Revelation 21 in the early church
[Vulgate: Apocalypse]
197 passages quote, allude to, or echo Revelation 21, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 27
Revelation 21:1
Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth, for the first heaven and earth had passed away, and the sea was no more.
Revelation 21:2
I saw the holy city, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 21:2 | Shepherd of Hermas, Vision 4.2.1 (23.1) · Hermas | echo, medium confidence | ca. 100–150 |
| Rev 21:2 | Against Heresies 5.35.2 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Rev 21:2 | On the Shows 30 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | ca. 197–202 |
| Rev 21:2 | Didascalia 2.26 (Latin) · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | first half of the third century |
| Rev 21:2 | On Mount Sinai and Mount Zion 10 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Rev 21:2 | Against Marcion 3.24 · Tertullian | allusion, high confidence | 207/208 (third edition, completed later) |
| Rev 21:2 | Homilies on Numbers 25.6 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Rev 21:2 | Instructions 2.3 · Commodian | allusion, high confidence | 3rd century (disputed) |
| Rev 21:2 | Commentary on Matthew 14.13 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 246–248 |
| Rev 21:2 | Commentary on the Apocalypse 21.1 · Victorinus of Pettau | allusion, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Rev 21:2 | Recognitions 1.51 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | Greek original 3rd–4th century; Rufinus's Latin translation before 407 |
| Rev 21:2 | Recognitions 9.3 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | Greek original 3rd–4th century; Rufinus's Latin translation before 407 |
| Rev 21:2 | Divine Institutes 7.24.6 · Lactantius | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 303–311 |
| Rev 21:2 | Epitome of the Divine Institutes 67.3 · Lactantius | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 314–320 |
| Rev 21:2 | Life of Constantine 3.33.2 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 337–339 |
| Rev 21:2 | Question 111, section 7 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Rev 21:2 | Question 112, section 28 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Rev 21:2 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 48.14.1 · Epiphanius of Salamis | allusion, medium confidence | 374-377 |
| Rev 21:2 | Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Haer. 1-64 49.1.3 · Epiphanius of Salamis | allusion, medium confidence | 374-377 |
| Rev 21:2 | Apostolic Constitutions 2.26.1 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 380 |
| Rev 21:2 | Apology of the Prophet David 83 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 384-390 |
| Rev 21:2 | Sermon 332.4 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Rev 21:2 | Confessions 7.27 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 397–401 |
| Rev 21:2 | Against Faustus the Manichaean 15.11 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 398–400 |
| Rev 21:2–5 | City of God 20.17 · Augustine of Hippo | quotation, high confidence | 413–426 |
| Rev 21:2 | Part 5, chapter 3 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Revelation 21:3
And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying: “Behold, the dwelling place of God is with man, and He will dwell with them. They will be His people, and God Himself will be with them as their God.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 21:3 | Sibylline Oracles 7.141ff. · Anonymous | echo, medium confidence | 2nd-3rd cent. |
| Rev 21:3 | On Pascha 45 · text not on this site · Melito of Sardis | echo, low confidence | ca. 160-180 |
| Rev 21:3 | Against Heresies 4.18.6 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Rev 21:3 | Against Heresies 5.35.2 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
Revelation 21:4
‘He will wipe away every tear from their eyes,’ and there will be no more death or mourning or crying or pain, for the former things have passed away.”
Revelation 21:5
And the One seated on the throne said, “Behold, I make all things new.” Then He said, “Write this down, for these words are faithful and true.”
Revelation 21:6
And He told me, “It is done! I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End. To the thirsty I will give freely from the spring of the water of life.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 21:6 | Sibylline Oracles 8.371ff. · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | 2nd-3rd cent. |
| Rev 21:6 | On Pascha 105 · text not on this site · Melito of Sardis | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 160-180 |
| Rev 21:6 | Against Heresies 5.35.2 · Irenaeus of Lyons | quotation, high confidence | ca. 180–190 |
| Rev 21:6 | To Quirinus 2.1 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
| Rev 21:6–7 | To Quirinus 2.6 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
| Rev 21:6–7 | To Quirinus 3.100 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
| Rev 21:6 | Church History 5.1.22 · Eusebius of Caesarea | echo, medium confidence | ca. 300–325 |
| Rev 21:6 | Demonstration 7.17 · Aphrahat | echo, low confidence | 337-345 |
Revelation 21:7
The one who overcomes will inherit all things, and I will be his God, and he will be My son.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 21:7 | On Modesty 19 · Tertullian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 210–220 |
Revelation 21:8
But to the cowardly and unbelieving and abominable and murderers and sexually immoral and sorcerers and idolaters and all liars, their place will be in the lake that burns with fire and sulfur. This is the second death.”
