Exodus 14 in the early church
367 passages quote, allude to, or echo Exodus 14, grouped by verse; passages on the same verse are in date order. Verse text from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain). References use the Protestant English Bible's numbering, with a writer's own numbering in brackets where it differs.
Verses: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 26 · 27 · 28 · 29 · 30 · 31
Exodus 14:1
Then the LORD said to Moses,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:1–2 | Tractates on the Psalms 118.17.2 · Hilary of Poitiers | quotation, medium confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Exod 14:1–21 | On the Life of Moses 309 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Exod 14:1–31 | Sermon 4.9 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Exod 14:1–2 | Exodus, lines 396–419 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
Exodus 14:2
“Tell the Israelites to turn back and encamp before Pi-hahiroth, between Migdol and the sea. You are to encamp by the sea, directly opposite Baal-zephon.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:2 | Homilies on Exodus 5.1 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 14:2 | Homilies on Exodus 5.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 14:2 | Pilgrimage (Itinerarium) 7.4 · Egeria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 381-395 |
Exodus 14:3
For Pharaoh will say of the Israelites, ‘They are wandering the land in confusion; the wilderness has boxed them in.’
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:3 | Homilies on Exodus 5.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 14:3–12 | Exodus, lines 420–445 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
Exodus 14:4
And I will harden Pharaoh’s heart so that he will pursue them. But I will gain honor by means of Pharaoh and all his army, and the Egyptians will know that I am the LORD.” So this is what the Israelites did.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:4 | On Grace and Free Will 23 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 426 |
Exodus 14:5
When the king of Egypt was told that the people had fled, Pharaoh and his officials changed their minds about them and said, “What have we done? We have released Israel from serving us.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:5–28 | Cento, lines 319–345 · Proba | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360 |
| Exod 14:5 | Seven Books of History against the Pagans 1.10.13 · Orosius | allusion, high confidence | ca. 417–418 |
Exodus 14:6
So Pharaoh prepared his chariot and took his army with him.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:6–9 | Part 1, chapter 37 · Quodvultdeus of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | ca. 445-450 |
Exodus 14:7
He took 600 of the best chariots, and all the other chariots of Egypt, with officers over all of them.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:7 | Eclogae on Exodus-Judges, column 287 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 220-254 |
| Exod 14:7 | Preparation for the Gospel 9.29.14 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Exod 14:7 | Letters 190, 191 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 357–378 |
| Exod 14:7 | On the Life of Moses 361 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Exod 14:7 | Sermon 363.2 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Exod 14:7 | Seven Books of History against the Pagans 1.10.14 · Orosius | allusion, high confidence | ca. 417–418 |
Exodus 14:8
And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh king of Egypt so that he pursued the Israelites, who were marching out defiantly.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:8 | Homilies on Exodus 4.1 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
Exodus 14:9
The Egyptians—all Pharaoh’s horses and chariots, horsemen and troops—pursued the Israelites and overtook them as they camped by the sea near Pi-hahiroth, opposite Baal-zephon.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:9 | Homilies on Joshua 15.3 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 14:9 | Homilies on Numbers 1.2 · Origen | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 14:9 | Homilies on Numbers 27.4 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 14:9 | Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.150 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410) |
| Exod 14:9 | Preparation for the Gospel 9.27.35 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Exod 14:9 | Preparation for the Gospel 9.29.14 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Exod 14:9–15 | Tractates on the Psalms 118.19.2 · Hilary of Poitiers | allusion, high confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Exod 14:9–29 | Tractates 2.57.1 · Zeno of Verona | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362-380 |
| Exod 14:9 | Exposition of Psalm 118 2.33.3 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Exod 14:9 | Exposition of Psalm 118 19.10.1 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Exod 14:9 | Commentary on Jeremiah 1.75 · Jerome | echo, low confidence | ca. 414-419 |
Exodus 14:10
As Pharaoh approached, the Israelites looked up and saw the Egyptians marching after them, and they were terrified and cried out to the LORD.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:10 | Preparation for the Gospel 9.29.14 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Exod 14:10–31 | Oration to the Assembly of the Saints 16.2 · Constantine the Great | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 325 (dated variously 317–325) |
| Exod 14:10 | Pilgrimage (Itinerarium) 7.4 · Egeria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 381-395 |
| Exod 14:10–15 | On the Life of Moses 359 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Exod 14:10 | Hexameron (Exameron) 5.89 · Ambrose | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 387-390 |
Exodus 14:11
They said to Moses, “Was it because there were no graves in Egypt that you brought us into the wilderness to die? What have you done to us by bringing us out of Egypt?
