	Res. 2.16 · Methodius of Olympus	quotation, high confidence	late 3rd cent. (disputed)
1 John 5:19	Acta Archelai (Latin) 16 · Hegemonius	quotation, high confidence	early to mid 4th century (Greek original)
1 John 5:19	Homilies on the Psalms 33.9 · Basil of Caesarea	quotation, high confidence	ca. 360-378
1 John 5:19	On Virginity 12 · Gregory of Nyssa	quotation, high confidence	ca. 370–371
1 John 5:19	Letter 55.1 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 370–419
1 John 5:19	Letter 108.1 · Jerome	allusion, high confidence	ca. 370–419
1 John 5:19	On the Lord's Prayer 1191 · Gregory of Nyssa	quotation, high confidence	ca. 380–394
1 John 5:19	Eleven Tractates 4.75 · Priscillian	quotation, high confidence	ca. 380–385
1 John 5:19	On the Life of Moses 419 · Gregory of Nyssa	quotation, high confidence	ca. 385–395
1 John 5:19	Exposition of Psalm 118 12.47.1 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
1 John 5:19	Exposition of Psalm 118 13.16.2 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386-397
1 John 5:19	Letter 93.32 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386–430
1 John 5:19	Explanation of Twelve Psalms 36.32.4 · Ambrose	allusion, high confidence	ca. 387-397
1 John 5:19	Explanation of Twelve Psalms 36.76.2 · Ambrose	allusion, high confidence	ca. 387-397
1 John 5:19	Explanation of Twelve Psalms 40.8.1 · Ambrose	allusion, high confidence	ca. 387-397
1 John 5:19	Explanation of Twelve Psalms 43.74.1 · Ambrose	allusion, high confidence	ca. 387-397
1 John 5:19	Against Jovinianus 1.13 · Jerome	allusion, high confidence	393
1 John 5:19	Letters 13.6 · Paulinus of Nola	quotation, high confidence	ca. 394–413
1 John 5:19	Commentary on Jeremiah 5.46 · Jerome	allusion, high confidence	ca. 414-419
1 John 5:19	Commentary on Jeremiah 5.61 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	ca. 414-419
1 John 5:19	Commentary on Jeremiah 6.40 · Jerome	allusion, high confidence	ca. 414-419
1 John 5:19	Instructions 1.4 · Eucherius of Lyon	allusion, high confidence	ca. 428-434
1 John 5:19–20	Book 1, chapter 20 · Anonymous	quotation, high confidence	ca. 440-450
1 John 5:19	On the Governance of God 4.32 · Salvian of Marseilles	quotation, high confidence	ca. 439-451

1 John 5:20

And we know that the Son of God has come and has given us understanding, so that we may know Him who is true; and we are in Him who is true—in His Son Jesus Christ. He is the true God and eternal life.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
1 John 5:20	Oration III Against the Arians 9 · Athanasius of Alexandria	quotation, high confidence	ca. 339–346
1 John 5:20	Oration III Against the Arians 19 · Athanasius of Alexandria	quotation, high confidence	ca. 339–346
1 John 5:20	Oration IV Against the Arians 26 · Athanasius of Alexandria	quotation, high confidence	4th century (disputed)
1 John 5:20	To the Bishops of Egypt 13 · Athanasius of Alexandria	quotation, high confidence	ca. 356
1 John 5:20	On the Trinity 6.43 · Hilary of Poitiers	quotation, high confidence	ca. 356–360
1 John 5:20	On the Trinity 6.46 · Hilary of Poitiers	allusion, high confidence	ca. 356–360
1 John 5:20	Letters to Serapion 2.4 · Athanasius of Alexandria	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 357–360
1 John 5:20	To Constantius 11.1 · Hilary of Poitiers	allusion, medium confidence	360
1 John 5:20	Letter to the Africans 5 · Athanasius of Alexandria	allusion, high confidence	ca. 369
1 John 5:20	Question 91, section 5 · Ambrosiaster	quotation, high confidence	ca. 370–384
1 John 5:20	Question 97, section 1 · Ambrosiaster	allusion, high confidence	ca. 370–384
1 John 5:20	On the Christian Faith 1.17 · Ambrose	quotation, high confidence	ca. 378–380
1 John 5:20	On the Trinity 2 · Faustinus	quotation, high confidence	ca. 380–384
1 John 5:20	Section 20 · Anonymous	quotation, high confidence	3 September 381
1 John 5:20	Sermon 140.3 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 391-430
1 John 5:20	Sermon 140.6 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 391-430
1 John 5:20	Against Faustus the Manichaean 5.4 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, high confidence	ca. 398–400
1 John 5:20	Against Faustus the Manichaean 15.3 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, high confidence	ca. 398–400
1 John 5:20	On the Trinity 1.6 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 399–419
1 John 5:20	On the Trinity 1.11 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, high confidence	ca. 399–419
1 John 5:20	On the Trinity 1.12 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, high confidence	ca. 399–419
1 John 5:20	Tractates on the Gospel of John 26.10 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, high confidence	ca. 406–420
1 John 5:20	City of God 12.17 · Augustine of Hippo	echo, medium confidence	413–426
1 John 5:20	Apologetic Book 17.9 · Orosius	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 415–416
1 John 5:20	On the Grace of Christ and On Original Sin 2.32 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	418
1 John 5:20	Book 2, chapter 15 · Anonymous	quotation, high confidence	ca. 440-450
1 John 5:20	Sermon on the Barbarian Time 3 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage	quotation, high confidence	ca. 437-450

1 John 5:21

Little children, keep yourselves from idols.
BSB

Reference	Passage	Kind	Date
1 John 5:21	On the Crown 10 · Tertullian	quotation, high confidence	211
1 John 5:21	Canons of Hippolytus, canon 30 · Anonymous	allusion, medium confidence	4th century
1 John 5:21	Book of Rules 6 · Tyconius	quotation, high confidence	ca. 380
1 John 5:21	Letter 102.19 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 386–430
1 John 5:21	On the Catholic Way of Life and the Manichaean Way of Life 1.21 · Augustine of Hippo	allusion, medium confidence	ca. 387–389
1 John 5:21	On True Religion 49 · Augustine of Hippo	quotation, high confidence	ca. 389–391
1 John 5:21	Against Jovinianus 2.2 · Jerome	quotation, high confidence	393