Revelation 21:9
Then one of the seven angels with the seven bowls full of the seven final plagues came and said to me, “Come, I will show you the bride, the wife of the Lamb.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 21:9 | Commentary on John 1.163 · Origen | echo, low confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Rev 21:9–11 | To Quirinus 2.19 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
Revelation 21:10
And he carried me away in the Spirit to a mountain great and high, and showed me the holy city of Jerusalem coming down out of heaven from God,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 21:10–27 | Against Celsus 6.23 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Rev 21:10–21 | Tractates on the Psalms 118.19.12 · Hilary of Poitiers | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Rev 21:10 | Commentary on Jeremiah 6.29 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 414-419 |
Revelation 21:12
The city had a great and high wall with twelve gates inscribed with the names of the twelve tribes of Israel, and twelve angels at the gates.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 21:12 | The Instructor 2.12.119 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Rev 21:12–16 | On Mount Sinai and Mount Zion 10 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Rev 21:12 | Homilies on Ezekiel 13.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Rev 21:12 | Commentary on the Apocalypse 21.6 · Victorinus of Pettau | allusion, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Rev 21:12–21 | Tractates 1.9.6 · Zeno of Verona | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362-380 |
| Rev 21:12 | Tractates 1.14.3 · Zeno of Verona | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362-380 |
| Rev 21:12 | Exposition of Psalm 118 22.37.2 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Rev 21:12 | Poem 27, lines 198–224 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 393–431 |
Revelation 21:13
There were three gates on the east, three on the north, three on the south, and three on the west.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 21:13 | Commentary on the Apocalypse 21.2 · Victorinus of Pettau | allusion, high confidence | late 3rd century |
Revelation 21:14
The wall of the city had twelve foundations bearing the names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 21:14 | Commentary on the Apocalypse 21.6 · Victorinus of Pettau | allusion, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Rev 21:14 | Tractates on the Psalms 121.3 · Hilary of Poitiers | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Rev 21:14 | Question 112, section 28 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Rev 21:14 | Exposition of Psalm 118 22.37.2 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Rev 21:14 | Poem 27, lines 198–224 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 393–431 |
Revelation 21:16
The city lies foursquare, with its width the same as its length. And he measured the city with the rod, and all its dimensions were equal—12,000 stadia in length and width and height.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 21:16 | Instructions 2.3 · Commodian | allusion, high confidence | 3rd century (disputed) |
| Rev 21:16 | Commentary on the Apocalypse 21.1 · Victorinus of Pettau | allusion, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Rev 21:16 | Letter 46.6 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Revelation 21:17
And he measured its wall to be 144 cubits, by the human measure the angel was using.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 21:17 | Letter 46.6 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rev 21:17 | Eleven Tractates 6.111 · Priscillian | quotation, high confidence | ca. 380–385 |
| Rev 21:17 | Letter 95.8 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
Revelation 21:18
The wall was made of jasper, and the city itself of pure gold, as pure as glass.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 21:18 | On First Principles 2.11.2 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Rev 21:18 | Commentary on the Apocalypse 21.1 · Victorinus of Pettau | allusion, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Rev 21:18 | Letter 46.6 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rev 21:18 | To the Church 2.48 · Salvian of Marseilles | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 435-440 |
Revelation 21:19
The foundations of the city walls were adorned with every kind of precious stone: The first foundation was jasper, the second sapphire, the third chalcedony, the fourth emerald,
Revelation 21:20
the fifth sardonyx, the sixth carnelian, the seventh chrysolite, the eighth beryl, the ninth topaz, the tenth chrysoprase, the eleventh jacinth, and the twelfth amethyst.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 21:20 | On First Principles 2.11.2 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 220–230 (Rufinus's translation 398) |