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:11–12 | 5 Ezra 1.18 · Anonymous | allusion, high confidence | 2nd–3rd century |
| Exod 14:11 | Commentary on John 6.229 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 230–248 |
| Exod 14:11 | Homilies on Exodus 5.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 14:11–14 | To Fortunatus 7 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | 253 or 257 |
| Exod 14:11 | Exposition of Psalm 118 19.10.1 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
Exodus 14:12
Did we not say to you in Egypt, ‘Leave us alone so that we may serve the Egyptians’? For it would have been better for us to serve the Egyptians than to die in the wilderness.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:12 | Homilies on Exodus 5.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 14:12 | Demonstration 19.1 · Aphrahat | quotation, high confidence | 337-345 |
| Exod 14:12 | Exposition of Psalm 118 19.10.1 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Exod 14:12–14 | Exodus, lines 446–467 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
Exodus 14:13
But Moses told the people, “Do not be afraid. Stand firm and you will see the LORD’s salvation, which He will accomplish for you today; for the Egyptians you see today, you will never see again.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:13–15 | On the Life of Moses 361 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
Exodus 14:14
The LORD will fight for you; you need only to be still.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:14 | Homilies on Exodus 11.3 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 14:14 | Homilies on Judges 6.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 14:14 | Homilies on Numbers 13.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 14:14 | Against Celsus 8.69 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248 |
| Exod 14:14 | Letter 78.7 · Jerome | quotation, high confidence | ca. 370–419 |
| Exod 14:14 | Letters 38.4 · Paulinus of Nola | quotation, high confidence | ca. 394–413 |
Exodus 14:15
Then the LORD said to Moses, “Why are you crying out to Me? Tell the Israelites to go forward.
Exodus 14:16
And as for you, lift up your staff and stretch out your hand over the sea and divide it, so that the Israelites can go through the sea on dry ground.
Exodus 14:19
And the angel of God, who had gone before the camp of Israel, withdrew and went behind them. The pillar of cloud also moved from before them and stood behind them,
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:19 | Homilies on Exodus 5.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 14:19 | To Quirinus 2.5 · Cyprian of Carthage | quotation, high confidence | ca. 248–250 (book 3 perhaps later) |
| Exod 14:19 | Prophetic Extracts 1.10 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
| Exod 14:19 | Preparation for the Gospel 9.29.14 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Exod 14:19 | Demonstration of the Gospel 5.11.6 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Exod 14:19 | Tractates 2.56.1 · Zeno of Verona | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362-380 |
| Exod 14:19–22 | Tractates 2.58.1 · Zeno of Verona | allusion, high confidence | ca. 362-380 |
| Exod 14:19–28 | On the Life of Moses 361 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |
| Exod 14:19–29 | Homily 3 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 390–394 |
| Exod 14:19–25 | Exodus, lines 468–492 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
Exodus 14:20
so that it came between the camps of Egypt and Israel. The cloud was there in the darkness, but it lit up the night. So all night long neither camp went near the other.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:20 | Homilies on Exodus 5.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 14:20 | Prophetic Extracts 1.10 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | before 325 (probably ca. 310–320) |
| Exod 14:20 | Theological Oration 2 (Or. 28), On the Doctrine of God 12 · Gregory of Nazianzus | allusion, high confidence | 380 |
| Exod 14:20 | On the Governance of God 1.41 · Salvian of Marseilles | allusion, high confidence | ca. 439-451 |
Exodus 14:21
Then Moses stretched out his hand over the sea, and all that night the LORD drove back the sea with a strong east wind that turned it into dry land. So the waters were divided,
Exodus 14:22
and the Israelites went through the sea on dry ground, with walls of water on their right and on their left.
Exodus 14:23
And the Egyptians chased after them—all Pharaoh’s horses, chariots, and horsemen—and followed them into the sea.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:23 | 1 Clement 51.5 · Clement of Rome | allusion, high confidence | ca. 95–97 (range ca. 70–100) |
| Exod 14:23 | Miscellanies 1.24.161 · Clement of Alexandria | allusion, high confidence | ca. 198–203 |
| Exod 14:23 | Catechetical Lecture 19.2 · Cyril of Jerusalem | allusion, high confidence | ca. 350 |
| Exod 14:23 | Homilies 9.1 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 363-378 |
| Exod 14:23 | Sermon 213.8 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
Exodus 14:24
At morning watch, however, the LORD looked down on the army of the Egyptians from the pillar of fire and cloud, and He threw their camp into confusion.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:24 | Preparation for the Gospel 9.27.37 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Exod 14:24 | Preparation for the Gospel 9.29.14 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Exod 14:24 | Demonstration of the Gospel 5.11.7 · Eusebius of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 314–324 |
| Exod 14:24–25 | Tractates on the Psalms 118.17.6 · Hilary of Poitiers | quotation, high confidence | ca. 360–367 |
| Exod 14:24 | Exposition of Psalm 118 17.12.1 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
Exodus 14:25
He caused their chariot wheels to wobble, so that they had difficulty driving. “Let us flee from the Israelites,” said the Egyptians, “for the LORD is fighting for them against Egypt!”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:25–27 | Homilies on Psalms 36-38 1.2 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 14:25 | Preparation for the Gospel 9.29.14 · Eusebius of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 313–324 |
| Exod 14:25 | Exposition of Psalm 118 17.12.1 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386-397 |
| Exod 14:25 | Homily 3 · Gregory of Nyssa | quotation, high confidence | ca. 390–394 |
Exodus 14:26
Then the LORD said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand over the sea, so that the waters may flow back over the Egyptians and their chariots and horsemen.”
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:26–28 | Octavius 33.3 · Minucius Felix | allusion, high confidence | ca. 197–250 |
| Exod 14:26–28 | Letter 69.15 · Cyprian of Carthage | allusion, high confidence | 249/250–258 |
| Exod 14:26–28 | Hexameron (Exameron) 5.54 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-390 |
| Exod 14:26–28 | Hexameron (Exameron) 5.89 · Ambrose | allusion, high confidence | ca. 387-390 |
| Exod 14:26–28 | Sermon 352.6 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 391-430 |
| Exod 14:26–31 | Exodus, lines 493–517 · Cyprianus Gallus | allusion, high confidence | early 5th cent. |
| Exod 14:26–28 | Seven Books of History against the Pagans 7.27.15 · Orosius | allusion, high confidence | ca. 417–418 |
| Exod 14:26–28 | In Praise of the Desert 10 · Eucherius of Lyon | allusion, high confidence | ca. 427-428 |
Exodus 14:27
So Moses stretched out his hand over the sea, and at daybreak the sea returned to its normal state. As the Egyptians were retreating, the LORD swept them into the sea.
Exodus 14:28
The waters flowed back and covered the chariots and horsemen—the entire army of Pharaoh that had chased the Israelites into the sea. Not one of them survived.
Exodus 14:29
But the Israelites had walked through the sea on dry ground, with walls of water on their right and on their left.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:29 | Letters 365, 366 · Basil of Caesarea | allusion, high confidence | ca. 357–378 |
| Exod 14:29 | On Virginity 18 · Gregory of Nyssa | allusion, high confidence | ca. 370–371 |
| Exod 14:29 | Poem 27, lines 34–68 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 393–431 |
| Exod 14:29 | City of God 18.52 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | 413–426 |
Exodus 14:30
That day the LORD saved Israel from the hand of the Egyptians, and Israel saw the Egyptians dead on the shore.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:30 | Homilies on Exodus 5.5 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 14:30 | Homilies on Numbers 27.10 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 14:30 | Commentary on the Song of Songs 0.80 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410) |
| Exod 14:30 | Letter 108.6 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Exod 14:30 | Letter 140.28 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, high confidence | ca. 386–430 |
| Exod 14:30 | Poem 16, lines 127–157 · Paulinus of Nola | allusion, high confidence | ca. 393–431 |
| Exod 14:30 | Against the Letter of Parmenian 2.20 · Augustine of Hippo | allusion, medium confidence | ca. 400 |
Exodus 14:31
When Israel saw the great power that the LORD had exercised over the Egyptians, the people feared the LORD and believed in Him and in His servant Moses.
| Reference | Passage | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exod 14:31 | Homilies on Joshua 16.5 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 14:31 | Homilies on Numbers 27.10 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 14:31 | Homilies on Psalms 36-38 3.1 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 238–250 (Rufinus's translation ca. 400–410) |
| Exod 14:31 | Commentary on the Song of Songs 0.80 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 240–245 (Rufinus's translation ca. 410) |
| Exod 14:31 | Commentary on Romans 1.15 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Exod 14:31 | Commentary on Romans 4.1 · Origen | allusion, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Exod 14:31 | Commentary on Romans 4.4 · Origen | quotation, high confidence | ca. 244–246 (Rufinus's translation ca. 405–406) |
| Exod 14:31 | Recognitions 4.5 · Anonymous | quotation, high confidence | Greek original 3rd–4th century; Rufinus's Latin translation before 407 |
| Exod 14:31 | Letters to Serapion 1.13 · Athanasius of Alexandria | quotation, high confidence | ca. 357–360 |
| Exod 14:31 | On the Holy Spirit 14.31 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 374–375 |
| Exod 14:31 | On the Holy Spirit 14.33 · Basil of Caesarea | quotation, high confidence | ca. 374–375 |
| Exod 14:31 | On the Life of Moses 365 · Gregory of Nyssa | quotation, high confidence | ca. 385–395 |