| Rev 21:20 | Homilies on Ezekiel 13.3 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
Revelation 21:21
And the twelve gates were twelve pearls, with each gate consisting of a single pearl. The main street of the city was pure gold, as clear as glass.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 21:21 | The Instructor 2.12.119 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 190–200 |
| Rev 21:21 | Homilies on Ezekiel 13.3 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Jerome's translation in the 380s) |
| Rev 21:21 | Commentary on the Apocalypse 21.1 · Victorinus of Pettau | quotation, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Rev 21:21 | Commentary on the Apocalypse 21.2 · Victorinus of Pettau | allusion, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Rev 21:21 | Commentary on the Apocalypse 21.6 · Victorinus of Pettau | allusion, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Rev 21:21 | Letter 46.6 · Jerome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Rev 21:21 | Homilies on Matthew 1.8 · John Chrysostom | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 390 |
| Rev 21:21 | Poem 33, lines 63–96 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, high confidence | ca. 393–431 |
| Rev 21:21 | Formulae of Spiritual Understanding 9 · Eucherius of Lyon | quotation, high confidence | ca. 420-430 |
Revelation 21:22
But I saw no temple in the city, because the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are its temple.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 21:22 | Question 97, section 4 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Rev 21:22 | Letter 65.20 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 370–419 |
Revelation 21:23
And the city has no need of sun or moon to shine on it, because the glory of God illuminates the city, and the Lamb is its lamp.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 21:23 | Dialogue with Trypho 113.5 · Justin Martyr | echo, medium confidence | ca. 155–160 |
| Rev 21:23 | Instructions 2.3 · Commodian | allusion, high confidence | 3rd century (disputed) |
| Rev 21:23–25 | In Praise of Martyrdom 18 · Anonymous | echo, low confidence | 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Rev 21:23 | In Praise of Martyrdom 21 · Anonymous | allusion, low confidence | 3rd cent. (disputed) |
| Rev 21:23 | Symposium 6.4 · Methodius of Olympus | allusion, medium confidence | late 3rd century |
| Rev 21:23 | Commentary on the Apocalypse 21.1 · Victorinus of Pettau | quotation, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Rev 21:23 | Recognitions 1.51 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | Greek original 3rd–4th century; Rufinus's Latin translation before 407 |
| Rev 21:23 | Divine Institutes 7.24.6 · Lactantius | echo, medium confidence | ca. 303–311 |
| Rev 21:23 | Tricennial Oration (In Praise of Constantine) 6.19 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | 335–336 |
| Rev 21:23 | Tractates 1.14.3 · Zeno of Verona | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 362-380 |
| Rev 21:23 | Question 97, section 4 · Ambrosiaster | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–384 |
| Rev 21:23 | Explanation of Twelve Psalms 47.15.1 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-397 |
| Rev 21:23 | Against Vigilantius 4 · Jerome | allusion, medium confidence | 406 |
Revelation 21:24
By its light the nations will walk, and into it the kings of the earth will bring their glory.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 21:24 | Commentary on the Apocalypse 21.2 · Victorinus of Pettau | allusion, high confidence | late 3rd century |
Revelation 21:25
Its gates will never be shut at the end of the day, because there will be no night there.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 21:25 | Instructions 2.3 · Commodian | allusion, medium confidence | 3rd century (disputed) |
| Rev 21:25 | Commentary on the Apocalypse 21.2 · Victorinus of Pettau | allusion, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Rev 21:25 | Commentary on the Apocalypse 21.6 · Victorinus of Pettau | quotation, high confidence | late 3rd century |
| Rev 21:25 | Poem 6 (To Flavius Felix on the Resurrection of the Dead), lines 225–249 · Anonymous | allusion, medium confidence | 4th-5th cent. (disputed) |
| Rev 21:25 | Tractates 2.45.1 · Zeno of Verona | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 362-380 |
| Rev 21:25 | Hexameron (Exameron) 1.37 · Ambrose | allusion, low confidence | ca. 387-390 |
Revelation 21:27
But nothing unclean will ever enter it, nor anyone who practices an abomination or a lie, but only those whose names are written in the Lamb’s Book of Life.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rev 21:27 | Refutation of All Heresies 5.8.44 · Hippolytus of Rome | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 222–235 |
| Rev 21:27 | Hexameron (Exameron) 6.42 · Ambrose | quotation, high confidence | ca. 387-390 |
| Rev 21:27 | Sermon 252.7 · Augustine of Hippo | echo, medium confidence | ca. 391-430 |